THIRD DIVISION

A. Prosecution of offenses 9. Duplicity of the Offense; Exception

[G.R. No. 240750. June 21, 2021.]

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs. XXX, *

accused-appellant.

RESOLUTION

J.Y. LOPEZ, J : p

Section 13, Rule 110 of the Rules of Court provides that an information
must only charge one offense, except only in those cases in which existing
laws prescribe a single punishment for various offenses. The remedy of the
accused is to move to quash the information before entering his plea. If the
accused fails to move to quash the duplicitous information, it would be
considered as a waiver. Thus, the Court could convict the accused on all the
charges alleged in the information.
The subject of this appeal is the Decision 1 of the Court of Appeals (CA),
dated May 10, 2018, which affirmed with modifications the Decision dated
May 11, 2017 of the Regional Trial Court ( RTC), __________, _____, Misamis
Oriental, finding accused-appellant XXX guilty of Statutory Rape. 2
The accusatory portion of the Information reads:
That on or about June 8, 2014, at around 11:00 o'clock in the
morning, in Barangay _____, Municipality of _______, Province of
Misamis Oriental, Philippines, and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused with lewd design and by
using force and intimidation, did then and there willfully, unlawfully
and feloniously have carnal knowledge with [AAA], 3 minor, 7 years
old, by inserting his finger in her vagina against her consent, to her
damage and prejudice.
Contrary to and in violation of Articles 266-A and 266-B of the
Revised Penal Code. 4
XXX entered a plea of "not guilty" during the arraignment. 5 As a
consequence, trial on the merits followed as a matter of course.
Version of the Prosecution
The facts, as established by the prosecution, and meticulously
synthesized in the CA Decision, are as follows:
On June 8, 2014, at around 10:30 in the morning, BBB was at
the house of her employer preparing lunch when she saw accused-
appellant and her child AAA alone near the poultry farm. When she
made a second look, they both suddenly disappeared. This prompted
her to rush towards the poultry farm and called for AAA. When AAA
descended from the stairs of the poultry house after being called for
the third time, she was looking nervous and scared and the two went
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 home after.
She then narrated to her mother in detail her ordeal. She said
that accused-appellant called her and directed her to go upstairs in
the poultry house where he forced her to sit down on his lap, then
made her lie down on the floor, removed her short pants and
underwear and thereafter inserted his penis in her vagina, and
subsequently his middle finger. This prompted BBB to check the
genitalia of AAA which she noticed was reddish.
On June 9, 2014, at around 7:00 o'clock in the evening, PO3
Cirilo R. Manco (PO3 Manco) was on duty at the _______ Police Office
when he received a call from the Barangay Captain, __________,
requesting for police assistance regarding a rape incident in Purok __,
Barangay __________, _____________. PO3 Manco with their Deputy
Chief of Police Allan Payla and Glenn Pacamalan then proceeded to
Barangay _____. Upon arrival, they were informed by CCC (victim's
father) and AAA that she was raped a day prior by accused-appellant.
Acting on this information, the policemen arrested accused-
appellant pursuant to a warrantless arrest so that he will not evade
arrest. Subsequently, they brought him to their office for further
investigation and proper disposition and likewise resulted to the filing
of the case at the Provincial Prosecutor's Office.
On June 16, 2014, Dr. Grystel G. Gadian (Dr. Gadian) examined
AAA, and made the following findings in her Living Case Report, to
wit:
GENITAL EXAMINATION:
Genital Tanner — I (Prepubertal — no pubic hair)
Hyperemic widened hymenal orifice
Hymenal laceration 6 o'clock
No discharge 6
Version of the Defense
The accused-appellant interposed the defense of denial and alibi. The
CA condensed his testimony in this manner:
On June 8, 2014, at around 11:00 o'clock in the morning,
accused-appellant was working at the poultry farm with CCC then
both of them returned to the bunkhouse to have late breakfast with
BBB and AAA. After eating, they watched a movie containing adult
scenes. This prompted him to tell BBB that the movie is bad for her
daughter. BBB then noticed AAA scratching her organ so she
reprimanded her.
Thereafter, CCC, AAA and accused-appellant went to the poultry
building. While there, AAA asked permission from CCC if she could go
up to watch the chickens but she was not allowed.
Accused-appellant proceeded to go upstairs to put (drinking)
water for the chickens. A few moments later, AAA was able to go up
the building so he thought that CCC carried her through.
While AAA was watching the chickens, BBB saw and called for
her. She then jumped off at the sidewalk then ran toward her mother.
Because of this, BBB reprimanded and whipped her for climbing the
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 building. AAA then said that accused-appellant raped her, which he
denied.
At around 7:00 o'clock in the evening, while he was about to
drink coffee at the bunkhouse, policemen arrived and informed
accused-appellant that they were there because he raped a child. He
was later brought to the police station. 7
Judgment of the RTC
After due proceedings, the RTC rendered a Decision 8 convicting XXX of
Statutory Rape. The RTC gave full credence to the testimony of the minor
AAA when she positively identified the accused-appellant as the perpetrator.
It also gave full corroborative value on the medical findings of the physician,
Dr. Gadian, as well as the testimony of the victim's mother. Lastly, the RTC
junked the defense of denial and alibi by the accused-appellant.
Thereafter, XXX appealed his conviction. He argued that the trial court
erred in convicting him on the basis of a defective information; that his guilt
was not proven beyond reasonable doubt; and, that granting arguendo that
his conviction is warranted, the trial court gravely erred in imposing the
penalty of reclusion perpetua for the crime charged in the information.
The Ruling of the Court of Appeals
As discussed above, the appellate court affirmed and modified the trial
court's conviction of the accused-appellant. The CA affirmed the trial court's
conviction for Statutory Rape. In addition, the accused-appellant was also
found liable for Rape by sexual assault. In finding accused-appellant liable
for the second type of rape, the CA invoked its power to review the entire
records of the case to correct errors, though unassigned in the appealed
judgment. 9
The CA further noted that the real nature of the crime charged is
determined not by the title of the complaint, nor by the specification of the
provision of the law alleged to have been violated, but on the facts recited in
the complaint or information. The CA having reviewed the records of the
case, it ruled that the accused-appellant may be convicted for both Statutory
Rape and Rape by sexual assault based on one information, because there
was no procedural challenge made during the arraignment stage. 10 The
appellate court quoted the portions of the testimony of AAA to show the
commission of the two counts of rape on the same date.
The CA, taking into consideration Republic Act No. 7610, rendered its
Decision, the dispositive portion which reads:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Decision dated May
11, 2017 of the Regional Trial Court, 10th Judicial Region, ________ of
_____, Misamis Oriental is AFFIRMED AND MODIFIED. Accused-
appellant XXX is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of:
1. RAPE BY CARNAL KNOWLEDGE UNDER ARTICLE 266-A, PAR. 1
OF THE RPC AS AMENDED BY R.A. 8353 and shall suffer the penalty of
Reclusion Perpetua . In addition, accused-appellant is ORDERED to
indemnify the minor victim AAA in the amount of Seventy-Five
Thousand (P75,000.00) pesos as civil indemnity, Seventy-Five
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 Thousand (P75,000.00) pesos as moral damages, and Seventy-Five
Thousand (P75,000.00) pesos as exemplary damages. Awards for
damages shall earn the legal interest of six percent (6%) per annum
from the date of finality of this [Judgment] until fully paid, in
conformity with prevailing jurisprudence.
2. RAPE BY SEXUAL ASSAULT UNDER ARTICLE 266-A, PAR. 2 OF
THE RPC AS AMENDED BY R.A. 8353, and sentenced to an
indeterminate penalty of twelve (12) years, ten (10) months and
twenty-one (21) days of reclusion temporal, as minimum, to fifteen
(15) years, six (6) months and twenty (20) days of reclusion temporal,
as maximum. He is ORDERED to pay the victim civil indemnity in the
amount of P30,000.00, moral damages in the amount of P30,000.00,
and exemplary damages in the amount of P30,000.00. Awards for
damages shall earn the legal interest of six percent (6%) per annum
from the date of finality of this [Judgment] until fully paid, in
conformity with prevailing jurisprudence.
He shall be entitled to the full credit of his preventive
imprisonment deducted from the term of imprisonment pursuant to
existing laws.
SO ORDERED. 11

Hence, this appeal.

The Court's Ruling
The appeal has no merit.
Under Article 266-A, paragraph 1 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC), as
amended by Republic Act No. 8353, the crime of rape may be committed in
two ways:
1) By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under
any of the following circumstances:
a) Through force, threat, or intimidation;
b) When the offended party is deprived of reason or
otherwise unconscious;
c) By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse
of authority; and
d) When the offended party is under twelve (12) years
of age or is demented, even though none of the
circumstances mentioned above be present.
2) By any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned
in paragraph 1 hereof, shall commit an act of sexual assault by
inserting his penis into another person's mouth or anal orifice, or any
instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person.
The Court finds that the prosecution sufficiently established the
presence of the elements of Statutory Rape under paragraph 1 (d) as cited
above, viz.: (1) the offended party is under 12 years of age; and (2) the
accused had carnal knowledge of the victim, regardless of whether there
was force, threat, or intimidation or grave abuse of authority. It is enough
that the age of the victim is proven and that there was sexual intercourse.
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 Here, it is undisputed that AAA was a minor below 12 years of age when the
accused-appellant had sexual intercourse with her on June 8, 2014.
The Court also finds the accused-appellant guilty of Rape by sexual
assault committed on the same occasion. As We have stated in Pielago v.
People, 12 Article 266-A (2) of the RPC explicitly provides that the gravamen
of the crime of Rape by sexual assault, which is the insertion of the penis
into another person's mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or object, into
another person's genital or anal orifice. The unimpeached testimony of AAA
about the fact of insertion of accused-appellant's fingers in her vagina is
sufficient to convict the latter of the crime.
In People v. Crisostomo, 13 We upheld the conviction of the accused for
statutory rape and two counts of Rape by sexual assault committed on the
same occasion based on three informations. While in this case, the trial
court convicted the accused-appellant for Statutory Rape and the appellate
court modified the decision by making the accused-appellant likewise liable
for Rape by sexual assault.
We find that the CA aptly convicted the accused-appellant for Rape by
sexual assault despite such issue not being raised on appeal. We quote the
portion of the appellate court's decision:
In criminal cases, an appeal throws the entire case wide open
for review and the reviewing tribunal can correct errors, though
unassigned in the appealed judgment, or even reverse the trial
court's decision based on grounds other than those that the parties
raised as errors. The appeal confers the appellate court full
jurisdiction over the case and renders such court competent to
examine records, revise the judgment appealed from, increase the
penalty, and cite the proper provision of the penal law.
Accused-appellant argues that the information describes only
one act which is carnal knowledge or rape of the first kind. However,
as to the method of commission, it was allegedly done by "inserting
his finger in her vagina," which constitutes rape by sexual assault or
rape of the second kind. x x x 14
The provision of Section 13, Rule 110 of the 2000 Rules on Criminal
Procedure, which was lifted from Section 13, Rule 110 of the 1985 Rules on
Criminal Procedure, 15 proscribes the filing of one information containing
multiple offenses. The provision reads:
SECTION 13. Duplicity of the Offense. — A complaint or
information must charge only one offense, except when the law
prescribes a single punishment for various offenses.
The prohibition of filing an information with multiple offenses is
predicated in the protection of the constitutional right of the accused to be
properly informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. If two or more
offenses are alleged in the information, the remedy of the accused is to file a
motion to quash as provided in Section 3 (f), 16 Rule 117 of the 2000 Rules
on Criminal Procedure. The failure to object to the information before the
arraignment would result in a waiver to challenge the procedural infirmity.
As in this case, the accused-appellant failed to file a motion to quash the
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 Information. Thus, the CA correctly convicted him for Statutory Rape and
Rape by sexual assault.
Further, the accused-appellant could also file a motion for bill of
particulars, if he felt that the allegations in the information are vague, to
enable him to properly plead and prepare for trial. Unfortunately, the
accused-appellant did not avail of these procedural remedies. On the
contrary, he actively participated in the trial. Hence, he is estopped to
challenge the defective information.
I n People v. Lindo , 17 the Supreme Court convicted the accused for
both Statutory Rape and Rape by sexual assault based on the following
information:
That on or about April 3, 2001, in the City of Manila, Philippines,
the said accused, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and
feloniously, with lewd designs and by means of force and intimidation
commit sexual abuse to wit: by then and there carrying said [AAA], a
minor, 11 years old, and bringing her to a vacant lot, trying to insert
his penis into her vagina but said accused was not able to do so,
thereafter inserting his penis into her anus, thereby endangering her
normal growth and development.
CONTRARY TO LAW.
The Supreme Court explained in the same case that the trial court and
the appellate court erred in convicting the accused for only Statutory Rape.
The pertinent portion of the Decision reads:
Both the RTC and the CA, however, erred in finding only one
count of rape in the present case. It is settled that in a criminal case,
an appeal throws the whole case open for review, and it becomes the
duty of the appellate court to correct such errors as may be found in
the judgment appealed from, whether they are made the subject of
the assignment of errors or not. From the information filed, it is clear
that accused-appellant was charged with two offenses, rape under
Art. 266-A, par. 1 (d) of the Revised Penal Code, and rape as an act of
sexual assault under Art. 266-A, par. 2. Accused-appellant was
charged with having carnal knowledge of AAA, who was under twelve
years of age at the time, under par. 1 (d) of Art. 266-A, and he was
also charged with committing "an act of sexual assault by inserting
his penis into another person's mouth or anal orifice, or any
instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another
person" under the second paragraph of Art. 266-A. Two instances of
rape were indeed proved at the trial, as it was established that there
was contact between accused-appellant's penis and AAA's labia; then
AAA's testimony established that accused-appellant was able to
partially insert his penis into her anal orifice. The medical
examination also supports the finding of rape under Art. 266-A par. 1
(d) and Art. 266-A. par. 2, considering the extragenital injuries and
abrasions in the anal region reported. 18
Further, in the case of People v. VVV , 19 the information filed against
the accused therein reads as follows:
That on or about the 10th day of June, 2010, in the Municipality
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 of __________, Province of Isabela, Philippines and within the
jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the said accused with lewd,
designs, and by means of force and intimidation, did then and there,
willfully, unlawfully and feloniously, lay with, and have carnal
knowledge with his own daughter [AAA], who is a minor of 15 years
old, by then and there inserting his finger in her private parts, against
her will and consent.
With the aggravating circumstances that the [victim] is a minor
below 18 years old and that the accused is the father of the victim.
CONTRARY TO LAW. 20
In the said case, VVV was convicted by the trial court with the crime of
Rape by sexual assault under paragraph 2, Article 266-A of the RPC. On
appeal, the CA convicted him of Rape by carnal knowledge and Rape by
sexual assault, ratiocinating as follows:
Upon a reading of the Information, the CA observed that
accused-appellant was charged with two offenses: (1) rape through
sexual intercourse under paragraph 1(a), and (2) rape as an act of
sexual assault under paragraph 2, both of Article 266-A of the RPC, as
amended. The CA found that accused-appellant was charged with
having carnal knowledge of AAA, his 15-year-old daughter, by means
of force and intimidation; and, at the same time, he was charged with
committing an act of sexual assault against AAA by inserting his
finger into her private part. The CA noted that the Information merely
lacked the conjunctive word "and." Furthermore, the CA found that
the prosecution was able to prove during trial the guilt of accused-
appellant for the two charges of rape. 21
When the case reached this Court, the conviction of VVV for two counts
of rape under the aforestated information was sustained, thus:
At the outset, the Court notes that the CA convicted accused-
appellant for two counts of Rape, while only one Information was filed
against him. Duplicity of offenses charged contravenes Section 13,
Rule 110 of the Rules of Court (Rules) which states that "[a] complaint
or information must charge only one offense, except when the law
prescribes a single punishment for various offenses."
From a reading of the Information dated June 15, 2010, the
Court agrees with the CA that accused-appellant was charged with
two offenses — the act of having carnal knowledge of AAA constitutes
one offense, while the act of inserting his finger into AAA's private
part constitutes another. Section 3(f), Rule 117 of the Rules allows
the accused to move for the quashal of the information based on the
ground of duplicity of the offenses charged. However, under Section
9, Rule 117 of the Rules, accused-appellant is deemed to have
waived any objection based on this ground due to his failure to assert
it before he pleaded to the Information. Thus, the CA was correct in
holding that accused-appellant can be convicted for the two offenses.
22

In the present case, the accusatory portion of the Information filed

against XXX contains the same wordings as the Information filed in the case
o f People v. VVV . Considering that carnal knowledge constitutes as an
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 offense under Article 266-A of the RPC, and inserting a finger into the
victim's vagina, another offense under the same provision, coupled with the
absence of any objection on the part of XXX on the wordings of the
Information, it is undeniable that XXX can be convicted of the two offenses,
consistent with this Court's pronouncement in People v. VVV.
The first charge for Statutory Rape was sufficiently alleged with using
the term carnal knowledge. The case of People v. Bormeo, 23 cited by the CA
in its Decision, defined "carnal knowledge as the act of a man having sexual
bodily connections with a woman; sexual intercourse. An essential ingredient
thereof is the penetration of the female sexual organ by the sexual organ of
the male. In cases of rape, however, mere proof of the entrance of the male
organ into the labia of the pudendum or lips of the female organ is sufficient
to constitute a basis for conviction." The term carnal knowledge has been
countlessly interpreted by this Court as penile penetration of the woman's
vagina. It leaves no doubt that the accused knew that he was being charged
with inserting his penis into the vagina of the minor victim.
As regards the charge for Rape by sexual assault, We, likewise, find
that the information sufficiently alleged the crime. The use of the word "by"
is misplaced in the paragraph, since the information started with carnal
knowledge, as already discussed above, the term refers to penile
penetration. To the mind of the Court, the intention of the prosecution is to
use "thereafter," instead of "by," to connote two different counts of rape that
was committed on the same occasion. The testimony of the victim of the
horrific events is coherent with this premise. The quoted portions are
reproduced below:
Q If ever, what did XXX do to you?
A He removed my short and panty.
xxx xxx xxx
Q After XXX removed your short and panty, what then (did) next
(sic) he do (next) to you?
A "Tenten"
Q What did XXX do with his tenten?
A Inserted "suksuk."
Q Where did he insert?
A Witness is pointing to her genetalia ( sic).
Q After he inserted his penis, what then did he do next?
A Hand.
Q What did he do with his hand?
A Witness is demonstrating the hand directed to her
genetalia.
Q If this is the hand of XXX which part of the hand did he
use?
A Witness pointed to the middle finger of the right hand.
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 Q What did he do to his finger?
A Witness demonstrated that the middle finger was
directed to her organ with action "ge-inane."
Q Did he insert?
A Witness is nodding her head.
Q What did you feel during that time when he inserted his
finger?
A Painful. 24
Finally, We reject the defense of denial and alibi proffered by the
accused-appellant. As correctly ruled by the RTC, and affirmed by the CA,
AAA's direct, positive, and straightforward narration of the incidents in detail
prevails over accused-appellant's unsubstantiated allegations. Basic is the
rule that the trial court's factual findings, especially its assessment of the
credibility of witnesses, are accorded great weight and respect and binding
upon this Court, particularly when affirmed by the appellate court. 25 We find
no cogent reason to deviate from the lower courts' factual findings.
To conform with our pronouncement in People v. Tulagan , 26 We
increase the award of damages given by the appellate court as regards the
crime of Rape by sexual assault. The accused-appellant is ordered to pay
AAA P50,000.00 as civil indemnity, moral damages in the amount of
P50,000.00, and exemplary damages in the amount of P50,000.00.
WHEREFORE, the Court AFFIRMS with MODIFICATION the Decision
of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR-HC No. 01703, dated May 10, 2018.
Accused-appellant XXX is:
(1) DECLARED GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of Statutory
Rape, as defined under Article 266-A of the Revised Penal Code, and
penalized with reclusion perpetua; and ORDERED to PAY to AAA
P100,000.00 as civil indemnity, P100,000.00 as moral damages, and
P100,000.00 as exemplary damages; and
(2) DECLARED GUILTY beyond reasonable doubt of Rape by
sexual assault, as defined under Article 266-A of the Revised Penal Code, in
relation to Section 5 (b) of Republic Act No. 7610, and is (a) sentenced to
suffer the indeterminate penalty of twelve (12) years, ten (10) months and
twenty-one (21) days of reclusion temporal, as minimum, to fifteen (15)
years, six (6) months and twenty (20) days of reclusion temporal, as
maximum; and (b) ORDERED to PAY to AAA P50,000.00 as civil indemnity,
P50,000.00 as moral damages, and P50,000.00 as exemplary damages.
Legal interest of six percent (6%) per annum is imposed on all
damages awarded from the date of finality of this Resolution until fully paid.
The accused-appellant shall pay the costs of suit.
SO ORDERED.
Hernando, *** Inting and Delos Santos, JJ., concur.
Leonen, ** J., is on wellness leave.
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 Footnotes

* Initials were used to identify the accused-appellant pursuant to Amended

Administrative Circular No. 83-15 dated September 5, 2017, Protocols and
Procedures in the Promulgation, Publication, and Posting on the Websites of
Decisions, Final Resolutions, and Final Orders using Fictitious Names/Personal
Circumstances issued on September 5, 2017.

** On wellness leave.

*** Designated Acting Chairperson, per Special Order No. 2828 dated June 21,
2021.

1. Penned by Associate Justice Edgardo T. Lloren, with Presiding Justice Ruben

Reynaldo G. Roxas and Associate Justice Walter S. Ong, concurring; Rollo, pp.
3-17.

2. The geographical location is blotted out pursuant to Supreme Court Amended

Circular No. 83-2015.

3. The identity of the victim or any information which could establish or

compromise her identity, as well as those of her immediate family or
household members, shall be withheld pursuant to Republic Act No. 7610, An
Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protection against Child
Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination, Providing Penalties for its Violation,
and for Other Purposes; Republic Act No. 9262, An Act Defining Violence
Against Women and their Children, Providing for Protective Measures for
Victims, Prescribing Penalties Therefor, and for Other Purposes; and Section
40 of A.M. No. 04-10-11-SC, known as the Rule on Violence against Women
and their Children, effective November 15, 2002." (People v. Dumadag , 667
Phil. 664, 669 [2011]).

4. Rollo, p. 4.

5. Id.

6. Id. at 5-6.

7. Id. at 6-7.

8. Id. at 7.

9. Id. at 15.

10. Id. at 9.

11. Id. at 15-16.

12. 706 Phil. 460, 471 (2013).

13. 725 Phil. 542 (2014).

14. Rollo, pp. 7-8. (Citation omitted).

15. SECTION 13. Duplicity of Offense. — A complaint or information must charge

but one offense, except only in those cases in which existing laws prescribe a
single punishment for various offenses.
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 16. SECTION 3. Grounds. — The accused may move to quash the complaint or
information on any of the following grounds:

xxx xxx xxx

(f) That more than one offense is charged except when a single punishment
for various offenses is prescribed by law; x x x

17. 641 Phil. 635, 641 (2010).

18. Id. at 647.

19. G.R. No. 230222, June 22, 2020.

20. Id.

21. Id.

22. Id.

23. 292-A Phil. 691, 704 (1993), citing Black's Law Dictionary, Fifth Ed. 193.

24. Rollo, p. 11. (Emphases ours).

25. People v. Leonardo , 638 Phil. 161, 189 (2010).

26. G.R. No. 227363, March 12, 2019.

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