THC 1 Sim Week 1-9

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Hospitality Education

Program Hospitality Management
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: THC 1- Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality
Name of Teacher: Dec Vincent M. Lafuente, MBA
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED
USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS
WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
2nd Floor, HRM Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)297-7024
Course Outline: THC 1- Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality
Course Coordinator: Liwliwa B. Lagman

Email: liwliwa_lagman@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: By online(LMS) blackboard or thru text,emails or calls
Mobile: 0907-575-1006
Phone: (082) 2977024
Effectivity Date: June 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended Learning (Online)
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: None
Credit: 3
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is
Contact and Non-contact designed for blended learning mode of instructional
Hours delivery with scheduled face to face or virtual
sessions. The expected number of hours will be 54
including the face to face or virtual sessions. The
face to face sessions shall include the summative
assessment tasks (exams).
Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd,
Assessment Task Submission 5th, 7th and 9th week of the term.
Assessment tasks for this course will be done in real

time through the features in the Blackboard Learning
Management System, thus, the schedule shall be
arranged ahead of time by the course coordinator.
For specific types of assessment tasks like essays,
Turnitin Submission(if write-ups or literature review, students’ outputs are
necessary) required to be submitted through Turnitin with a
maximum similarity index of 30% allowed to ensure
honesty and authenticity. This means that if the
student’s paper goes beyond 30%, the student will
either opt to redo his/her paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for
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Telefax: (082)297-7024
the similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached

more than 30% similarity index, the student may be
called for a disciplinary action in accordance with the
University’s OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or
people to complete the task for you have severe
punishments (reprimand, warning, expulsion)
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after
the designated time on the due date, without an
Assignments/Assessments approved extension of time, will be reduced by 5%
of the possible maximum score for that assessment
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Telefax: (082)297-7024
item for each day or part day that the assessment

item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, the student will also be required to
present/attach evidences.
Students will be automatically notified whether they
Return of Assignments/ passed or failed an exam after submission via
Assessments Blackboard.
Other assessment tasks (e.g. essays, case analysis,

problem solving, research papers) will be returned to
the students two (2) weeks after the submission. This
will be returned by email or via Blackboard portal.
You should request in writing addressed to the
Assignment Resubmission course coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on
the student’s failure to comply with the similarity
index and other reasonable grounds such as
academic literacy standards or other reasonable
circumstances e.g. illness, accidents financial
constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the

Papers and Appeal program coordinator your intention to appeal or
contest the score given to an assessment task. The
letter should explicitly explain the reasons/points to
contest the grade. The program coordinator shall
communicate with the students on the approval and
disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with the original letter of request. The final decision
will come from the dean of the college.
All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
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Telefax: (082)297-7024
Grading System contact
Course discussions/exercises – 40%

1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
Final exam – 30%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

University system and procedures
Preferred Referencing Style APA 6th Edition
You are required to create an umindanao email
Student Communication account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal. Then, the course coordinator
shall enroll the students to have access to the
materials and resources of the course. All
communication formats: chat, submission of
assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be through the
portal and other university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student

email, please contact the course coordinator or
program head.
Contact Details of the Dean Florence Kristina M. Jimenez
0922 432 5186
mellina_florencekristina@umindanao.edu.ph
Contact Details of the Program Jacqueline M. Cenizal
Head 0917 770 5532
jcenizal@umindanao.edu.ph
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with
the course coordinator about the nature of his or her
special needs. Depending on the nature of the need,
the course coordinator with the approval of the
program coordinator may provide alternative
assessment tasks or extension of the deadline of
submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the
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Telefax: (082)297-7024
service of achieving the desired course learning

outcomes.
Instructional Help Desk BSHospMgt@umindanao.edu.ph

Contact Details
Library Contact Details Ms. Christina Perocho
Phone Number: 0951-376-6681
Library@umindanao.edu.ph
Well-being Welfare Support Ms. Danica Baja
Help Desk Contact Details 0975 560 4961
Welcome to this Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality Module!
For the background, this module is anchored on the University’s vision of becoming a
world class institutions providing quality, affordable and open education for all. Likewise,
this module is an alternative learning modality as the foregoing world-wide spread of
COVID 19 is yet to be solved. Hence, here we are- the new normal.
Our physical classes are constrained to be scheduled and/or thru via online as pursuant
to the policy guidelines as provided for by the World Health Organization, the state, the
local government unit, and of the University Consequently, most of your time will be
devoted to this module for self-instruction and in the Blackboard Learning Management
System.
This course is designed to give a clear and whole overview of Tourism and Hospitality
as an ecosystem and goes beyond the usual closed concept of tourism. It shows the
structure and scope of tourism as well as the impact of Tourism as an industry in
relation to the world economy and society. It also illustrates the effects of convergence
of tourism with the other local industries and let the students appreciate its multiplier
effect in various fronts. The students will also learn to appreciate the key global
organization and the roles they play in influencing and monitoring tourism trends.
This module has specific topics/information as complied by the coordinators of the

course, However, as a student, you are also encouraged to explore other textbooks,
online references or through multimedia (e.g. Youtube) and/or any means to further
augment your learning and understanding. Limit NOT yourself in learning!
Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS
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Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
a. Explain the concept of tourism,

b. Discuss the historical changes which have affected the growth and
development of tourism industry.
Hello future Hoteliers! Welcome to this course THC 1: Macro Perspective of Tourism
and Hospitality. By now, I am confident that you wanted to become a part of our
industry and that you have visualized yourself already working in the Hospitality and
Tourism Sector. Additionally, this lesson expected to evaluate the effect of tourism
convergence with other local industries, and explain how the tourism sustainable goals
help shape the global tourism and help mitigate tourism impacts. Thus, in this course,
you will required to review the principles of tourism and other related subjects. This
way, you will be able to understand, relate and rationalize the macro perspective of
tourism and hospitality.
It is not surprising that opportunities are everywhere; it only waits for somebody who
has the character, enough knowledge and skills to develop and harness it.
Opportunities are available in any corner or every profession.
The 21st century hoteliers are persons who are capable of doing something different. A
person who is willing to give the best out of him/her. A person who wants to lead his or
her profession in the pursuit of new knowledge, innovation, and new technology which
will transform the society to harness its fullest potentials.
Are you that hoteliers? Will you take the challenge of becoming that hoteliers?
If YES, let us begin!
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the concept of tourism
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study the concept of tourism
and to demonstrate Ulloa will be operationally defined to establish a common frame
of reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or career. You will
encounter these terms as we go through the study. Please refer to these definitions
in case you will encounter difficulty in understanding the concept of tourism.
1. Mass Tourism. This is under of tourism professional’s organization, and a kind
of travel by groups or pre-schedule tours.
2. Sustainable development. The ability of the natural system to provide natural
resources and ecosystem services depend on society and the economy.
3. Tourism. Refers to the activity of the tourist in a destinations travelling, touring,
business attracting, tourist entertainment, and the tourist accommodation.
4. Travel Management. Refers to the process of tracking and reporting, controlling
on a company’s travel expenses.
5. Tourism Operation. A tourism service and activity undertaken by a projects
companies for a purpose of the project in the concession area, includes leisure
facilities and activities, trading, access to cultural, services for the operation and
management of a project facilities, natural sites or historical sites, etc.
6. Tourism Sector. This industry operate different forms of levels private, public,
and from national tourist boards, hotel chain, small scale businesses, and local
tourist enterprises.
7. Tourism Service. This transportation provides by the travel agencies and tour
operator services, tour guide services, hotels, and restaurants to the passengers
to reach the destination.
Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first
lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three (3)
weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge
that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books,
research articles, and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g.
ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
Tourism Terms
1. Accessibility. The quality of being easy to obtain or use.

1.1 Accessibility having convenient transportation like seaports, private
bicycle, airports, and railways are designs for accessibility of the tourist.
2. Amenities or facilities. A useful facility or feature from the establishment.
Includes food, accommodation, local transport, entertainment, communications,
fitness gym, and spas.
3. Coastal tourism. They experiencing pressure from growth in lifestyles and
growing numbers of tourists who are visiting the destination.
3.1 Coastal environments are limited in extent consisting of only a narrow
strip along the edge of the ocean.
3.2 Coastal areas are often the first environments to experience the
detrimental impacts of tourism.
4. Domestic tourism. Refers to travel within the boundaries of a country.
5. Domestic travel form of travel within a destination in a country.
6. Ecotourism a form of tourism involved visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively
undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale
alternative to standard commercial mass tourism.
6.1 Its purpose to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological
conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political
empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different
cultures and human rights.
7. Events are also attractions that bring revenue and numbers of tourists to the
area.
8. Event attraction. It is one in which tourists are drawn to destination solely
because of what taking place there.
9. Excursionist. A temporary visitors who do not stay in e country that they visit.
10. Governments. Assessing the both needs of tourist and local, national, and
international destinations.
11. Humane tourism. This also considers as part of a movement of responsible
tourism and has an idea to empower local communities by travel-related
businesses around the world.
11.1 Humane tourism also focuses on the local
community and the local people.
12. Independent tour. This tour design for free independent traveller or
independent tourists. The tourist buys these facilities separately.
13. International tourism. It is involves the movement of tourists across
international boundaries.
14. Local communities. A beneficiary of sustainable tourism through job creation,
infrastructure development, and economic development.
15. Man-made attraction. Historical or architecture attractions made by man.
16. Natural attraction. This attraction created by nature include mountains,
beaches, and climatic features.
17. Non-governmental organizations. Support stakeholders in advocating
sustainable tourism.
18. Package tour. A list of packages that offer to the clients, maybe individual or
group travel.
19. Responsible hospitality. Is give better places for the people to travel, visit and
line in.
20. Responsible tourism a form of tourism to represents an approach to engaging
with tourism businesses, and tourists in a destination or any tourism
stakeholder.
21. Site attraction. Tourists visit a destination because of the natural beauty,
cultural value, entertainment, leisure and amusement, and historical
significance of the places.
22. Sustainable development. The ability of the natural system to provide natural
resources and ecosystem services depend on society and the economy.
23. Sustainable tourism. Is the concept of tourist to visit somewhere and trying to
make a positive impact on the economy, environment, and society.
24. Tourism. The tourists travel for pleasure, touring, tourist entertainment,
business attracting, food, and accommodations.
23.1 Tourism a movement of people to travel in any destination outside the
places and normally live and work during their stay.
23.2 Tourism is the process of spending time away from home in pursuing
activities like relaxation, recreation, and pleasure.
23.3 Tourism used during the early 19th century that derived from the Hebrew
word Torah means learned, study, and search.
25. Tourism service. This transportation provides by the travel agencies and tour
operator services, tour guide services, hotels, and restaurants to the
passengers to reach the destination.
24.1 Tourist services consist of those provided by the travel agent and by the
tour operator.
24.2 Other tourist service: currency, demonstration, information, sightseeing
and shopping.
26. Tourist. Temporary visitors who make at least one overnight stay in a place.
27. Tourist attraction is a place where tourists visit because of the tourist
attractions, natural and cultural sites, museums and galleries, architectural
structures, zoos and entertainments, historical places, theme parks, festivals
and events, sports facilities, wildlife, monuments, and people.
28. Tourist destination. A geographical unit that is market itself as a place to visit
for tourist.
27.1 The tourist destination depends on the success of the interrelationship of
three basic factors: attractions, amenities or facilities, and accessibility.
29. Tourist product. The sum of psychological and physical satisfaction and
provides tourists during travel to a destination.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
1. Bender, S. B., & Partlow, C. G. (2015). A profile of the hospitality industry.
Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com. “How the industry operates” Pp.
736; “Uniqueness of the Hospitality Product” Pp. 65-72.
2. PNoy launches 'Pilipinas Kay Ganda' as new tourism campaign slogan". Press
release. Philippine Information Agency. November 14, 2010.
3. USA Today (). What Is the Meaning of Sustainable Tourism?, by Jamie Lisse.
4. Vanzi, Sol Jose (June 8, 1998). "RP Wins Bid To Host World EXPO 2002".
Philippine Hedline News Online. Retrieved October 19, 2016(PDF). DBM.
Retrieved January 22, 2015.
5. (Source - http://www.you2uk.com/natural-attractions.html ) 6. (PDF). DBM.
Retrieved January 22, 2015.
7. "New PH tourism slogan "Pilipinas Kay Ganda" fails to impress tourism
industry, netizens".
8. https://ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism/
9. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/tourism-operations
10. https://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/kotimmatkailu-en.html
11. https://www.travelperk.com/blog/travel-amagement.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb.

Discuss the historical changes which have affected the growth and
development of tourism industry,
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study the definition of
tourism and to demonstrate ULOa will be operationally defined to establish a common
frame of reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or career. You will
encounter these terms as we go through learning and understanding of the lessons.
1. Economics. Is the study of social science the production, distribution, and

consumption of goods and services.
 Economics also focuses on the interaction and behavior of how economic work, and
economic agents.
 Economics is the study of human behavior of a relationship between ends and
scare.
2. Economic analysis. It is applied in society, business, real estate, health and
care finance, and government. It is also a diverse subject as education, crime, law,
family, religion, politics, social institutions, environment, war, and science.
3. Economy. It is an area of distribution, production, and
the consumption of goods and services in every different agent.
 Economy is also a social domain that practices, discourses, and material
expressions associated with the production, and management of resources'.
 Economy is a result of a set of processes that involve education, history, culture,
political structure, values, technological evolution, ecology, social organization,
geography, and natural resource endowment.
4. Transport or transportation. Is the movement of people, goods, and animals
from one place to another.
5. Transport infrastructure. Consisting of fixed installations, including railways,
airways, roads, canals, waterways, and pipelines and terminals such as railways
stations, airports, seaport, bus stations, trucking terminals, warehouses, and refueling
depots.
Essential Knowledge
This unit of the lesson will provide you an overview of tourism. Specifically, this
lesson will introduce to you the history of tourism. Concepts and theories learned from
your previous major courses in hospitality management will also be reviewed and are
also relevant in understanding the importance of tourism.
The History of Tourism
 Tourism during 20th century- World War I brought about many changes which
influence the volume of tourism.
1. Early tourism. In 19th century the term is use derived from the Hebrew word
Torah means, learning, studying, and searching.
Two forms of Early Tourist
1. Travel for business- such as trading and religious travel.
2. The invention of money- Sumerians facilitate travel and exchange of goods.
2. Tourism in the Medieval Period. Travel declined, travel became burdensome,

dangerous, and demanding during this time.
2.1 Thieves inflicted harm on those dared to travel, during that time no one
travelled for pleasure.
2.2 During medieval period Crusaders and pilgrims only ones who travel.
3. Tourism during the Renaissance and Elizabethan Eras. In the early 16th
century during the time of Elizabeth I , the travel for education become popular
many young men seeking positions in court they are encouraged to travel to the
continent to widen their education.
3.1 The education of a gentlemen should be completed by a Grand Tour of the
cultural centers of continent lasted for three years.
3.2 During the travel gentlemen experience sick sought and the remedy for their
illness in “spas” or medical baths. Travels immersed the in the healing water.
4. Tourism during the Industrial Revolution. During this time not only about
technological changes, but also essential social changes that made travel
desirable.
4.1 During the holidays the emerging middle class traveled to the countryside or
seashore.
4.2 Working class resorts near major industries center were created.
5. Tourism in the 19th century. Railroads created not only more business, but
more competition in various private companies invested heavily in resorts,
hotels, and entertainment facilities.
5.1 Steamers led to the popular day trip cruiser and coastal resorts growth near
the large industrial town. They also provide reliable and inexpensive
transportation.
5.2 During that time the tourism organization of travel institutions established.
5.3 Travel organization emerged. In 1974 the famous Thomas Cook introduced
the “circular notes” were accepted by hotels, banks, shops, and restaurant.
6. Tourism in the early 20 th century. World War I brought about many changes
which influence the volume of tourism.
6.1 New forms of mass communication stimulated curiosity about other
countries. The influence of posters and the press, the cinema, radio, and
television widened knowledge and the internet in travel. Motorized public
road transportation and improved road conditions led to the popularity of
seaside tours.
6.2 World War II also led to increased interest in
travel. In 1958 the introduction
of Boeing 707 jest. Air travel becomes faster, safe cheaper, and comfortable
compared to other forms of transportation. The age of air travel for the masses
arrived, the decline in sea travel has hasten. The ownership of a private car is
an increase, causing the switch to the use of private cars, and this change
affected both rail and coach services.
6.3 Hotels devise their programs from an overnight stay too short stay holidays
for the private motorist.
6.4 Governments created an ordinance for more vacation time and holidays into
the familiar long “weekends” throughout the year.
6.5 The 1970s have also seen the emergence of new patterns of tourism. As
economic power has shifted between countries, new tourism generating
countries arose. Europe, as well as the developing tourist-based economic of
Asia has benefited from this influx.
7. Origin of Tourism in the Philippines. - Traces origins in the ancient times
when the first group of people migrate through land bridges and followed by the
second group of migrations from the Malayan archipelago in the south and the
north of Taiwan. A more recognizable from the tourism in the Philippines
happened when wooden boats sailed between Philippines and Mexico during
the galleon trade.
7.1 In the 1920s the steamship and the airline pioneers, the “China Clipper” and
the “Manila Clipper,” brought some passenger to Manila via Hongkong.
7.2 Travelers from the U.S., China, Japan, and Europe were provided inland
tours by entrepreneurs with their unregistered private cars and coaches
called “colorum,” There were some offices like the American Express
International which informally arranged land tours for foreign travelers.
There were only few tourism attraction and destination.
7.3 In 1952, the first tourism association in the Philippines was organized. The
government organized the Board of Traveler and Tourist Industry (BTTI).
7.4 In the late 1950s, more hotels and restaurant and entertainment facilities
were established.
7.5 After the declaration of martial law in 1972, tourism proposed. The
Philippines become “ bargain destination” to foreign visitors. Tourism today is
the result of the continuous development and promotion of tourism 1950 to
present.
8. DOT Plan and Program. Increase visitor arrivals, especially from nearby market
and high spending. Increase tourism receipts, through longer stays and higher
spending per day. Expand domestic tourism through more promotions, cheaper
tour package, and new. Expand the capacity for tourism by promoting more
private sector investment, improve the standards of service through the
expansion of training programs for the professionalization of the tourism
management and labor force. Program major tourism infrastructure project.
8.1 Engage in major tourism estate and resort development, Classify facilities in
tourism sites according to international standards, Enforce strictly the tour
facility standards, Promote self-regulation within the different sector of the
tour industry.
8.2 Complete the national tourism plan and a destination tourism plan.
Encourage consumer advertising in selected markets.
8.3 Work closely with the private sector product development. Develop and
strengthen linkages with the local governments, The private sector, and
General public.
Structure of Organizational
Headed by the Secretary of Tourism (Philippines), with the following
four undersecretaries and assistant secretaries
• Undersecretary for Administration and Special Concerns

• Undersecretary for Public Affairs, Communications & Special Projects
• Undersecretary for Tourism Development Planning
• Undersecretary for Tourism Promotions
• Undersecretary for Tourism Regulation Coordination & Resource
Generations
• Assistant Secretary for Administration and Special Concerns
• Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Communications and Special
Projects
• Assistant Secretary for Tourism Development Planning
• Assistant Secretary for Tourism Regulation Coordination & Resource
Generation for Luzon and Visayas
Offices and Bureaus
 Office of Tourism Information.

 Office of Tourism Standards.
 Office of Tourism Development Planning
 Office of Product Development
 Office of Tourism Coordination
 Bureau of Domestic Tourism Promotions and Information
 Bureau of International Tourism Promotions
The Department of Tourism Slogan
Fiesta Islands Philippines

WOW Philippines (2002)
Pilipinas Kay Ganda (2010)
It's More Fun in the Philippines!
Experience the Philippines (2017)
The Tourism Projects
 Visit Islands Philippines 1994

 Miss Universe 1994
 Florikultura '98 – international horticulture exhibition
 Expo Pilipino 1998 – Philippine Centennial International
Exposition
 1998 Philippine Centennial Celebrations
 World Exposition 2002 Manila (cancelled due to financial
problems of the government)
 Visit Philippines 2003
 WOW (World of Wonders) Philippines
 "Pilipinas Kay Ganda" slogan and campaign 2010
 It's More Fun in the Philippines!
 Visit the Philippines Year 2015
 Visit the Philippines Again 2016
 Miss Universe 2016 (65th Miss Universe)
 Boracay Rehabilitation 2018
2019 Southeast Asian Games
9. The International Travel Patterns. Major travel flows occur between the United
Stated and Western Europe. Travel to Africa is usually one way, originating in
Europe. The heaviest flow of air traffic into Europe is between New York and
London. The cities in Europe most frequently visited by tourist are London,
Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Brussels.
9.1 The top ten countries generating international travel in rank order are: United
State, West Germany, United kingdom, Canada, Japan, France, The
Netherlands Mexico, Switzerland, Australia.
9.2 Travel between Europe countries has been very popular.
10. Factors that favor the growth of tourism.
10.1 Rising the income for large sections of the population.
10.2 Increase growth numbers of retired persons who have the desire to travel
both local and international.
10.3 Increase in the number of holidays and longer days for vacations and shorter
work weeks
1. Bender, S. B., & Partlow, C. G. (2015). A profile of the hospitality industry.

Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com. “How the industry operates” Pp.
736; “Uniqueness of the Hospitality Product” Pp. 65-72.
2. DFPC website
3. Official DOT Philippines website
Telefax: (082)297-7024
Big Picture
a. Explain the awareness of the factors motivating people to travel,

b. Analyze the economic impact of tourism on a destination area
c. Discuss the social nature of travel
d. Describe the effect of cultures in travel.
e. Differentiate the direct and indirect component of tourism network.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa:

Explain the awareness of the motivating people to travel
Metalanguage
Below are the essential terms that you are going to encounter in the pursuit of
week 4-6 ULOa: To show awareness of the motivating people to travel. Again, you are
advised to frequently refer to these definitions to help you understand the succeeding
topics. I would like to highly recommend that you refresh your knowledge from week 1-3
ULOa, ULOb, to understand further week 4-6 ULOa.
1. Early tourism. In the early 19th century the term used, and derived from the Hebrew
word torah means learning, studying, and searching.
2. Motivation. Is stimulates interests or causes a person to act in a certain way.
3. Motivation for Tourism. The wants and needs of tourist are often regarding as travel
motivations.
4. Tourism. Refers to the activity of the tourist in a destinations travelling,
touring, business attracting, tourist entertainment, and the tourist
accommodation.
5. Tourist. Are temporary visitors who make at-least one overnight stay in a place.
l Tourist a traveler who is leaving his/her hometown to visit another destination or
area for the purpose of leaving an experience of shopping, entertaining, visiting,
cultural & historical attractive having fun and so on the condition that she/he should
return to his/her own place, stay no longer than 12 months, make use of a tourist
activity and spend his/her on money.
6. Tourist destination. A geographical unit that is market itself as a place to visit for
tourists.
l The tourist destination depends on the success of the interrelationship of three
basic factors: attractions, amenities or facilities, and accessibility.
7. Travel. Is the certain movement of tourist between one places to another.
8. Travel motivation. The most psychological influence of the tourist behavior that a
person needs and wants consider.
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Telefax: (082)297-7024
Essential Knowledge
Another important aspect of tourism is travel psychology. Improved
understanding of the travel industry, travel services, the importance of travel, and
discuss the relation of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs
subsequently extended the idea that includes his observations of humans' innate
curiosity. This theory's parallel of human developmental psychology focuses on
describing the stages of growth in humans. Now, let’s try to explore how important travel
psychology.
Travel Psychology. Provide insights into to the internal workings of all tourism
stakeholders, and improves understanding of their relationships such as services,
products, holidaymakers’ motivations or attitudes, and providers; or marketers’
influences or sociocultural aspects of the relations between guests and host
communities.
Tourism Marketing and Management. It is a process of connecting human needs,

wants, and demands, to control and create travel decisions or purchases.
Model of Human Motivation. Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs applicable in the

travel and tourism context. Referring the model, travel psychology and tourism
marketing and collaborate by producing catalogs.
Travel Motivator
Physical motivator
Ø Those related to physical rest, sports participation, entertainment,
beach recreation, relaxing, and other motivations directly connected to
health activity.
Cultural motivation
Ø Include the study to know the culture of other countries.
Status and prestige motivation

Ø Concerning ego needs and personal development, Travels also help to
enhance one’s recognition and good reputation.
Interpersonal motivator
Ø The desire to meet other people, through visit relatives and friends, to
escape from daily routine, neighbors, and family.
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MOTIVATION PSYCHOLOGY OF TRAVEL
Escape Convince oneself of one’s Interpersonal relations

achievement
Relaxation Show one’s importance to others Roots or ethics
Relief of tension Status and prestige Maintain social contacts

Sun-lust Self-discovery Wanderlust
Physical Cultural Interest in foreign areas
Health Education Scenery

Family togetherness Professional/business
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Travel Motives
1. Needs for Escape or Change

l The reason for travel is “escape ,”
l Escape from boring daily routines; escape from the familiar, common and ordinary
places.
l Travel can provide diversity for people wanting to change.
2. Travel for Health

l This is development and influence in the field of medicine to travel a century.
l Majority of people think as a means of regaining one’s energies, interest, and
enthusiasm.
3. Sports
l During leisure time people demand sports and other excitement activities to relive
them from the boredom of their work.

4. Social Contact
l Human beings are considered as social animals, we need contact and
communication with other people.

l Group activity is more comfortable than individual activity.
5. Status and Prestige

l Travel provides the means for ego self-enhancement.
6. Travel for Education

l Travel offers different opportunities to satisfy the urge to learn.
7. Personal Values
l Many people are urged to travel to satisfy personal values. Such as the search for
spiritual experience, patriotism, and wholesomeness.

8. Cultural Experience
l Experiencing how other people live and fostering international understanding are
some of the reasons to satisfy about other cultures, lifestyle, and places.
l Studies reveal that seeking a new culture experience is a primary reason for
international travel.
9. Shopping and Bargain Hunting
l The joys derived from buying certain goods
l Bargain hunting or being able to get special merchandise at low cost.
10. Professional and Business Motives

l A increase number of people travel for business and professional motives.
l More than 50%of populations of all airline travel are made by business travelers.
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11. Search for Natural Beauty

l People satisfy when they see natural beauty in the environment and the scenery.
The Learning Process of a Tourist
l An individual will buy a vacation package if he has learned the purchase will satisfy
an important need.
l The tourist compares various alternative with a list of criteria to determine which
alternatives will most likely satisfy a particular motives.
l A destination will be included as an alternative if the destination has previously
satisfied the travel.
l An individual’s learning input on past experience is derived from having experience
the same thing that is being considered or having experience something similar.
l Thus, decision criteria are developed or modified from actual experiences.
l Serving as a bridge between the motives of an individual and the perceived
alternatives are the criteria used for making a decision among these alternatives.
l The criteria used learned .
l They are the result of past experience, as well as information received from either
the commercial or the social environment.
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Effect of consistency and Complexity of Leisure Travel
l Individual is differ in the amount of psychological tension they can handle. ( Edward
J. Mayo & lance Jervis, The Psychology of Leisure Travel, 1981)
l Too Much repetition or consistency results in boredom and a corresponding amount
of psychological tension greater than he could handle.
l To reduce tension, he will attempt to introduce some complexities in his life.
l Too much complexity may result in more tension than a person endure.Similarly,
too much consistency may result in more tension than a mature person can endure.
l To reduce the level of tension, he will introduce consistency into that experience.
l The traveler who experiences a great deal of consistency in everyday life may
compensate by seeking vacations which offer variety.
l The opposite is also true.
Classification of Travelers Based on Personality
1. Psychocentrics
l Self centered are inhibited and unadvanturesome

l Having desire for strong consistency and the familiar
l Preferred to visit “safe” in a destinations
l Do not like to experience with food, entertainment, and
accommodations,
l Look for experiences that will not result in personal stress or involve
unusual situations
l Prefer to drive to a destination rather than fly.
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2. Allocentrics
l Having an interest in other persons are highly curious and
thrive on stimulation and changes.
l Having a strong demand for variety and new experiences.
l Seeks destinations that offers an opportunity to experience a
different cultures and environment.
l Accept challenges, meet the residents, tryout local food and drinks,
stay in native lodgings.
l Explore and discover and go on their rather than buy packing tours.
l Prefer to drive to a destination rather than fly.
3. Midcentrics
l Are not particular adventurous, yet they are not afraid to try new
experiences, as long as these are neither too odd nor too challenging.
l Constitute the mass market or the bulk of the population.
Classification of Travelers Based on Purpose of Travel
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Business Travelers
Regular Business Travelers

l Company shouldered the cost of the travel
l Volume and rate of growth of business travel are not greatly affected by the cost of
travel.
l Business travelers are professional and well-educate, have a high-level of jobs and
tend to fly often.

l Ratio of women business travelers to men business travelers has grown rapidly.
Major Differences between Male and Female Business Travelers

l Women business travelers are slightly younger
l They tend to stay longer at their destinations
l They are more apt to be unmarried than males
l They are more likely to attend a meeting or convention
l They are more likely to book through a travel agent
l They have a greater preference for downtown accommodation facilities closer to
work
l They are more concerned with security aspects of accommodation facilities
Business Travelers Attending Meetings, Conventions, Congresses

l The purpose of 20 percent of all business travel trips
l A congress, convention, or conference is a regular formalized meeting of
associations or body or a meeting sponsored by an association or body on a regular

basic.
Incentive Travel
l A special type of business travel.
l Travel given by firms to employees as a reward for some accomplishments or to
encourage employees to achieve more than what is required.

l Often combined with business and sales meetings, especially foreign destination in
order to be eligible for tax deduction.
Objectives in Buying Incentives Travel Trips

l Increase overall sales volumes
l Sell new accounts
l Improve morale and good will
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l Introduce new products

l Offset competitive promotions
l Bolster slow seasons
l Help in sales training
l Sell slow items
l Obtain more store displays and support consumer promotions
Pleasure/ Personal
Travelers
Resort Travelers
l Have higher households income and are more likely to be professional and
managerial positions
l Majority have families with children
Family Pleasure Travelers
l Divided into three groups:

l Junior families
l Mid-range families
l Mature families
l Motivated by three objectives:

l To use travel as an educational experience for their children
l To do something different
l To use to bring the family closer together
l Major hindrances:
l Cost of travel particularly the cost of transportation
l Accommodation
l Food
l Ability of the parents to have privacy from children
l Problems of organizing and coordinating family pleasure plans
l The Elderly
l Trends in developed countries, particularly in North America clearly indicate that
the population is aging.

l At present, there are many people who are fifty years of age and over, including
greater numbers of people in the retirement age category.

l These population shifts have made the “elderly” persons a lucrative target for
tourism destination areas.
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l Persons in the “50 plus: age bracket are called “ active affluent” or people with
the money and the desire to travel extensively.
Single and Couples
l Take their vacations to:

l Fulfill their psychological, intellectual, and physical needs.
l Have the opportunity to rest, relax, and escape the routine of pressures of daily
living.
l Enjoy the naturalness of life and to express total freedom.
Travel Constraints
1. Lack of money
2. Lack of time
3. Lack of safety and security
4. Physical disability
5. Family commitments
6. Lack of interests in travel
7. Fears of travel
1. Lack of Money
l Less money means less travel.
l Wealthy members of society are the ones who travel most.
2. Lack of time
l The desire to travel and the financial ability to travel are insufficient if
one does not have the time to travel.
l A combination of time and money during travel must be present to
take place.
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3. Lack of Safety and Security

l Areas may acquire the reputation of being dangerous and thus
become less desirable travel destinations.
l Tourism will not go to destinations which they consider unsafe.
4. Physical Disability
l Bad health or physical handicap may keep people at home
l The elderly who are more susceptible to illnesses travel less.
5. Family Commitment
l Parents with young children find it inconvenient and expensive to go
holiday.
l During the child rearing period, family obligations increase
significantly for women and a similar but lesser degree.
l For men, travel is curtailed and more time is spend at home.
6. Lack of Interest in Travel

l Mainly due to preference to simply stay at home
l May be due to a variety people
l Dislike to travel
l Shyness in meeting people
l Dislike of changing routine and many more
7. Fears
l Fear of flying
l Fear of the unknown
l Some potential travelers are afraid of the unfamiliar decisions they will
have to make in a stranger place and how to get around strange city.
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Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
1. Christou, E., & Gretzel, U. (2016). Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality:
Theory, practice and cases. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com. “Traveller’s
Behavior. Pp 169-251
2. Kozak, N., & Kozak, M. (Eds.). (2015). Tourism economic: A practical perspective.
Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
3. Kozak, M., & Kozak, N. (Eds.). (2015). Tourism development. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com “ Perceptions of Local Residents in Abu Dhabi
towards the Development of Tourism” Pp. 6-19; “Economic Aspects of Preserving
Traditional Cultural Landscapes for Sustainable Tourism Development” Pp. 20-30; “
Sustainable Tourism: Community-Based Tourism in Vietnam’s Central Highlands”
Pp. 31- 44
4. https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-international-encyclopedia-of-travel-and-
tourism/i9271.xml
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the key concepts of travel psychology are not
enough, what also matters is you should also be able to explain its inter-relationships.
This time, you are required to enumerate and explain thoroughly your answers.
a. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
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b. Classification of Travel Based on Personality
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c. Kind of Business Travelers
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Activity 2:
1. Design a tour that would appeal to young singles.
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2. Decide whether you are a Psychocentric or Allocentric tourist. Choose a destination

with an image that matches your personality type and explain how this image pulls you
to go to the destination.
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3. “Pleasure travel motivation is often added to a business trip such as attending a

convention”. How would you sell this idea to the convention planning committee?
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1: Travel Psychology provides insights into the internal workings of all
tourism stakeholders. Travel is the movement of people between distant
geographical locations. Since the main goal is to provide information to all tourism
stakeholders. Give the direct direction of the locations.
Based on the definition of the most essential terms in the study of travel psychology
and the learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments
or lessons learned below. I have indicated my arguments or lessons learned.
1. The role of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs is important and applicable in a journey

and tourism by choosing the right destinations to travel.
2. The role of travel motivation is an important psychological influence of the tourist
behavior of a person, or in their certain needs and wants.
You’re Turn!
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Q&A LIST. This section allows you to list down all questions and issues relative to the
lesson you would like to raise. You may also raise these questions thru the LMS. You
are also the one to write the answers after questions have been clarified.
Do you have any question for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX. The following terms and concepts discussed in this unit
of lesson are important for you to remember. To help you review, please review
the terms below.
Travel Psychology Midcentrics Cultural Motivation

Travel motivation Incentives Travel Physical Motivator
Leisure Travel Family Pleasure Travel Travel for Health
Psychocentrics Maslow’s Hierarchy of Status and Prestige
Needs Motivation
Allocentrics Interpersonal Motivator Tourist Destination
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOb.

Analyze the economic impact of tourism on a destination area
Metalanguage
The most essential terms below are operationally defined for you to have a better
understanding of this section in the course.
1. Economics. It is a social science concern in the distribution, production, and

consumption of goods and services.
2. Economic Development. Refers to the social and political welfare of people related
to the output of improvement within country.
3. Social Development. Refers to the process by which a child learn to interact with
others around them
4. Socio-Economic. Concern with the interaction of social and economic factors.
5. Tourism. Refers to the activity of the tourist in a destinations travelling,
touring, business attracting, tourist entertainment, and the tourist
accommodation.
6. Tourism Impacts of Tourism. The effects of tourism in the environment, destination
communities, and its economic contributions.
l Tourism is also often seasonal, and impacts only become apparent over time, with
varying effects, and at different stages of development
7. World Tourism Organization. Defines tourism generally as "beyond the common
perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only, as people traveling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive
year for leisure and not less than 24 hours, business and other purposes".
Essential Knowledge
The Economic of Tourism
Socio-Economic System. The increase in the importance of tourism in the

contemporary world. It strongly underlines its influence on the economy, the quality, and
style of living as well as the environment. The complexness of tourism and its
interdisciplinary character are the reasons for the constant growth of interest in research
regarding tourism of various scientific disciplines, especially the economic sciences. It is
caused by the rising influence of the tourism sector on economic development, not only
on the local and regional but also on a global scale.
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l Economic and Social Development. “The proceeding of the economic well-being

and quality of life of a nation, region or local community are improved according to
targeted goals and objectives”.
The Role of Tourism in Economic Development

Tourism is differs from international trade in many ways.
l In tourism, the consumers collects the products from the exporting country.
l The demand or pleasure travel is largely depending on non-economic factors.
l By using specific fiscal measures, the exporting or tourist receiving country can
manipulate exchange rates.

l Tourism is a multifaceted industry that directly affects several sectors in the
economy and indirectly affects many others.

l Tourism brings many more non-monetary benefits and cost than other export
industries.
Economic Impact
l Travelers outside the destination area spend on goods and services within
the destination; tourism acts as an export industry by bringing in revenues
from outside sources.
l Tourist expenditures also directly increase the level of economic activity in
the host area.
l Many countries have utilized tourism as a means to increase foreign
exchange earnings to produce investment necessary to influence economic
growth.
Direct and Secondary Effects
l Tourist expenditures received as income by business to the host area to

have a direct effect on the economy.
l Secondary or indirect effects are mean that tourists paid the money for the
business and it is used to pay for the supplies, wages of workers, and other
items used in producing the products or direct services by tourists.
Tourist Multiplier
l Tourism multiplier effect is used to estimate the direct and secondary effects
of tourist expenditures on the economy of a country.
l The term multiplier is used to describe the total effect, both direct and
secondary, of an external source of income introduced into the economy.
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Cost-Benefits Ratio
Benefits divided by cost equal the cost-benefits ratio. To arrive at these ratios;
l Determine where the tourist dollar is spend.

l Determine what percentage of each expenditure leaves the local economy.
l Derive a “multiplier effect,” a ratio applied to income that reflects multiple
spending within an economy.
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l Apply the multiplier effect to the tourist expenditures to arrive at the total benefits
to tourism expenditures in dollar.
l Derive a cost benefits ratio expressed as dollars received/dollars spend.
l Apply the cost benefits ratios to tourism expenditures to provide estimate of
income and costs of tourist business to a community, for both the private and
public sectors.
Undesirable Economic Aspects of Tourism
l Additional demand and /or increased imports, tourist purchased may result in
higher prices in a destination area affecting local residents who would have to
pay more for products and services.
l Travel is a discretionary item which is subject to changes in prices and income or
fluctuations that may result in economic instability.
How to Maximize the Economic Effect of Tourism
Growth Theories
v Theory of Balanced Growth
v Theory of Unbalanced Growth
Economic Strategies
v Incentives
v Import Substitution
v Foreign Exchange
Growth Theories
l The theory of balanced growth suggests that tourism should be viewed as an
important part of a broad-based economy. This stresses that tourism needs the
support of other industries.
l The theory of unbalanced growth see tourism as the sparks to economic growth.
Economic Strategies
Importance Substitution
l Imposes quotas or tariffs on the importation of goods which can be developed
locally.
l Grants subsides, grants, or loans to local industries to encourage the use of local
materials.
l Its objective is to minimize the leakage of money.
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Incentives
The most common forms of incentives are:

1. Tax exemptions/ reductions on imported machinery, materials, etc.
2. Reduction in company taxation by means of favorable depreciation allowances on
investment, or special treatment in relation to excise taxes, sales taxes, income taxes,
turnover taxes, profit taxes, or property taxes.
3. Tax holidays (limited period)
4. Guarantee of stabilization of tax conditions (for up to 20 years)
5. Grants (for up to 30 percent of total capital costs)
6. Subsidies (guaranteeing minimum level of period profit occupancy, etc.)
7. Loans at low rates interest.
8. Provision of land freehold at nominal or little cost or at low rents
9. Free and unrestricted repatriation of all or part of invested capital profits, divided and
interest subject to tax provisions.
10. Guarantee against nationalization or appropriation
Foreign Exchange
l Many countries have placed restrictions on spending in order to maximize foreign

exchange earnings.
l They have limited the amount of their own currency that tourist can bring in and take
out of the destination to ensure that foreign currency is used to pay bills in the host
region.
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1. Christou, E., & Gretzel, U. (2016). Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality :
Theory, practice and cases. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com. “Traveller’s
Behavior. Pp 169-251
Traditional Cultural Landscapes for Sustainable Tourism Development” Pp. 20-30; “
Sustainable Tourism: Community-Based Tourism in Vietnam’s Central Highlands”
Pp. 31- 44.
Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
4. https://blog.atlas-integrated.com/5-strategies-to-leverage-tourism-marketing-for-
economic-development
5. https://destinationsinternational.org/tourism-economic-development
6. https://www.geo41.com/tourism-as-adevelopment-strategy
7. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.60
8. https://www.investment.com/terms/f/foreign-exchange.asp
9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271725617_Tourism_Development_Tools_
of_Analysis
10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/socioeconomics
11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/economics-ecomnometrics-
andfinance/foreign-exchange
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Let’s Analyze
Activity1. Based from your understanding of the lesson, you are required to answer the
following questions.
1. Enumerate and explain the growth theories
a.__________________________________________________________________________
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b.__________________________________________________________________________
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1. Economics is a social science concerned with the production,

distribution, and consumption of goods and services. While socio-economic system the
increase in the importance of tourism in the contemporary world. Both terms are
important in the tourism industry.
This time, present your perspective, arguments, and ideas on what you have learned
from the unit lesson:
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lesson you would like to raise. You may also raise these questions thru the LMS. You are also
the one to write the answers after questions have been clarified.
1.
2.
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3.
4.
5.
the terms below.
Incentives Tourism Multiplier Economic

Economic Strategies Economic Impact Tourism
Foreign Exchange Economic Development World Tourism
Organization
Growth Theories Social Development Economic of Tourism
Cost-benefits Ratio Socio-economic System Complexness
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOc:

Discuss the social nature of travel
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of the sociology of
tourism and to demonstrate the fourth to fifth weeks in ULOc will be operationally
defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts work in your
chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go through learning and
understanding of the lessons to be taken further.
1. Sociology. Is the study of human social relationships and institutions.

l Sociology is diverse ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from
the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and
from social stability to radical change in whole societies.
2. Social tourism. Is travelling to places where social welfare activities taking place.
3. Socioeconomic status. Is the social standing or class of an individual or group.
4. Tourist. Is anyone who travels to places other than the one in which is his habitual
residence, outside of their everyday environment, for a period of at least one night.
5. Tourism. The act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of
recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of
services.
6. Travel agency. Is a private retailer or public service that provides travel and tourism-
related services to the general public on behalf of accommodation or travel suppliers.
l Travel agencies offer outdoor recreation activities, airlines, car rentals, cruise
lines, hotels, railways, travel insurance, package tours, insurance, guide
books, public transport timetables, car rentals, and bureau de change services.
l Travel agencies serve as general sales agents for airlines that do not have offices
in a specific region.
l A travel agency is to act as an agent, selling travel products and services on behalf
of a supplier.
7. Travel insurance. Is an insurance product for covering unforeseen losses incurred
while travelling, either internationally or domestically.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the forth to fifth
(4-5) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following knowledge that will
be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to
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exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books,
research, articles, and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g.
ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
The Sociology of Tourism
The Social Nature of Travel
Ø Human beings, as social animals, feels comfortable in a tour group. They

feel that trip is more enjoyable and free from anxiety if they join group tour.
The Social Effects of Tourism
1. Social relations between people who would not normally meet.

2. The confrontation of different cultures, ethics groups, lifestyle languages,
levels of property.
3. The behavior of people released from many of the social and economic
constraint of everyday life.
4. The behavior of the host population which has to reconcile economic gain
benefits with cost of living with strangers.
SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES AND THEIR EFFECT ON TRAVEL
1. Age
2. Income and Social Status
3. Education
4. Life Stages of the Family
5. The behavior of the host population which has to reconcile economic gain
benefits with cost of living with strangers.
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The Rise of New Travel Pattern
l Travel clubs
l Airlines group and arrangement
l Special interest tours
Preferences of the International Tourist
l Complete relaxation to constant activity

l Traveling near one’s home environment to a totally strange environment
l Complete dependence on group travel to traveling alone
l Order to disorder
Relaxation versus Activity. People have started to use their no holiday time leisure to exercise
new activity skills, such as sailing, climbing, horse riding, and sports. The demand for activity-
oriented travel has greatly increased.
Familiarity versus Novelty. People accept innovations in industry, education, family life, the
arts, and social relationship, among others. Tourist move away from traditional resorts to new
tourist destinations.
Dependence versus Autonomy. There is the emergency of a group to tourist who would like to
acquire a sense of personal autonomy regarding their leisure time. They would like to travel on
their own and not part of a group.
Order versus Disorder. Informality in behavior, a greater tolerance toward the differences of
others, and freedom from institutionalized regulations are now the characteristics of the modern
traveler.
Types of Tourist Roles
1. Institutional Tourist Roles are dealt within a routine way by the tourist
establishment, such as travel agencies and hotel chains which cater to the tourist
trade.
2. Non-institutionalized Tourist Roles the explorer and the drifter, because they
are loosely attached to the tourist establishment.
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The Organized Mass Tourist. This is the least adventurous. Buys a package tour with
the trip itinerary that is fixed in advance and his stops are well-prepared and guided.
Prefers a familiar environment rather than a new environment.
The Individual Mass Tourist. This tourist has a certain degree of control over his times
and itinerary and is not bound to group. All the major tour arrangements are made
through a travel agency. Familiarity is still dominant, but less than the organized mass
tourist.
The Explorer. This tourist arranges his trip all by himself while associating with the
people and speaking their language. The explorer dares to leaves his country much
more than the previous two types, but goes back to it when the experience becomes too
rough and does not adopt completely the lifestyle of the host country. Still retains some
of the basic practices and comforts of his native way of life.
The Drifter. The drifter goes the farthest away from the accustomed ways of life his
own country. He tries to live the way the people he visits live and to share their shelter,
food, and habits. Novelty is at highest; familiarity disappears almost completely.
Social Tourism
l It is subsidized system of travel through the intervention of the government,

employer, or labor union to achieve social goals and purposes.
l Voluntary associations in the field of social tourism worked to obtain reduced fares
and create a network of holiday centers for tourists of limited means.
l The International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS) was founded in Brussels in 1963
to encourage the development of social tourism on an international scale. It
promotes tourism
by studying issues such as youth and senior citizen travel, the staggering of
holiday,
camping and caravanning, building and financing moderate-cost tourist facilities,
and the preservation of local culture and environment.
l In the United States, more than 100 different major program of the federal
government provide for recreation, tourism, travel, and environment conservation.
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1. Christou, E., & Gretzel, U. (2016). Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality :
Theory, practice and cases. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com.
“Traveller’s Behavior. Pp 169-25.
Traditional Cultural Landscapes for Sustainable Tourism Development” Pp. 20-30;
Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com 31- 44.
4. https://www.acrowebsite.org/volume/11850/volumes/ap05/AP-05
5. https://www.coursehero.com/file/18642127/panizalez1/
6. https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.rappler.com/brandrap/whatsnext/200189-
social-tourism-millennial-wanderlust
7. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10/1377/hlthaff.21.2.60
8. http://www.shtourism.eu/social-tourism.html
9. www.slideshare.net/mobile/ALTINBAKU/classification-of-tourists
10. www.slideshare.net/mobile/angielynlaquian/sociology-of-tourism-23619173
11. “Sustainable Tourism: Community-Based Tourism in Vietnam’s Central Highlands”
Pp.
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Let’s Analyze
Activity1. Based from your understanding of the lesson, you are required to answer the
following questions.
1. Enumerate and discuss the Socioeconomic Variables.
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2. Enumerate and explain the Preferences of the International Tourism.
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3. Enumerate and explain the type of Institutionalized Tourist Roles.
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Activity 2. In this activity, you are required to elaborate on your answer to each of the
questions below.
1. Write a one-page report on how your travel interested differ from your parents and
from Grandparents.
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2. Conduct a study on the kind of travel products that travel counselor would
recommend to retirees who have the money and time take to extensive trips.
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3. Make a research on how government can encourage and support social tourism.
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1. To sum it up, the sociology of tourism is important, discuss the social
effects of tourism, socioeconomic variables, and their effect on travel. Moreover,
there are many factors to consider when studying the sociology of tourism. These
factors are important when we go further on the terms.
Now, to show that you have learned well from this lesson, present your
perspective, arguments, and ideas on what you have learned from the unit
lesson:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
the terms below.
Tax Economic Dependence versus

Holiday autonomy
Guarantee Relaxation versus Order versus disorder
activity
Revenue Socio-economic TheoriesTourism Multiplier
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOd:

Describe the effect of culture in travel
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of tourism and to
demonstrate four to six (4-6) weeks ULOd will be operationally defined to establish a
common frame of reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or career. You
will encounter these terms as we go through learning and understanding of the lessons
to be taken further.
1. Business. The people activity of making money through producing or buying and
selling products (such as goods and services).
2. Cultural. Relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society.
3. Cultural diversity. The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a
society.
4. Cultural tourism. Is the subset of tourism concerned with a traveler’s engagement
with a country or region culture.
5. Culture. A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, an form of behavior that are
shared by a society and are transmitted from generation to generation.
6. Ethics. Is it a moral principle of a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity.
7. Tourist. Are temporary visitors who make at-least one overnight stay in a place.
8. Tourism. The tourists travel for pleasure, touring, tourist entertainment, business
attracting, food, and accommodations.
9. Travel. The movement of tourist in one place to another.
l Travel can be in one way or round trip, and it can be a form of foot, boat, ship,
bicycle, automobile, bus, train, and airplane with or without luggage.
10. Traveler. A person who moves around from place to place instead of living in one
place for a long time.
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Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the four to six
(4-6) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not
limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other
books, research articles, and other resources that are in the university’s library, ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
Tourism and Culture
The Effect of Culture on Travel
l Culture define as a “set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and form of behavior
that are shared by a society and are transmitted from generation to generation.”
l Culture patterns are changed by internal forces.
l “Mass follow class” suggests that a destination first attracts a small number of
high-status individuals whose actions are eventually copied by a number of
persons with lower social status.
l Culture patterns are also changed by external forces. Contact with other
environments may change previous attitudes and behavior. A visit to a foreign
country may result in a change in attitude toward the people of the country.
The Importance of Cultural Tourism
l Cultural tourism includes all aspects of travel in which people learn about each
other’s way of life. Thus, tourism is an important means of promoting cultural
relations and international cooperation.
l Promoting relation and international cooperation.
Cultural factors with Tourism Appeal
l In tourism, there are cultural factors that appeal greatly to tourist. These are art,
music and dance, handicraft, industry and business, agriculture, education,
literature and language, science, government, religion, food and drinks and history.
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Art
l The performing Arts refers to live theater, music, and dance such as the Pangkat
Kawayan (Bamboo orchestra) and the rondalla group. The Fine Arts include
painting, sculpture, graphic arts, and architecture. Amorsolo’s and Francisco
paintings and the sculptural works of Michel Angelo are examples of fine arts.
Music and Dance
l Music is a source of satisfaction and enjoyment to tourists. Resort hotel give

enjoyable treats of the best local music. Others offer evening entertainment
programs, also show the culture of a country.
l Dancing, native or ethics, can be presented as a tourism attraction because of

the most appealing aspect aspect of a country’s culture.
Kabuki is a classical Japanese dance drama.

Kabuki theatre is known for the stylization of its
drama and forthe elaborate make-up worn by
some of its performers.
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The Bayanihan Philippine National

FolkDance Company is a group of
Filipino dancers and musicians
conceived in the ancient spirit of
bayanihan, a Filipino word which refers
to a spirit of communal unity or effort to
achieve a particular objects.
l Ethics music and dancing are a part of the cultural of most countries and are
used to entertain tourists. The best place for such entertainment are resort hotels
with added local shows, nightclubs, and community program.
Handicraft
l Gifts and souvenirs for sale are manufactured in the country where the purchase
is made. The locally produced articles are useful and attractive which are then sold
in conveniently located shops. A visit to handcraft shop to avail of the goods made
by these craftsmen is an effective form of tourist entertainment.
l Blessed with natural resources, from different culture communities discovered
how to fashion useful and beautiful things out of rattan, coconut shells, bamboo,
capiz, sea shells, bamboo, and object abundant in nature.
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Industry and Business
l Industry tours are an effective way of developing an interest in one’s culture and in
providing a potential market for the products.
l Businesses/ industrial groups conduct educational tours to becomes more familiar
with the demands and processors in other countries. They want to develop more
interest in their products and processors and learn the increase of sales in their
areas.
l Shopping is one of the essential elements of tourism. The success shopping area
depends on cleanliness, attractiveness, variety of products, courtesy efficiency
personnel.
SM Mall of Asia one of the latest mall in the Philippines, SM North EDSA the 3rd largest
shopping mall in Asia.
Agriculture
l Dairy undertaking, fresh fruits and vegetables, crops, and poultry and live-stocks
are types of forming important to culture. This includes local tours of agriculture
development and services.
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Education
l School campuses are appealing to tourists. Some will conduct adult education
programs within the university’s continuing education service. These opportunities
attract students all over world.
University of Santo Tomas is the oldest

University in Asia, and the largest
Catholic university in the world.
Literature and Language
l Books magazines, newspapers, booklet, pamphlets, and other printed literary

works are significant expressions of the culture of a country. Libraries are favorite
culture instructions for the tourist.
Science
l Tourist organizations provide facilities for the exchange of scientific installations,

scientific information, and other activities which provide scientific information to visit.
Government
l Visiting a particular government, like capitals, motivates the individuals interested

in political science and governments.
Religion
l Many people go to the different headquarter of their church organizations and to

places that are well-known religious literature.
The world's most extensive and the oldest

continuously functioning institutions
Christian church, population that has
approximately 1.3 billion baptized Catholic
worldwide as of 2018.
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Food and Drink
l Tourists enjoy native food especially, those local or ethics in nature. These type
of restaurants with conducive atmosphere is particularly appealing to visitors.
History
l The resources of a country reveal its cultural heritage. The preservation of history,
the quality, and the management of museums are essential. Tourists should provide
the points of interest, admission fees, hours of operation, special events, and other
information they need to visit historical attractions.
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1. Christou, E., & Gretzel, U. (2016). Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality:
Theory, practice and cases. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com.
“Traveller’s Behavior. Pp 169-251.
2. Kozak, N., & Kozak, M. (Eds.). (2015). Tourism economic: A practical
perspective. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Traditional Cultural Landscapes for Sustainable Tourism Development” Pp. 20-30;
“ Sustainable Tourism: Community-Based Tourism in Vietnam’s Central
Highlands” Pp. 31- 44.
4. Walmsley, A. (2015). Youth employment in tourism and hospitality. Retrieved
from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com. “Determining Levels of Youth
Employment “ Pp. 15-30; “Education, Employability and Youth Employment” Pp.
111-138.
5. https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism
6. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284418978
7. https://www.iberdrola.com/culture/what-is-cultural-tourism-and-importance
8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261517715300224
9. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/unicahazel/tourism-and-culture-in-the-
philippines
10. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-of-cultural-tourism
11. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-culture
12. https://tourismteacher.com/cultural-tourism/
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_tourism
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Let’s Analyze
Activity1. In this activity, you are required to elaborate on your answer to each of the
questions below.
1. Using your own words, Briefly explain the cultural factors with tourist appeal of a
Philippine province or region of choice.
1.___________________________________________________________________________
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2.___________________________________________________________________________
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3.___________________________________________________________________________
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4.___________________________________________________________________________
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5.___________________________________________________________________________
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6.___________________________________________________________________________
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7.___________________________________________________________________________
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8.___________________________________________________________________________
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9.___________________________________________________________________________
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10__________________________________________________________________________
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11.__________________________________________________________________________
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12
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1. As emphasized in the first lesson, Tourism is not traveling, and it’s
also about engagements with a country or region of culture. In this part, you are
to provide your ideas, opinions, perspectives, and arguments about tourism and
culture.
Your turn!
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Q&A LIST. This section allows you to list down all questions and issues relative
to the lesson you would like to raise. You may also raise these questions thru the
LMS. You are also the one to write the answers after questions have been
clarified.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
the terms below.
Cultural Tourism Literature and Religion

Language
Cultural Appeal Government Ethics
Cultural Factor Art Agriculture
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOe; Differentiate the direct and indirect

components of the tourism network
Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOe, you will need to have an operational

understanding of the terms below. Please note that you will also be required to refer to
the previous topic in ULOa, ULOb, ULOc, ULOd section.
1. Evolution. The change in the hereditary characteristics of consanguineous

populations over successive generations.
2. Hospitality. The way we treat people is the service of welcoming receiving guests,
for example, in hotels.
l Hospitality plays a fundamental role in augmenting or decreasing the sales volume
of an organization; hence, every business should master it.
3. Marketing Supply Chain. Made up of partners inside and outside of the organization
such as agencies, brand managers, direct sales teams, marketing services, printers,
fulfillments hpuses, buyers, and others.
4. Organization. It is a social unit of structured and managed people to meet a need or
to pursue collective goals.
l Organizations have a management structure that determines relationships between
the different activities and the members and subdivides and assigns roles,
responsibilities, and authority to carry out various tasks.
l Organizations are open systems- they affect and are affected by their environment.
5. Services. It is a transaction in which no physical goods transferred from the seller to
the buyer.
6. Tourism Network. A partnership involves different interacting elements includes
institutions, tourists, enterprises, and the host community.
7. Tourism Network and Supply Component. It specialized in services such as
organizers, hotel management firms, travel and trade publications, and tour and travel
research firms.
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Essential Knowledge
Before we proceed further with the tourism network supply component, it is

important to familiarize the types of tourism component. As a hotelier, you should have
a furthered knowledge in our hospitality industry. Now, let’s check your knowledge
about the tourism network and supply component.
The Tourism Network and Supplies Component
Directs Provider
l Include business that are associated with travel

l Business that provide services, activities, and products that are consumed and, or
purchased directly by travelers
l Represent the sector of the industry that are visible to the traveler
Support Service
l Include specialized service

l Also include basic service and supplies
l Provide traveler and organizations both services and goods that sell directly in the
market.
Four Components of Tourism
1. Attraction. It is the most important elements and object that attract people to travel.
2. Accessibility. It is important key factor for the development of tourism.
3. Accommodation. It include food and lodging facilities to guest
4. Amenities. Extra facilities and services required to the guest while traveling.
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Developmental Organization
l Organizations deals with tourism development.

l The first two categories deal more with the operation, and the decisions and results
of tourism development are more long-term in nature.
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Natural Resources
l Natural resources area destination offers a good assets to trade in tourism.

l The natural scenery is a combination of the topography, proximity to lakes, rivers,
flora and fauna, seas, islands, and islets, hot and mineral water springs, waterfalls,
caverns, and the like.
l Water plays a vital role in forming an attractive landscape
l The sea, lakes, and rivers not only add to the visual beauty of the region, but also
offer the possibility of swimming, sailing, canoeing, and fishing.
Infrastructure
l Consists of all developmental underground and surface construction of regions

made of communication network, water system, health care facilities,
sewage/drainage areas, transportation terminals, power sources, street/highways,
and security system.
Hospitality Resources
l A general feeling of welcoming the guest receive while visiting an area destination
l Tourist services delivered by the service providers, as well as the general sense of
warmth from the local population.
Hospitality Training
l Aims to motivate service providers by dealing with the tourist in a friendly way.
l To ensure service providers to render a friendly way, and it is necessary to change
their present behavior.
Historical Development of the Transport System
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l Desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in transportation.

l Before World War I- took 7 days for travelers to go from coast by steam locomotive.
l 1950- Travellers took 2 and a half days by train
l 1938- (An airplane with the speed of 400 miles an hour nonstop) coast-to-coast
flights of less than eight hours
l 1950- Travel time lessened to 4 hours
l At present- Concorde flies in 2 and half hours
Reasons why people select a transportation
1. The functional utility of a model is its expected performance for a specific purpose.
2. Aesthetic and emotional is related to such aspects as fear, social concerns, style,
luxury, comfort, and other personal feelings that the form of transportation.
3. Social and organizational shows the frequent users of a certain kind of traffic are
stereotyped according to sex, racial origin, income, price/cost, and education.
4. Situational utility refers to particular mode of transportation and the convenience of
the terminal facilities for the travelers.
5. This refers to the traveler’s curiosity that perceives needs to do something new and
different.
Travel by Train
l Trains stimulated travel within the US, Canada, and Europe in the 19th and early
2oth centuries.
l The popularity of the train lasted only for a brief period after World War II when the
automobile began to gain more popularity as a transportation mode.
l Four evident factors why travelers select train are cost/price, comfort, safety, and
ability to see the area where the train is passing.
l The negative factors of rail travelers are slowness is reaching the destination,
inflexible department times, and lack of quality in foodservice.
Travel by Ship
l Ocean were used to provide an important link to passenger among continent. At

present, water transportation has two major rides in travel and tourism ferrying and
cruising.
l Jet aircraft led to the rapid decline in the schedule of the ship passenger
transportation. During the late 1990s, the era of travel by ship expired.
l Many passenger ship were converted into cruise ship.
l Cruises are divided into three types depending on the duration pf the trip. Short
cruises are one weeks, and long cruises go around the world and take one to three
months.
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Travel by Automobile
l Car Benz of Mannheim (Germany) from 1885 to 1886, combined the bicycle and the
international combustion engine and designed the complete vehicle engine
consisting of the engine, chassis and transportation.
Car Rental Industry
l The rental industry began in 1918 when a Chicago ford dealer started to rent
secondhand model Ts, In 192, the company was bought by John D. hertz, the
founder of the Yellow cab company. Avis was founded in 1946by a retire US Air
Force, Warren E. Avis.
l Four companies dominate the US market with 85% market share: Hertz, Avis,
Budget, and National.
l The car rental industry over the past 20 years is highly competitive.
l Individual companies claim to be the first in various innovation such as rent-it-here,
leave-it-here service.
Travel by Air
l The history of air transportation can be divided into three parts- Pre World War II,
World War II, and Post World War II
l The Wright Brother took a flight on a beach in North Carolina which lasted 12
seconds with a distance of 120 feet. In 1927, the air industry developed regularly
scheduled passenger trips between Boston and New York.
l World War II influence the development of the airline industry.
l 1950-early 1960s, commercial jet aircraft were introduced, increasing the speed of
travel and creating smoother flights and greater seating capacity for passenger.
l The 1980s further improved the aircraft technology Boeing 757 DC-9-80 develop.
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Classification of Hotels
l There are different ways of classifying hotels, such as location, type of guest, and
price. According to location, hotels may be center city, suburban, airport, or
highways.
l Based on guest type, hotel are classified as commercial, conventions, or resort.
According to price, hotel are categorized as economy, standard, first class, deluxe.
l A number of independent rating guides have been published by individual,
automobile associations, and travel organizations using various combination of
stars, dots, and alphabetical indicators.
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Food and Beverage
l The type of food service provided will related to the needs of the tourist
l Many destination areas have successfully develop menus which are indigenous to
the area to promote local economy food.
Restaurant
l Establishment offering refreshment and/or meals to the public.

l Basic standards requirements for restaurant:
l The facade and architectural features of the building.
l Adequate, secured parking space provided free to customers.
l Receptionist available to usher in the guest.
l Waiting lounge with a telephone shall also be provided.
l Dining room, adequate in size, with sufficient and well-maintained furniture.
l Cuisine of good quality and presentation, served with distinction.
l A menu book or card that are presentable, clean, and easy to read with the items
listed in logical sequence.
l All tables have clean table cloth and napkins of good quality.
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1. Walmsley, A. (2015). Youth employment in tourism and hospitality. Retrieved from

https://ebookcentral.proquest.com. “Determining Levels of Youth Employment “ Pp.
15-30; “Education, Employability and Youth Employment” Pp. 111-138.
2. https://bizfluent.com/info-8013303-role-marketing-supply-chain-management.html
3. https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism
4. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09600030010351462/full/html
5. https://www.e-unwt.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416646
6. https://www.google.com/amp/s/mc360.co/3-key-relationship-of-marketing-and-
supply-chain-management/amp/
7. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/nicolehaywalters/chapter-1-the-lodging-industry
8. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/Shantimani/classification-of-hotels
9. https://www.tradepresservices.com/supply-chain-management
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
11. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-structure-hotel-3809.html
12. https://study.com/academy/lesson/hotel-types-classifications.html
13. https://study.com/academy/lesson/organizational-structure-in-the-hotel-lodging-
industry.html
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Let’s Analyze
Activity1. In this activity, you are required to think and elaborate more idea in your
answer/s to each of the questions below.
1. Enumerate and discuss the types of cruise.
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2. Enumerate and discuss the types of accommodation
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3. Reasons why airline companies link with hotels
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4. Enumerate and discuss the two important aspects of automobile travel.
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1. Tourism network a form the partnership involves different interacting
elements includes institutions, tourists, enterprises, and the host community.
Thus, careful consideration and planning is deemed essential. In this part, you
are to provide your own idea, opinions, perspectives and arguments about how
tourism supply components affect the tourism sector.
Now. Cite your own understanding about the lesson:
1.___________________________________________________________________________
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2.__________________________________________________________________________
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3.___________________________________________________________________________
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
the terms below.
Hospitality Training Superstructure Directs Provider

Travel Evolution Travel Publication Support Service
Hospitality Tour Organizer Traveler
Resources
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Big Picture
a. Identify and classify different local and international tourism organization b.

Explain and clarify the career opportunities in the travel agency.
c. Discuss the social and economic changes that suggest a bright future for the
tourism and hospitality industry.
d. Learn and know the importance of ecotourism.
e. Discuss the documentations needed for travel abroad.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa; Identify and classify different

local and international tourism organization
Metalanguage
Below are the essential terms that you are going to encounter in the pursuit of ULOa:
Identify and classify different local and international tourism organization. Again, you are advised
to frequently refer to these definitions to help you understand the succeeding topics. I would like
to highly recommend that you refresh your knowledge from week 4-6 ULOa, ULOb, ULOc,
ULOd, ULOe. to understand further wek 7-9 ULOa.
1. ICAO or INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION. The ICAO airport

code or location indicator is a four-letter code designating aerodromes around the
world.
2. International Air Transport Association (IATA). Founded in 1945 and a trade
association of the world's airlines.
 To serve the IATA organization as a forum price-fixing, they organized tariff
conferences.
3. Nation. Is a stable community of people with a common language, history, territory,
ethnicity, or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture
4. Navigation.It is a field of study that focuses on monitoring and controlling the
movement of a vehicle or craft from one location to another.
5. Organize. To cause to develop an organic structure.
 To persuade to associate in an organization.
 To set up an administrative structures
6. Politics. The set of activities associate with making decisions in groups or other
forms of power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of resources.
7. UNWTO or UNITED NATIONS WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION. It is the United
Nations specialized agency responsible for sustainable and universal accessibility of
tourism.
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 The leading international organization in the field of tourism. Promotes tourism as a

driver of economic growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability.
It also offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and
tourism policies worldwide.
 A practical source of tourism knowledge that serves as global forum for tourism
policy issues.
Essential Knowledge
This lesson will help you to familiarize the different organizations under tourism
sectors, and also categories from local, national, and international tourism organizations.
Further, this lesson will provide you a clear knowledge about tourism organizations.
Tourism Organization
Since tourism made up of different segments, there is a need to interrelate to

share information and to lead to the establishment of public and private organizations at
the international national state and local news.
There are also a tourism organization that play significant roles in the tourism
industry, the organization influences and contributes to the smooth running of the
tourism industry.
Types of Tourism Organization
 Geographical Scope
 Ownership
 Function or type of activity
 Industry
 Motive
Intergovernmental Organization
Global Interest:
 World Tourism Organization
 International Civil Aviation
 World Health Organization
 International Labor Organization
 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
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Regional Interest:
 Pacific Asia Association

 East Asian Travel
 Association European Union Economic and Social Commission
for Asia and the Pacific
Non-Governmental Organization
Global Interest:
 International Association of Scientific Expert in Tourism Travel

Research Association
 International Hotel Association
 World Association of Travel Agents
 The International Congress and Convention Association
Regional Interest:
 The Travel Association

 Caribbean Travel Association
 African Travel Tourism Association
International Tourism Organization
World Tourism Organization

 Stimulate economic growth and job creation provide incentives for protecting the
environment and heritage of destinations promote peace and understanding among
all the nations of the world.
International Tourism Organization
 UNWT
 ICAO
 IATA
 WTTC
 DOT
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UNITED NATIONS WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNTO)
 Has156 countries member and the headquarters is located in Spin, Madrid;

 Led by Secretary-General Taleb Rifai of Jordan
 Inter-government technology body which deals with all aspects of tourism;
 They provides an international forum or conference where member and tourism
officials can discuss problems and exchange their ideas.
 Only organization whose activities covers all sector of tourism on a world-wild basis;
 November 12, 2013 UNWTO calls for the support to the Philippines.
 November 08, 2012 ministries of tourism calls for intra-governmental coordination to
address visas and air connectivity.
ICAO or INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
 Recommend to practice and adapt the international standard for regulating air
navigation.
 Encouraging to improve the design of the aircraft and operate in a peacefully.
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IATA or INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION
 Aim to promote safe, regulation, air commerce, economical air transport, and study
problems connected with the industry. Involves standardizing of tickets, prices,
airline air way bills, baggage checks and other documents.
 Involves standardizing of ticket prices, baggage checks, airline air waybills, and
other documents.
WORLD TRAVEL AND TOURISM COUNCIL
 The only global forum whose members are the top decision makers in the travel and
tourism industry.
 The 150 members are the CED, President or Chairman of airlines, airports, hotels,
cruise lines, travel agencies, tour operators and travel technology supplies
 The only body representing the private sector in all parts of the industry worldwide.
 WWTC campaign on three strategic priorities which it has identified as impeding the
successful development of travel & Tourism now and in the future freedom of travel.;
policies for growth; and tourism for tomorrow.
 The WTTC retains a professional staff in its London office, under the leadership of
President and CEO, David Scowsill. This organization is headed by a board of
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executive directors, who have responsibility for guiding the work of the Council in the
fulfillment of its mission.
 The World Travel & Tourism Councils is a non-profit organization, registered as a
UK company limited by guarantee.
Regional Tourism Organization
 Pacific Asia Travel Association enhance the sustainable growth, value and quality of
travel and tourism
 Provide leadership advocacy to its members of government, state and city tourism
bodies, airlines, cruise lines and Industry Company.
 Organizes conferences of essential networking, business and educational events.
Europe Travel Commission
 To build the value of tourism in all beautiful and diverse countries of Europe through,
in particular, cooperating in areas of sharing best practices, market allegiance and
promotion.
Regional Tourism Organization
 OECD
 APEC
 PATA
 CTA
 OAS
OECD or ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC

COOPERATION ANND DEVELOPMENT
 Designs to achieve the highest economic

sustainable growth and employments and raise
standards of living of member countries.
 June 2009 country Assistance
Program Evaluation 26194
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PATA or PACIFIC ASIA TRAVEL

ASSOCIATION
 Promotes develop and facilities travel in

the Pacific Areas
 Recognize the early leaders need
for environmental ethics
 Initiated the PATA Code for
Environmental Tourism
CTA or Caribbean Tourism

Association/ Organization
 Assists in the development of tourism through

the Caribbean Area
APEC or ASIA PACIFIC

ECONOMIC COOPERATION
 Aims to establish coordination of national

economies for the benefit of countries in the
Asia-Pacific region
 Permanent Secretariat is located in
Singapore, serves as the coordinating body
and central repository for all APEC documents
OAS or ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATE
 Strengthen relations between American States by

providing advisory services and training programs in
many fields including tourism
 Philippines also is an observer to the Organization
of American States
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National Tourism Organization
 The national growth of tourism has established the importance of the economy of a
country, and it is not surprising that the Philippines also has such a group.
Function of National Tourism Organization
a. General Administration of Travel and

Tourism b. Planning and Investment
- Physical planning at national level
- Economic planning
- Planning social aims
- Tourism area development
- Financing of Tourism accommodation
- Financing of Tourism Infrastructure
c. Research and Statistics
- College collecting tourism and travel statistic
- Research on Tourism
- Tourism marketing Surveys
d. Vocational Training
- Administrative Planning Activities
- Establishing and/or operating training schools
- Organizing training courses and study cycles
- Producing handbooks for training schools
e. Promotion
- Advertising
- Public relations
- Promotional Materials
- Fairs and Exhibits
- Familiarization Tours
- Organizing seminars
Sectoral Organization
 They are associated with a particular sector of the tourism industry, such as
accommodation, transport, courier, attractions, or recreational pursuits.
Example of Sectoral Organization
 Hotel
- International Hotel and Restaurant Association
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- American and Hotel Lodging

 Association Transportation
- International Air Transport Association
- European Region Airlines Association
- Cruise Lines International
 Association Travel Agencies
- World Association of Travel Agencies
- Philippine Travel Agencies Association
- International Airlines Travel Agents Network
 Tour Operators
- Europe Association of Travel Agencies
- International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
- Cebu Association of Tour Operators
National - Philippines
 Department of Tourism (DOT)

 Tourism Promotion Board (PCVC)
 Intramuros Administration (IA)
 National Parks Development Committee (NPDC)
 Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)
 Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA)
 Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF)
D.O. - Development Organization

 The World Bank (US)
 OPEC Fund for International Development (Austria)
 Asian Development Bank (Philippines)
 Islamic Development Bank (Saudi Arabia)
Other Philippines Tourism Organization

 Philippine Travel Agencies Association (PTAA)
 The Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines (HRAP)
 Tourism Education of Schools, College, and University (TESCU)
 Council of Hotel and Restaurant Education of the Philippines (COHREP)
 The Association of Administrative in Hospitality, Hotel and Restaurant Management
Educational Institutions (AARMEI)
PTAA or PHILIPPINE TRAVEL AGENCIES
ASSOCIATION
 Promote the welfare of its members and the traveling

public and aim to foster unity in the travel industry. To
 cultivate friendly relation among other countries
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Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators

of the Philippines
 Pursuit higher level of excellence in

hospitality education; keeping abreast with
advances in hospitality management and
technology; partnering harmoniously with
stakeholder; Commitments to the ideas of the
teaching profession.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help

you further understand the lesson:
1. NTO (National Tourism Organization) - Codis,

codis4u.wikifoundry-mobile.com/m/page/NTO+%28National+Tourist+Organization
%29
2.https://angwawariko.com/2013/07/dot-its-more-fun-in-the-philippines-win-
yomiuri-advertising-award/
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization
4. https://www.apec.org
5. https://www.google.com.phurl?sa=t&rctj&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=oCE
YQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onecaribbean.org%2Fcontent%2Ffiles%Fsophi
awebsitelistings.doc&ei=VK6uU7aLOo7gkAXioYG4Dg&usg=AFQjCNH8RyOGTeo1
7_VQToohVBw&bvm=69837884.d.dGI
6. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asiapacific-economic-cooperation-apec.asp
7. http://www.itrr.umt.edu/research08/2%20%20Tourism%2organizations%20%5BCo
mpatibility%20Mode%5D.pdf
8. https://www.slideshare.net/charliezabala7/tourism-organizations-43376252
9.https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/sweetygurl26/different-tourism-
organization-25884871
10. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Deartment_of_Tourism_(Philippines)
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb; Explain and clarify the career
opportunities in the travel agency.
Metalanguage
The most essential terms below are operationally defined for you to have a
better understanding of this section in the course.
1. Career a metaphorical of life of "journey" through learning, working, and other

aspects of life.
2. Career success. Career success refers to the extent and ways individuals described
a successful working life far.
3. Career support. It while people are in professional and educated when they are in
the transition to the labor market when they are changing career to choose, during
periods of unemployment, and on the transition to retirement. Support may vary by
career professionals, other professionals, or by non-professionals such as friends and
family.
4. Hospitality Industry. It is a full service that includes food and drinks, planning of
events, accommodation, theme parks, and transportation.
5. Tourism. It is travel for business or pleasure; also the practice of entertaining,
attracting business or operating tours, touring, accommodating, and events.
6. Travel agency. Public service or private retail that provides both travel and tourism-
services to the general public in form accommodation or travel suppliers.
Essential Knowledge
This lesson will provide you knowledge on employment opportunities and qualifications
in the hospitality and tourism industry. Further, in this lesson, you will understand the
essential factors of the industry's tourism and hospitality sector.
Employment Opportunities and Qualifications in the Tourism and Hospitality

Industry
 At present, tourism has acquired the distinction of being one of the world’s largest
industries.
 It consist of many components such as transportation, accommodations, food
service, tourist destinations, tourist attractions, travel brokers, as well as related
services.
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 Since tourism is a diverse and complex industry, each sector offers several career
and employment opportunities.
Airlines
 Airlines employment is exciting and attractive to the adventurous, whether in the air
or no the ground servicing the carriers between flights. Salary level are relatively
 high in the airlines.
 Short-term economic stresses may cause some problems, but long-term prospects
for airline careers are bright.
Employment Opportunities in Tourism

(Airline Employment)
- Ticket Agent, Reservation Agent, Clerks - Gate Service Supervisor

- Airline Food Service - Ground Host/Hostess
- Flight Dispatcher - Passenger Service Representative
- Operations Agents, station Ramp Agent - Reservation Agent
- Sales Manager/District Sales Manager - Senior Reservations Agent
- Airlines Lounge Receptionist - Ticketing Clerk
- Flight Attendant Supervisor - Airport Attendant
- Ramp Flight Attendant - Flight Information Expediter
- Crew Scheduler - Airport Manager
- Flight -Crew-Time- Clerk - Station Manager
- Flight Reservation Manager - Chief Airport Guide
- Flight Reservation Manager - Traffic Agent
Travel Agencies
 The travel agency, an appointed agent legally represents the principal of a specific
geographic area.
 The agency is an acting broker and brings both buyer and seller together for the
other suppliers, such as resorts, hotels, car rentals, theme parks, ground operators,
tour operators, and other tourism-related agencies.
 Several jobs exist in the travel agency, such as travel agent, tour operator, travel
information center supervisor, travel clerk, travel counselor, tourist information
assistant, reservation clerk, and tour guide.
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Travel Agencies
 Travel Agent
 Travel Information Center Supervisor
 Tour Operator
 Tourist Information Assistant
 Tour Guide
Hotel and Motels
 Manager of a Hotel or Motel

 Lodging Facilities Manager
 Hotel Clerk
 Sales Representative
Cruise Line
 Cruise Line Director

 Documentation Supervisor
 Chief Steward/Stewardess
 Social Director
 Booking Supervisor
Motor Coaches
 Bus Dispatcher
 Bus attendant
 Dispatcher Clerk
Car Rental Companies
 Sales Rental Agent

 Reservation Agent
 Car Sales Representative
 Automobile Rental Clerk
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Gaming Entertainment Industry
 Hotel Operations
 Food and Beverage Operations
 Casino Operations
 Rental Operations
 Entertainment Operation
Provision of Career Support
A range of different mechanisms offers career support. Much career support is informal
and provided through personal networks or existing relationships such as management.
There is a market for private career support; however, the bulk of career support that
exists as the public sector provides a professionalized activity.
Types of Career Support
Career information an essential sub-set of career information is labor market

information (LMI), which describes the information that supports career and choices
of learning. Such as salaries of employees, the different businesses employment
rate, professional training programs, and job openings.
Career assessments are both quantitative and qualitative methodologies for
career assessments that help individuals identify their unique interests, values,
personality, and skills to determine career much in character. Career assessments
help learn essential skills are job-specific skills, transferable skills, and self-
management skills. And also provide a window for opportunities by assisting
individuals in discovering the education, experience, tasks, and training needed for
career improvements they would want to pursue.
Career counseling provides one-on-one or groups’ professional assistance in
exploration and decision-making tasks related to choosing a primary/occupation,
transitioning into the world of work, or further professional training.
Career education describes individuals who come to learn themselves, their
careers interest, and the nature of work. There is a strong foundation to learn career
education in school but also occurs in a broader range of the context, including the
highest educational attainment, obtain to have good work. There is a conventional
career—education framework. DOTS means (D) decision learning, (O) Opportunity
awareness, (T) Transition learning, (S) Self-awareness.
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Career choice
(According to Behling and others, an individual's decision to join a firm may depend on
any of the three factors viz. objective factor, the subjective element and critical contact).
Objective factor theory assumes that the applicants are rational. The choice,
therefore, is exercised after an objective assessment of the tangible benefits of the
job. Factors may include the salary, other advantages, location, opportunities for
career advancement, etc.
Subjective factor theory suggests social and psychological factors dominate
that decision making. The status of the job, the reputation of the organization, and
other similar factors play an essential role.
Critical contact theory advances the idea that a candidate's observations while
interacting with the organization plays a vital role in decision making. For example,
how the recruiter keeps in touch with the candidate, the promptness of response and
similar factors are important. This theory is more valid with experienced
professionals.
Career (occupation) changing

Changing occupation is an essential aspect of career management. In a time, both the
individual and the labor market will change; people will change professions during their
lives. The "Data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics through the National
Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1979 showed that individuals between the ages of 18
and 38 would hold more than ten jobs".
People have various reasons why people might want to change their careers.
Sometimes it comes as a result of a layoff or unexpected without warning.
A survey conducted by Right Management suggests the following reasons for

career changing.
The downsizing or the restructuring of an organization (54%).

New challenges or opportunities that arise (30%).
Poor or ineffective leadership (25%).
Having a poor relationship with a manager(s) (22%).
For the improvement of work/life balance (21%).
Contributions are not being recognized (21%).
For better compensation and benefits (18%),
For better alignment with personal and organizational values (17%).
Personal strengths and capabilities are not a good fit with an organization
(16%). The financial instability of an organization (13%).
An organization relocated (12%).
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1.Career. dictionary.reference.com. 2012. Retrieved 2019-03-03: "an occupation or
profession, especially one requiring special training, followed as one's lifework".
2. Career.iresearchnet.com/career-choice/
3. Career. The Free Dictionary. 2013. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
4. Sullivan, Sherry E.; Baruch, Yehuda (December 2009). "Advances in Career
Theory and Research: A Critical Review and Agenda for Future
Exploration". Journal of Management. 35 (6): 1542–
1571. doi:10.1177/0149206309350082. ISSN 0149-2063.
5. Walmsley, A. (2015). Youth employment in tourism and hospitality. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com. “Determining Levels of Youth Employment “ Pp.
15-30; “Education, Employability and Youth Employment” Pp. 111-138
6. https://www.bcjobs.ca/blog/careers-in-the-tourism-industry
7. https://www.consumeraffairs.com/travel/agencies.html
8. https://medium.com/@WTTC/tourism-provides-jobs-where-they-needed-
most-200f11ac2029
9. https://slideshare.net/mobile/MiLeiChanbaek/chapter-11-the-gaming-
entertainment-industry
Big Picture in Focus: ULOc. Discuss the social and economic changes
that suggest a bright future for the tourism and Hospitality industry.
Metalanguage
1. Agenda Setting (Problem identification). Have the ability to influence, the essential
placed on the topics of the public agenda.
2. Business Method. It is designed for the business operation's success, identifying
financing details, sources revenue, products, and customer base.
3. Decision Making. To put into action or process of making decisions for the important
ones.
4. Economic Change. Shifting in the structure of a financial system results in changes
to societies, cultures, and everyday life on a global or national basis.
 Economic change is a feature of natural progress history caused by technology and
politics.
5. Economic Policy. A course of action that influences or the behavior of the economy.
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6. Economic System. It is a system of production, allocation of resources, and goods

and services distribution within a society or a given location.
7. Evaluation. A form is assessing the effectiveness of private and public policy in terms
of its perceived intentions and results.
8. Implementation. It is the process or putting action or affect the decision, law,
statement, policy, and plan for execution.
9. Policy. It is a form of protocol, policies, procedure, or intent statement
implementations use as a basis by the government or private sectors.
10. Policy Formulation. Involvement in exploring a variety of alternative options
courses of action available to address the problems. In the form of appraisal, dialogue,
drafting, and consolidation.
11. Sociology. It is a study of the function of human society, structures, and
development.
12. Social Change. Involvement of social order and alteration of society.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the seven-nine
Current Trends and Issues in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
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Early Retirement
 Employee retires at an earlier age than was the case in previous years.
 Increasing number of people who retire early is beneficial for the tourism
industry, and these people use their time to travel and see the world.
Shorter Work Week

 The four-day workweek is typical, and the five-day workweek is
standard the rest leaving days for leisure activities.
 Increase in leisure time, combined with faster and more comfortable
transportation makes possible for many individuals to take weekend
vacations and travel.
Longer Life Span

 Average individual can now expect to live beyond the age 70 and many
will live longer.
 Increase the population of elderly retired citizens who are more
prosperous due to pension programs and are healthier provide a
broader base of potential customers for tourism operations.
Great Disposable Income

 Average family has more money to spend than before.
 A large portion of the additional disposable income is spend on
consumer goods and services.
Great Mobility
 Improving roads, railways infrastructures for good transportation makes
it easier to travel. .
 Modernize the highways system, reducing the time required for
automobile travel to one location to another.
 It is improving in designing high technology planes that offer to carry
many people as air transportation use.passenger while using less fuel.
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Smaller Families
 The more decreased family size, the easiest for the family to travel local
or international.
 The decrease in family member to travel the lesser costs expend
Marketing
 Marketing consist of all those activities necessary to bring a product or
service from the manufacturer to the user.
1. The product or service itself

2. The methods of distribution
3. The methods of pricing
4. The methods of promotion
5. The form of selling
6. The form of advertising

 The average family has less money to spend than a higher class family.
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Uniqueness of Tourism Marketing
 Tourism is a service, and an intangible experience is not a physical good, but being
sold and expected before bought.
 Because tourism is both services and manufacturing the production and
consumption are take place at the same time. (Goods, produced, store, sold
shipped, and delivered are example of tourism as manufacturing)
 The inventory for tourism is a form of hotel rooms, resort facilities, or lovely beaches
that excellent in scuba diving sites. Unlike manufactured goods, the product
disposed of forever. Manufactured goods can be stored, and while sometimes
perishable, they generally are not lost if not sold on a given day.
 Tourism supply can't be stored, unlike a can of food which, if not sold one day, can
be sold the next day. Airline seats, hotel rooms, or restaurant seats not today lose
that particular sale forever.
Marketing Orientation
 Destination areas have efforts of marketing that are guided by the product
orientation that emphasizing the availability of product services.
 Consumer orientation seeks to provide the demands of the need and wants of the
tourist.
 Societal-marketing it is a societal orientation that focuses on the satisfaction of
tourist needs and wants in the community
Marketing Segmentation
 Market segmentation is an accepted way of analyzing demand group of people with
similar needs and wants to serve the market for good. .
 Success of the limited service properties led to the development of the properties
intended to appeal to selected market segments.
 As new market segment are identified, properties designed to appeal to those
segments are likely to be develop.
Criteria with a Market Segment can be constructed
1. Socioeconomic criteria are the most commonly used way of collecting

data or information gathered from census, or in the media that can be easy
to understand and apply.
2. Product-related criteria are the pieces of information gain directly

related to the questions of a particular product.
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3. Psychographic segmentation Describing criteria of segments that can

be used specialized develop markets to gain knowledge from
straightforward analysis
4. Geographic considerations are useful in geographically-based that

study to identify primary, secondary, tourism-related cases, tertiary
markets. State and national tourist offices use geographic segmentation to
determine the extent of their promotional efforts.
Product Life Cycle

 The concept of the product life cycle is an additional guide of the market to the
strategies being used to choose, attracting, and to serve the target market.
 Suggest the movement of product, services, or destination to level up into another
stage.
 Conduct specific marketing strategies on the price levels, products, promotions, and
distribution of development within the context of the market plan approach.
 The changes in the market approach, consumer lifestyle changes, technology
changes, product and service life cycle changes become affected. But still, the
concept of the strategic planning for product life cycles are using.
Introduction
This phase of the product life cycle requires higher promotional visibility and
expenses. The most convenient time to make an advertisement for the product or
service is the time you release the product to the market. Operation in this period is
characterizing by high cost, low sales volume, and an advertising program that aims to
encourage primary demand to the market.
Growth
These stages of a growth period market and consumer accepted both products, increase
sales, and profits, making attractive to market competitors, promotions emphasizing
selective buying motives of trade name increase outlet handling the product or services
increase.
Maturity
At this age, the maturity of a product established in the market place. The
increased number of outlets is selling the product and is very competitive about price,
and there is a sales increase but lower rates, many companies are trying to find ways to
hold on their share in the market.
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Saturation
At this stage, sales volume reaching the peak. The product or services has
penetrated markets. There is a mass production lowers the price value of the product.
Decline
This stage, advertising expenses are lower. There are few competitors.
Strategies Marketing Process
1. Collection of the- Two ways of data collection, secondary sources and from primary
sources.
2. Analysis of data- Data is usually organized and interpreted
3. Identification of alternative strategies for reaching the desired goal
4. Cost-benefit analysis- Data analysis of several methods for reaching the goal indicate
which of the alternative is best from organization, can then be established.
5. Control procedure- which analyze the progress made in achieving the goals of the
project.
6. Plan information- Putting into effect the plan of action and supervising it.
Legal Issues
Liquor Liability
 Growing public concern over increasing number of alcohol-related automobile

accidents.
 Regulation on serving alcohol beverage prompted some bar owners to go out of
business and caused some restaurant owners to stop serving beverages.
 Social attitudes toward alcoholic drinks continue to change.
Ethics in the tourism Industry

 Ethic in the tourism industry has been the issue for thousands of year.
 Business practices of some operations of tourism establishments are questionable.
 Business ethics is likely to remain forever in the list of tourism issues.
Human resource
Sexual Harassment
 It defined as unwelcome sexual advances, other verbal or physical abuses, and

requests for a sexual favor.
 Submission made a condition during the hiring of the person’s for employment
 Submission to or rejection of such conduct as a basis for employment
discussion affecting the person
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 Is an unreasonably interferes with the person’s work performance or creates an

intimidating,
 Hostile, or offensive work environment. Number of cases by female complains
about male co-worker or supervisors’ harassment.
Employee Turnover
 One of the significant issues confronting managers of tourism enterprises.
 Manager always faced with the problem of losing experienced employees and hiring
a less experienced employee as a replacement.
 Manager believes they have only two choices when faced with the new alternative:
-Shoulder high training cost
-Incur the equally high charges associated with working with untrained
employees.
Employee Assistance Plan

 One of the essential steps to pay attention to the problems or the problem of the
employees
 The typical issues of those employed in the tourism industry include psychological,
financial, and health problems and family and legal matters.
Employee Empowerment
 Tourist establishment managers have created rules and procedures that employees
directed to follow, which may affect the overall impression of a guest.
 For some guests, their rules may be enough to make them decide to return or not.
 Many owner and managers have:
- Realized the ineffectiveness of setting strict rules governing every detail of
guest service.
- Empowered their employees to make decisions that will improve the quality of
service to guest, without having a negative impact on operation.
Operation Issues
 Automation
 The process of using electric and mechanical equipment and machinery to
complete some or all of the task associated with a given enterprise
 The two primary reason for automating an enterprise:
- To increase the speed of work
- To reduce the cost of work
 Computerization will affect the industry, principally in three areas;

Communication- Portable communication Data Units (PCDUs) allow a business
traveler to communicate with any travel entity.
nd
Telefax: (082)297-7024
 Interactive CRTs- Interactive television is now being used in some cities, making a
big possibility that much of the order placement process will be shifted to
interactive television.
 Elimination of Ticket- Travelers are no longer a need to carry actual documents;
they can use a travel card with a magnetic code to be inserted on the appropriate
machine.
 Smoking /No -Smoking Areas
 Many tourism clients’ entities demand smoke-free areas

 The restaurant provides a section of their dining facilities to accommodate the
request of both smoker and non- smoker guests.
 Lodging establishments have prepared several accommodations for non-
smokers.
 Hotels prohibited smoking activity in the lobbies, corridors, elevators, and other
public areas. And have allocated space for smoker guests.
 Airlines have also established nonsmoking areas.
 Sanitation and Public Health
 Proper food handling has always been an issue in the industry.

 Food must be kept at suitable temperature to prevent the growth of bacteria
 The surface of equipment must be cleaned very well to ensure that food is not
contaminated during preparation.
 Washing is a necessity in food service
 National and local government apply strict sanitary standards to food and
beverage operation
 To ensure compliance with local sanitary codes, many food and beverage
operators hire consultants to conduct regular inspections to help in the
immediate correction of any violation.
 Recycling Solid Waste
 Gradual closing of landfills used for disposing of solid wastes resulted in a

significant waste disposal problem in many places.
 Separate recyclable plastic, glass, and other items from other solid waste
dramatically decrease the required disposal quantities.
 Many in the tourism industry who have not been previously affected by the issue
will eventually find it necessary to adopt a recycling program.
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Consumer Affairs Issues
 Fire and Safety

- During the twentieth century, hotel, motels, and other lodging establishments
have institutes may changes in design and construction, as well as in the fire control
system installed in building.
- In recent years, new building were well insulated to decrease heating and
cooling expenses.
- At present, individual room ventilation is installed to preempt the danger
 Truth Menus
- For food service operators, preparing truthful menus is an ethical practices that
should never violated.
- However, a small minority have produced menus that are not accurate
indicators of the food served in their establishment.
- Other have not used the actual ingredients suggested by their menus and
substituted one product for another.
 Diet / Nutrition Health

- Since the public is very much concerned about healthy diet containing less fat
and lesser calories, many food service operations are adjusting their menus to the
changing public tastes.
- Successful food service operation will have to give greater attention to the
nutritional content of food in the years to come.

1.Bender, S. B., & Partlow, C. G. (2015). A profile of the hospitality industry.
Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com. “Challenges and opportunities for the
Industry” Pp. 109-130.
2.Kozak, M., & Kozak, N. (Eds.). (2015). Tourism development. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
3. https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-change
4.https://www.google.com/amp/s/hbr.org/amp/1964/03/new-criteria-for-market-
segmentation
5. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-economic.asp
6.https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140730082827-41390803-market-
segmentation-criteria-five-essential-criteria
7.https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/Adrienna/trend-and-issues-in-tourism-and-
hospitality
8. https://simplicable.com/new/economic-change
Big Picture in Focus: ULOc. Discuss the social and economic changes
that suggest a bright future for the tourism and Hospitality industry.
Metalanguage
6. Agenda Setting (Problem identification). Have the ability to influence, the essential
placed on the topics of the public agenda.
7. Business Method. It is designed for the business operation's success, identifying
financing details, sources revenue, products, and customer base.
8. Decision Making. To put into action or process of making decisions for the important
ones.
9. Economic Change. Shifting in the structure of a financial system results in changes
to societies, cultures, and everyday life on a global or national basis.
 Economic change is a feature of natural progress history caused by technology and
politics.
10. Economic Policy. A course of action that influences or the behavior of the
economy.
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9. Economic System. It is a system of production, allocation of resources, and goods

and services distribution within a society or a given location.
10. Evaluation. A form is assessing the effectiveness of private and public policy in
terms of its perceived intentions and results.
11. Implementation. It is the process or putting action or affect the decision,
law,
statement, policy, and plan for execution.
9. Policy. It is a form of protocol, policies, procedure, or intent statement
implementations use as a basis by the government or private sectors.
10. Policy Formulation. Involvement in exploring a variety of alternative options
courses of action available to address the problems. In the form of appraisal, dialogue,
drafting, and consolidation.
11. Sociology. It is a study of the function of human society, structures, and
development.
12. Social Change. Involvement of social order and alteration of society.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the seven-nine
Current Trends and Issues in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry

nd
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Early Retirement
 Employee retires at an earlier age than was the case in previous years.
 Increasing number of people who retire early is beneficial for the tourism
industry, and these people use their time to travel and see the world.
Shorter Work Week

 The four-day workweek is typical, and the five-day workweek is
standard the rest leaving days for leisure activities.
 Increase in leisure time, combined with faster and more comfortable
transportation makes possible for many individuals to take weekend
vacations and travel.
Longer Life Span

 Average individual can now expect to live beyond the age 70 and many
will live longer.
 Increase the population of elderly retired citizens who are more
prosperous due to pension programs and are healthier provide a
broader base of potential customers for tourism operations.

 Average family has more money to spend than before.
Great Mobility
 Improving roads, railways infrastructures for good transportation makes
it easier to travel. .
 Modernize the highways system, reducing the time required for
automobile travel to one location to another.
 It is improving in designing high technology planes that offer to carry
many people as air transportation use.passenger while using less fuel.
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Smaller Families
 The more decreased family size, the easiest for the family to travel local
or international.
 The decrease in family member to travel the lesser costs expend
Marketing
 Marketing consist of all those activities necessary to bring a product or
service from the manufacturer to the user.
7. The product or service itself

8. The methods of distribution
9. The methods of pricing
10. The methods of promotion
11. The form of selling
12. The form of advertising

 The average family has less money to spend than a higher class family.
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Uniqueness of Tourism Marketing
 Tourism is a service, and an intangible experience is not a physical good, but being
sold and expected before bought.
 Because tourism is both services and manufacturing the production and
consumption are take place at the same time. (Goods, produced, store, sold
shipped, and delivered are example of tourism as manufacturing)
 The inventory for tourism is a form of hotel rooms, resort facilities, or lovely beaches
that excellent in scuba diving sites. Unlike manufactured goods, the product
disposed of forever. Manufactured goods can be stored, and while sometimes
perishable, they generally are not lost if not sold on a given day.
 Tourism supply can't be stored, unlike a can of food which, if not sold one day, can
be sold the next day. Airline seats, hotel rooms, or restaurant seats not today lose
that particular sale forever.
Marketing Orientation
 Destination areas have efforts of marketing that are guided by the product
orientation that emphasizing the availability of product services.
 Consumer orientation seeks to provide the demands of the need and wants of the
tourist.
 Societal-marketing it is a societal orientation that focuses on the satisfaction of
tourist needs and wants in the community
Marketing Segmentation
 Market segmentation is an accepted way of analyzing demand group of people with
similar needs and wants to serve the market for good. .
 Success of the limited service properties led to the development of the properties
intended to appeal to selected market segments.
 As new market segment are identified, properties designed to appeal to those
segments are likely to be develop.
Criteria with a Market Segment can be constructed
2. Socioeconomic criteria are the most commonly used way of collecting

data or information gathered from census, or in the media that can be easy
to understand and apply.
3. Product-related criteria are the pieces of information gain directly

related to the questions of a particular product.
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4. Psychographic segmentation Describing criteria of segments that can

be used specialized develop markets to gain knowledge from
straightforward analysis
4. Geographic considerations are useful in geographically-based that

study to identify primary, secondary, tourism-related cases, tertiary
markets. State and national tourist offices use geographic segmentation to
determine the extent of their promotional efforts.
Product Life Cycle

 The concept of the product life cycle is an additional guide of the market to the
strategies being used to choose, attracting, and to serve the target market.
 Suggest the movement of product, services, or destination to level up into another
stage.
 Conduct specific marketing strategies on the price levels, products, promotions, and
distribution of development within the context of the market plan approach.
 The changes in the market approach, consumer lifestyle changes, technology
changes, product and service life cycle changes become affected. But still, the
concept of the strategic planning for product life cycles are using.
Introduction
This phase of the product life cycle requires higher promotional visibility and
expenses. The most convenient time to make an advertisement for the product or
service is the time you release the product to the market. Operation in this period is
characterizing by high cost, low sales volume, and an advertising program that aims to
encourage primary demand to the market.
Growth
These stages of a growth period market and consumer accepted both products, increase
sales, and profits, making attractive to market competitors, promotions emphasizing
selective buying motives of trade name increase outlet handling the product or services
increase.
Maturity
At this age, the maturity of a product established in the market place. The
increased number of outlets is selling the product and is very competitive about price,
and there is a sales increase but lower rates, many companies are trying to find ways to
hold on their share in the market.
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Saturation
At this stage, sales volume reaching the peak. The product or services has
penetrated markets. There is a mass production lowers the price value of the product.
Decline
This stage, advertising expenses are lower. There are few competitors.
Strategies Marketing Process
7. Collection of the- Two ways of data collection, secondary sources and from primary
sources.
8. Analysis of data- Data is usually organized and interpreted
9. Identification of alternative strategies for reaching the desired goal
10. Cost-benefit analysis- Data analysis of several methods for reaching the goal
indicate which of the alternative is best from organization, can then be established.
11. Control procedure- which analyze the progress made in achieving the goals of the
project.
12. Plan information- Putting into effect the plan of action and supervising it.
Legal Issues
Liquor Liability
 Growing public concern over increasing number of alcohol-related automobile

accidents.
 Regulation on serving alcohol beverage prompted some bar owners to go out of
business and caused some restaurant owners to stop serving beverages.
 Social attitudes toward alcoholic drinks continue to change.
Ethics in the tourism Industry

 Ethic in the tourism industry has been the issue for thousands of year.
 Business practices of some operations of tourism establishments are questionable.
 Business ethics is likely to remain forever in the list of tourism issues.
Human resource
Sexual Harassment
 It defined as unwelcome sexual advances, other verbal or physical abuses, and

requests for a sexual favor.
 Submission made a condition during the hiring of the person’s for employment
 Submission to or rejection of such conduct as a basis for employment
discussion affecting the person
Page 138 of 177

nd
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 Is an unreasonably interferes with the person’s work performance or creates an

intimidating,
 Hostile, or offensive work environment. Number of cases by female complains
about male co-worker or supervisors’ harassment.
Employee Turnover
 One of the significant issues confronting managers of tourism enterprises.
 Manager always faced with the problem of losing experienced employees and hiring
a less experienced employee as a replacement.
 Manager believes they have only two choices when faced with the new alternative:
-Shoulder high training cost
-Incur the equally high charges associated with working with untrained
employees.
Employee Assistance Plan

 One of the essential steps to pay attention to the problems or the problem of the
employees
 The typical issues of those employed in the tourism industry include psychological,
financial, and health problems and family and legal matters.
Employee Empowerment
 Tourist establishment managers have created rules and procedures that employees
directed to follow, which may affect the overall impression of a guest.
 For some guests, their rules may be enough to make them decide to return or not.
 Many owner and managers have:
- Realized the ineffectiveness of setting strict rules governing every detail of
guest service.
- Empowered their employees to make decisions that will improve the quality of
service to guest, without having a negative impact on operation.
Operation Issues
 Automation
 The process of using electric and mechanical equipment and machinery to
complete some or all of the task associated with a given enterprise
 The two primary reason for automating an enterprise:
- To increase the speed of work
- To reduce the cost of work
 Computerization will affect the industry, principally in three areas;

Communication- Portable communication Data Units (PCDUs) allow a business
traveler to communicate with any travel entity.
nd
Telefax: (082)297-7024
 Interactive CRTs- Interactive television is now being used in some cities, making a
big possibility that much of the order placement process will be shifted to
interactive television.
 Elimination of Ticket- Travelers are no longer a need to carry actual documents;
they can use a travel card with a magnetic code to be inserted on the appropriate
machine.
 Smoking /No -Smoking Areas
 Many tourism clients’ entities demand smoke-free areas

 The restaurant provides a section of their dining facilities to accommodate the
request of both smoker and non- smoker guests.
 Lodging establishments have prepared several accommodations for non-
smokers.
 Hotels prohibited smoking activity in the lobbies, corridors, elevators, and other
public areas. And have allocated space for smoker guests.
 Airlines have also established nonsmoking areas.
 Sanitation and Public Health
 Proper food handling has always been an issue in the industry.

 Food must be kept at suitable temperature to prevent the growth of bacteria
 The surface of equipment must be cleaned very well to ensure that food is not
contaminated during preparation.
 Washing is a necessity in food service
 National and local government apply strict sanitary standards to food and
beverage operation
 To ensure compliance with local sanitary codes, many food and beverage
operators hire consultants to conduct regular inspections to help in the
immediate correction of any violation.
 Recycling Solid Waste
 Gradual closing of landfills used for disposing of solid wastes resulted in a

significant waste disposal problem in many places.
 Separate recyclable plastic, glass, and other items from other solid waste
dramatically decrease the required disposal quantities.
 Many in the tourism industry who have not been previously affected by the issue
will eventually find it necessary to adopt a recycling program.
Page 140 of 177

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Telefax: (082)297-7024
Consumer Affairs Issues
 Fire and Safety

- During the twentieth century, hotel, motels, and other lodging establishments
have institutes may changes in design and construction, as well as in the fire control
system installed in building.
- In recent years, new building were well insulated to decrease heating and
cooling expenses.
- At present, individual room ventilation is installed to preempt the danger
 Truth Menus
- For food service operators, preparing truthful menus is an ethical practices that
should never violated.
- However, a small minority have produced menus that are not accurate
indicators of the food served in their establishment.
- Other have not used the actual ingredients suggested by their menus and
substituted one product for another.
 Diet / Nutrition Health

- Since the public is very much concerned about healthy diet containing less fat
and lesser calories, many food service operations are adjusting their menus to the
changing public tastes.
- Successful food service operation will have to give greater attention to the
nutritional content of food in the years to come.

9.Bender, S. B., & Partlow, C. G. (2015). A profile of the hospitality industry.
Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com. “Challenges and opportunities for the
Industry” Pp. 109-130.
10. Kozak, M., & Kozak, N. (Eds.). (2015). Tourism development. Retrieved
from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
11. https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-change
12. https://www.google.com/amp/s/hbr.org/amp/1964/03/new-criteria-for-
market-segmentation
13. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-economic.asp
14. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140730082827-41390803-
market-segmentation-criteria-five-essential-criteria
15. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/Adrienna/trend-and-issues-in-
tourism-and-hospitality
16. https://simplicable.com/new/economic-change
Big Picture in Focus: ULOd.
Learn and know the importance of ecotourism
Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOd, you will need to have an operational
understanding of the following terms below. Please note that you will also be required
to refer to the previous definitions found in ULOa. ULOb, ULOc. section.
1. Culture. Is encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as
well as the beliefs, traditions, knowledge or education, values, arts, laws, customs,
capabilities, and habits of the individuals.
2. Ecology. The capability of the ecosystem can absorb disturbance and still retain its
underlying structures and viability.
3. Ecotourism. Catered the tourist a holiday makers in the natural environment without
disturbing the wildlife and the habitats.
 Directed tourism towards exotic, often threatened the natural environments, intended
to support conservation efforts, and observing wildlife conservation.

 It is a form of tourism where involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively
undisturbed natural areas.

 Responsible traveler to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the
well-being of the local community.

 They are educating the traveler by providing funds for ecological conservation,
benefiting the economic development and political empowerment of the local
communities, or fostering respect for different cultures and human rights.
4. Sustainability. The ability to maintain at a specific rate of a level.
 Is to avoidance of the devour of natural resources and maintaining the ecological
balance.
5. Sustainable tourism. A concept of visiting a destination as a tourist and tried to
make a positive result on society, economy, and environment.
 Sustainable tourism continual processes and requires constant monitoring of effects.
 Sustainable tourism maintaining a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensures an
eloquent experience for the tourists.
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Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the seven to
nine (7-9) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
Type of Ecotourist
There are two types of ecotourist in terms of motivation, attitude and behavior.
1. Hard ecotourists referring to the physical challenge and actual experiences that
involved close personal contact with nature and did not require on-site services.
2. Soft ecotourists are preferring less taxing and supported experiences by
accommodation, parking lots, eating, and other services related.
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Ecotourism
 Environmental Impacts
 Positive Impacts
 The role as an incentive to protect and rehabilitate natural environments.
 The sector provided potential funding to manage and improve the protected
areas.
 Ecotourists' assistance is needed to maintain and enhance ecotourism
venues and act as "environment watchdogs."

 Negative Impacts
 Restructuring of permanent environments.
 The waste residuals from generation.
 The tourist activities include hiking, water rafting, wildlife observation, and
the introduction of exotic species.
Economic Impacts
- Generation of revenue and employment
- Provision of economic opportunities for remote and peripheral regions
 Negative Impacts
- Start-up expenses
- Ongoing expenses
 Sociocultural Impacts
- Fostering community stability and well-being through economic benefits
and local participation
- Provides aesthetic and spiritual benefits and enjoyment for local
residents and tourist
 Negative Impact
- Cultural and social intrusions
- Imposition of elite alien value system
- Erosion of local control
 Ecotourism Project
 These are usually developed on a small scale. The main reason is it easier to
control since there are limitation set upon the community, the local tourism business
and the tourists.
The limitations include:

 Strict control of the amount of water and electricity being used;
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 Strict recycling measure

 Regulating park and market hours
 Limiting the number of visitors to a certain location at one time.
 Limiting the size of the business
 To allow more comprehensive tour and educational opportunities.
 Ecotourism Destinations
 Most of the popular ecotourism destination are located in developing countries.
- Kenya is an important destination for safaris.
- The rich rain-forests of Rwanda and Zaire, home of the mountain gorillas.
 Ecotourism is also becoming popular in Southeast Asia

-Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are developing tourism programs
based on the protection and conservation of the environment.
 Key Ecotourism Sites
Key sites selected as center of concentrated efforts to develop ecotourism in the
Philippines:
 Northern Luzon
 Batanes-culture
 Peňablanca, Cagayan Province - caving, whitewater rafting, wildlife - bird
watching.
 Vigan, Ilocos Sur - culture
 Banaue Rice Terraces - Banaue, Ifugao - trekking, culture
 Hundred island, Alaminos, Pangasinan- snorkeling, diving
 Mt. Pinatubo, Pampanga, and Zambales- trekking
 South Luzon
 Wawa Dam, rodriguez, Rizal - swimming
 Mt. Makiling. Los Baňos, Laguna - trekking
 Taal Volcano, Batangas- trekking
 Mt. Isaog, Naga, Camarines Sur- trekking
 Mt. Mayon. Albay - trekking
 Donsol, Sorsogon- wildlife - whale interaction
 Mt. Bulusan- trekking
 Mt. Guiting- Guiting, Romblon- trekking
 Apo reef, Occidental Mindoro - diving
 El Nido Northern Palawan- diving
 Tubbataha Reef, Cagayancillo, Palawan- diving wildlife watching
 Puerto Princesa Underground River, Puerto Princesa, Palawan-
caving, diving, culture, nature interpretation
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 Visayas
 Mt. Kanlaon, Negros Occidental - trekking
 Taňon Strait, between Cebu and Negros Oriental- wildlife whale and
dolphin watching
 Apo Island, Mactan- diving, wildlife -bird watdiching
 Olango Island, Cebu Mactan- wildlife-bird watching
 Lake Danao, Antique- kayaking
 Bohol - diving cultural, snorkeling
 Sohoton Cave, Basey, Samar- caving
 Mindanao
 Surigao Island, surigao del Norte- swimming, surfing
 Camiguin Island- trekking, geological, bird watching
 Dipolog, Zanboanga del Norte - culture
 Misamis Oriental- canopy walk, whitewater rafting
 Agusan Marsh, Agusan del Sur-wildlife -bird watching
 Mt. Apo, Davao City- trekking
Ecotourism Conference
 Many conferences have held to inform the people, the tourism professionals and
ecologists about the advantages and disadvantages of ecotourism.
 The 1992 earth summit in Rio de Janiero, Brazil, discussed the environment and
development with tourism as the key in achieving sustainable development
throughout the world. The World Conference on Sustainable Tourism held in Spain
in 1995, dealt specifically with tourism and resulted in the Chapter of Sustainable
Tourism.
 The World Ecotourism Summit held in Quebic, Canada on May 19-22, 2002
presented a set of recommendations for the development of ecotourism activities.
Responsibilities of Tourism
ASTA Ten Commandments on Ecotourism
The following are American Society for Travel Agents ASTA’s Ten Commandments on
Ecotourism:
1. Respect the family of the earth. Unless all are willing to help in its preservation, unique
and
beautiful destinations may not be enjoyed by future generations.
2. Leave only footprints. Take only photograph. Leave no graffiti. Do not litter. Do not
take away
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“souvenir” from historic sites and natural areas.

3. To make your travels more meaningful, educate yourself about geography, customs,
manners and cultures of the region you visit.
4. Respect the privacy and dignity of others.
5. Do not buy products made from endangered plants or animals such as ivory, tortoise
shell, animal skin, and feathers.
6. Always follow designated trails. Do not disturb animal, plants or their natural habitats.
7. Learn about and support conservation-oriented programs and organizations working
to preserve the environment.
8. Whenever possible, walk or utilize environmentally sound methods of transportation.
9. Patronize those (hotels, airlines, resort, cruise line, tour operators and supplier) who
advance energy and environmental conservation, water and air quality, recycling, safe
management of waste and toxic materials, noise abatement, community involvement:
also patronize those who provide experienced, well-trained staff dedicated to strong
principles of conservation.
10. Ask your ASTA travel agent to identify those organizations that subscribe to the
ASTA environmental guidelines for air, land, and sea travel.
Motto of our friendly mountaineers
 Take nothing but picture

 Kill nothing but time
 Bring nothing but memories
 Leave nothing but footprints
Responsibilities of Travel Organizations and Individual Companies
 Effort to increase environmental protection are being made by major tourism

organizations such as the World Tourism Organizations (WTO), World Travel and
Tourism Council (WTTC). pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA), Travel Industry
Association of Canada (TIAC) and the Travel Industry Association of America (TIA).
 Individual companies such as airlines, accommodations, cruise lines, theme parks,
tour operators, and others have produced environmental codes which integrate the
best business practices with sound environmental management. Companies have
focused on recycling, reuse, energy conservation, water conservation, community
involvement and community environment obligations to employees and visitors.

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1. Bender, S. B., & Partlow, C. G. (2015). A profile of the hospitality industry. Retrieved
from https://search.proquest.com. “Challenges and opportunities for the Industry” Pp.
109-130.
3. Kelly-ecotourism.blogspot.com/2012/02/tourism-life-cycle.html?m=1
4. https://esrc.ukri.org/research/impact-toolkit/what-is-impact/
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-science/ecotourism
6. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/nyldonnah/ecotourism-cycle
7. https://responsibletourismpartnership.org/what-is-responsible-tourism
8. https://sustainabletourism.net/sustainable-tourism/definitions/
9. Tourism.gov.bz/roles-and-responsibilities/
10. Tourism.gov.sc/role-and-function-of-the-ministry/
Big Picture in Focus: ULOe; Discuss the documentation
needed for travel abroad.
Metalanguage
Below are the essential terms that you will encounter in the pursuit of ULOe:
Discuss the documentation needed for travel abroad. Again, you advised to frequently
refer to these definitions to help you understand the following topics. I would highly
recommend that you refresh your knowledge about ULOa, ULOb, ULOc, and ULOd to
understand ULOe further.
1. Domestic flight. A flight that both the arrival and departure are in the same city or
country.
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2. International flight. It is a form of commercial flight where the arrival and departure
occur in different places in the world with the approval of international civil aviation.
3. Passenger. A person is traveling without driving, flying, or even going to work.
4. Philippine passport. It is a person's essential documents or national identity issued
from the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) and Philippine diplomatic mission abroad.
5. Tourist. A person who is travel for pleasure, visiting, touring, culture, food, education,
and business.
6. Transit passenger. A passenger on the plane arrives the airport and leaves on the
same flight or another without leaving the airport.
7. Transit Visa. A short-term approved visa that allows passengers to travel across the
issuing countries usually good for 24 hours.
8. Travel agency. Consider public or private retailer services that provide both travel
and tourism-related services like tours, hotels, restaurant travel destinations, ticketing,
etc. to the public.
 Travel agencies are offering outdoor recreational activities, ticketing or airlines, car
rentals, international cruise lines, hotels, railways, tour packages, travel and life
insurance, guide books, public transport timetables, and even bureau of change
services.
Essential Knowledge
This lesson will provide you knowledge and skills in giving the best International Travel
Experience. This lesson will further provide information on the factors needed to identify
and the best thing to do in travel.
The International Travel Experience
Passport
 Derived from the French word passer, means to pass and port which means harvor.
 Issued by a government to its own citizens.
 Establishes a person’s identity and nationality and request protection for the traveler
while away from home.
Types of Passport
 Diplomatic
 Official
 Regular
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How to obtain a passport

 The first time application must be in person before a passport agent has selected to
accept passport applications. The following must accompany the completed
application form:- proof of citizenship
- Two recent, identical 2-by-2 inch colour I.D black and white photographs
showing a full frontal view of the application’s face
 Passport fees and validity of passports vary from one country to another.
Visas
 Endorsement or stamp placed in a passport by an official of an intended country of
visit.
 Specifies the conditions under which a traveler may enter that country
 Requirements vary from state to country
Traveler’s Health and Safety
 Seek travelers need particular drugs or medications. They should pack adequate
quantities of their prescription medications and make sure they have the necessary
documents to present to domestic and foreign customs officials to prove that the
medicine is legal.
 Several countries have regulations about HIV/AIDS.
 The embassy or consulate or a country is the best source of health information.
Vaccination Certificate
 There are two types of vaccinations- the required and the recommended treatments.
- Necessary immunization is those legally required by the destination to protect
its citizens from the importation of the disease.
- Recommendation immunization protects travelers from viruses found at the
destination.
 Yellow fever is the most prevalent disease that requires a vaccination certificate.
 If travelers cannot prove that they have correctly inoculated, they may be turned
away, held in quarantine for ten days, or given the short upon arrival at the airport.
Traveler Advisory
 Traveler advisories warn people going abroad about dangerous conditions in

specific countries,
 There are three types of advisory:
- warnings
- public
- consular information sheets
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Customs Regulations
 Restrictions imposed by a particular country on the value and kind of items that can
be brought into and taken out its territory.
 Travelers must declare all articles acquired abroad and in their possessions at the
time their return.
Foreign Exchange
 Refers to the fluctuating rate in which the money of one country can exchange for
the funds of another.
 Every country used a local currency.
Currency Exchange Rates

 The currency exchange rate is what the currency of travelers is worth in the local
currency.
 A buy rate is the amount of foreign currency customers get in exchange for their
dollars when they buy the foreign currency.
 A sell rate is the amount of customers get when they exchange leftover foreign
currency back to dollars.
Some International Currency Codes

COUNTRY CURRENCY ISO CODE
Australia Dollar AUD
Austria Schelling/euro ATS
Bahamas Dollar BSD
Bermuda Dollar BMD
Brazil Cruzeiro BRC
Canada Dollar CAD
Denmark Krone DKK
Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD
Egypt Pound EGP
France Franc/euro FRF
Germany Mark/euro DEM
Greece Drachma/euro GRD
Hongkong Dollar HKD
India Rupee INR
Indonesia Rupiah IDR
Ireland Pound/euro IEP
Israel Shekel ILS
Italy Lira/euro ITL
Kenya Shilling KES
Japan Yen JPY
Mexico Peso MXN
Netherland Guilde/euro
New Zealand Dollar NZD
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Norway Krone NOK

Poland Zloty PLZ
Portugal Escudo/euro PTE
Russia Ruble SUR
Singapore Dollar SGD
South Africa Rand ZAR
Spain Peseta/euro ESP
Sweden Krona SEK
Switzerland Franc CHF
Taiwan Dollar TWD
Turkey Dollar TWD
United Kingdom Pound sterling GBP
United states Dollar USD
Venazuela Bolivar VEB
Where to get foreign currency
 They get foreign currency from banks and foreign currency exchange firm.
 Foreign currency can buy at an international airport that has currency exchange.
Ways to carry money

 Money may be a form of cash, traveler’s checks, personal checks, ATM cards, and
even credit cards.
International Taxes
 Every travel expense costs 2 to 33 percent or more are listed on the menu, hotel
room rate, or airline ticket throughout the world.
 In some places, the city and country each tax a hotel room. In other areas, additional
fees are imposed to promote tourism.
 Value-added taxes (VATS) are exercise taxes that act as sales taxes on the
consumer. Some European countries offer a refund of VATS to encourage tourists.
The refund are on goods only, not on services.
 Several countries have department taxes. The taxes are flat fees per person
collected on the airline ticket in advance or at the airport before the traveler departs.
Check-in Procedure
 International flights require passenger to check in two hours ahead of the plane’s
scheduled departure time.
 Experienced travelers usually arrive ahead of time to complete formalities.
Documentation
 A documents check for international departures is handled by an airline service
representative at check-in to see if a passenger has an up-to-date passport and the
proper visas.
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 If documentation is incomplete and the counter agents allows the passenger to

board the plane, the passenger could be refused entry at the destination.
Baggage
 For international travel, the baggage allowance is one piece of luggage not to
exceed 7 kilos that would fit the overhead compartment or under the plane seat.
 It is advised that no sharp objects such as scissors, metal nail files, even nail-cutter
be placed in hand-carried luggage.
Transit Lounges
 Passenger making connecting flights or refueling stops wait in transit lounges
between flights international airports.
 If [passenger wish to leave the transits area, they must go through the country’s
immigration formalities.
Reconfirmation
 Calling the airlines 48 hours before departure to reconfirm a reservation is
mandatory with most airlines abroad.
 Failure to reconfirm can result in the cancellation of the passenger’s reservation not
only the departure flight but also on all subsequent flights on that particular journey.
Some Differences between Domestic and International Travel
Subject Domestic International

Airlines
Re conformation Not required Within 48 hours
Check-in Airlines personnel Airlines personnel with
documentation check
Check-in time One hour prior to flight Two or more hours prior to
time time, with destination and
(rule subject to change) airlines
Manifest information Required
Concessions Not required Duty-free shop
Waiting areas Retail courts Transit lounges
Baggage check-in Airport standard Counter check-in
Curbside check-in Airlines may weight
Limited by number “Left luggage”
Security Baggage lockers Varies from awful to very
Smoking Routine varies strict
No smoking Smoking rules vary
Currency One currency in use Many currencies
Exchange facilities limited Bank and ATMs
Dates expressed Monthly day year Day month year
documentation None Passport, visas
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Customs
Health
State driver’s license License plus IDP
Electric current 110 220
Plugs Flat Rounded/various
Taxes No refund to travelers Vat refunds possible
Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius
Time A.M/P.M 24-hours clock
Tourist boards No fade/ state and local Varies by country
Weight and measure English system Metric system
Mile Kilometer
Gallon Liter
Quart Liter
Ounce Gram
Pound Kilogram
Amenities
 Airlines use their largest planes and most experienced crew on international routes.
 Headphones and alcoholic beverages are free on international flights.
 Blankets and pillows are supplied.
In-flight Shopping
 Flights operate small in-flight, duty-free shop on international flights.
Jet Lag
 Refers to the sleeping, waking and concentrating problems travelers experience
when fly long distances.
 People become aware of this when they fly to a different time zone.
 The biological clock will reset itself but it may take several days.

2. Bender, S. B., & Partlow, C. G. (2015). A profile of the hospitality industry. Retrieved
from https://search.proquest.com. “Challenges and opportunities for the Industry” Pp.
109-130.
3. https://notatravelclub.com/domestic-vs-international-travel/
4. https://passportsandvisas.com/resource-center/budgeting-for-international-travel
5. https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/transit-visa.html
6. https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/transit-visa.html
7. https://www.fa.ufl.edu/directives/expenses-for-foreign-travel/
8. https://www.iban.com/currency-codes
Telefax: (082)297-7024
Online Code of Conduct

(1) All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an honor code of
conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-management and self-
regulation.
(2) Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning facilitators in
holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under
existing guidelines, specifically on social media conduct (OPM 21.15) and personnel
discipline (OPM 21.11).
(3) All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in attending OBD or
DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under existing
guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student Handbook.
(4) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s Core
Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity; academic
excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all lectures and activities,
as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance tasks and assignments; personal
discipline in complying with all deadlines; and observance of data privacy.
(5) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The University
shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize plagiarism.
(6) All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be properly
acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be professionally and
personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the online classes or published in
SIM/SDL manuals.
(7) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED courses and shall
honestly exercise due assessment of student performance.
(8) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with students online. While
contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the teachers/Course Facilitators shall take
the higher ground in facilitating and moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and
discriminatory languages are absolutely prohibited.
(9) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do assignments, unless
collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall not resort to dishonesty to
improve the result of their assessments (e.g. examinations, assignments).
(10) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account. Students shall
not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to others to further academic
fraudulence online.
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(11) By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree and abide by all the
provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in
handling online courses.
(12) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions of the
Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in handling online
courses.
Course prepared by:
DEC VINCENT M. LAFUENTE

Course Facilitator/Faculty
Course reviewed by:
JACQUELINE M. CENIZAL
Program Head, BSHM
Approved by:
FLORENCE KRISTINA M. JIMENEZ

Dean, CHE
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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Hospitality Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: THC 1- Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Name of Teacher: Dec Vincent M. Lafuente, MBA

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

Course Outline: THC 1- Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality

Course Coordinator: Liwliwa B. Lagman

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Assessment tasks for this course will be done in real

the similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

item for each day or part day that the assessment

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

Other assessment tasks (e.g. essays, case analysis,

Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional

Grading System contact

Course discussions/exercises – 40%

Final exam – 30%

Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

For students who have not created their student

service of achieving the desired course learning

Instructional Help Desk BSHospMgt@umindanao.edu.ph

This module has specific topics/information as complied by the coordinators of the

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS

a. Explain the concept of tourism,

If YES, let us begin!

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the concept of tourism

1. Accessibility. The quality of being easy to obtain or use.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOb.

1. Economics. Is the study of social science the production, distribution, and

The History of Tourism

Two forms of Early Tourist

1. Travel for business- such as trading and religious travel.

2. The invention of money- Sumerians facilitate travel and exchange of goods.

2. Tourism in the Medieval Period. Travel declined, travel became burdensome,

• Undersecretary for Administration and Special Concerns

 Office of Tourism Information.

The Department of Tourism Slogan

Fiesta Islands Philippines

The Tourism Projects

 Visit Islands Philippines 1994

1. Bender, S. B., & Partlow, C. G. (2015). A profile of the hospitality industry.

a. Explain the awareness of the factors motivating people to travel,

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa:

Tourism Marketing and Management. It is a process of connecting human needs,

Model of Human Motivation. Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs applicable in the

Status and prestige motivation

MOTIVATION PSYCHOLOGY OF TRAVEL

Escape Convince oneself of one’s Interpersonal relations

Relief of tension Status and prestige Maintain social contacts

Health Education Scenery

1. Needs for Escape or Change