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Research ABC

Research involves systematically seeking facts, answers, or solutions through either an arbitrary or scientific approach. The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, relevant concepts, objectivity, and logical reasoning. A key part of the scientific method is developing and testing hypotheses. A hypothesis is a tentative proposition that can be empirically tested. Good hypotheses are clear, specific, testable, available, theoretically relevant, consistent, objective, and simple. Research also involves developing a conceptual model and research plan to guide the study. The research plan outlines the problem, literature review, objectives, theoretical framework, methodology, and plan for analysis.

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33 views

Research ABC

Research involves systematically seeking facts, answers, or solutions through either an arbitrary or scientific approach. The scientific method relies on empirical evidence, relevant concepts, objectivity, and logical reasoning. A key part of the scientific method is developing and testing hypotheses. A hypothesis is a tentative proposition that can be empirically tested. Good hypotheses are clear, specific, testable, available, theoretically relevant, consistent, objective, and simple. Research also involves developing a conceptual model and research plan to guide the study. The research plan outlines the problem, literature review, objectives, theoretical framework, methodology, and plan for analysis.

Uploaded by

Zabih Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Research

Curiosity or inquisitiveness is a distinctive feature of human being. Research is


search for the:
1. Facts,
2. Answer to question and,
3. Solution to problem.

The ways of doing search:

Arbitrary: comes from imagination, blind belief or impression.


Scientific: systematic rational approach to seeking the facts.

Basis of Scientific Method


Key basic characteristics of scientific method are:
1. Reliance on empirical evidence
2. Use of relevant concepts
3. Commitment to objectivity
4. Ethical neutrality
5. Generalization
6. Variability
7. Logical reasoning process

Logical Reasoning Process in economics and business


1- Induction: development of new theory
Through,
Studying several individual cases and drawing a generalization.
Two key steps:
i. Study of observations
ii. Generalization

2- Deduction: refute or accept of the theory


Through,
Applying the general accepted principle to a specific individual case and scientific
test.

Theory
A set of systematic interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that are
advanced to explain and predict phenomena (facts).
Component of a theory:
i. Assumption
ii. Frames of reference
iii. Concepts
iv. Variables
v. Propositions
vi. Theory
Note: Facts are empirically verifiable observation.

Role of theory in research


As whole theory plays its role in the following issues:
 Delimitation of study
 Conceptual model
 Summarization
 Uniformity
 Prediction
 Gap in knowledge
Conceptual Model: Systematic conceptual structure of interrelated elements in some
schematic form.

Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a tentative proposition formulated for empirical testing. Hypothesis
testing is fact finding investigation.
Types of Hypothesis
Descriptive Hypothesis: Descriptive hypothesis describe the characteristics of
variable. Exm: rate of unemployment, public enterprises are more amenable for
centralized planning ….
Rational Hypothesis: Describe the relationship between two variables. The
relationship may be positive or negative. Exm: high income families spend more on
recreation.
Causal Hypothesis: state that the existence of, or a change in one variable causes or
leads to an effect on other variable.
1st variable ____________ independent variable
2nd variable ___________ dependent variable
Working Hypothesis: To study a problem, initially the may not be very specific.
Null Hypothesis: state that no difference exist between the parameter and the
statistics being compared.
...
Characteristics of a good hypothesis:
 Conceptual clarity
 Specificity
 Testability
 Availability
 Theoretical relevance
 Consistency
 Objectivity
 Simplicity
Research Plan or Design
Systematic plan prepared for directing a research study.
 Introduction
 Statement of problem (stylization of the problem)
 Review of literature (study of the current stock of knowledge)
 Scope of the study (reference period, geographical area …)
 Objective of the study
 Theoretical framework
 Conceptual model
 Mathematical Model
 Hypothesis
 Operational definition of concepts
 Significance of the study
 Methodology (depends on the nature of problem/s, phenomena and nature of
the data)
 Sampling Plan ( in case of primary data collection)
 Tools for gathering data
 Plan for analysis
 Chapter scheme (in case of thesis preparation and sections for paper writing)
 Time bound and budget.

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