PRACTICE TEST 15

PART A
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of
primary stress in each of the following questions.
1. A. infrastructure B. expectancy C. sustainable D. inhabitant
2. A. stress-free B. workout C. upgrade D. darkroom
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in
pronunciation in each of the following questions.
3. A. inhabited B. expected C. overcrowded D. preserved
4. A. immune B. attributed C. nutrition D. tutor
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
5. _______ their heart, smart cities are designed to capture massive amounts of data about the population
and its patterns, and use it to inform decision making.
A. At B. In C. From D. By
6. Singapore is a _______ example of a smart city, and is constantly evolving its "city brain, "a backbone of
technologies is used to help control pollution, monitor traffic, allocate parking, communicate with citizens.
A. lead B. leading C. led D. leader
7. It can be argued that the future of human life on the planet rests on _______ smooth transition to cities
that are more efficient and less wasteful.
A. a B. an C. the D. no article
8. Technology has _______ people live in communities that are more responsive to their needs and that
can actually improve their lives.
A. to help the power B. the power to help
C. the power help D. the power helped
9. Smart city projects are big investments that _______ social transformation.
A. are supposed to drive B. suppose to drive
C. supposed to drive D. are supposing to drive
10. Smart cities can improve the efficiency of city services by _______ redundancies, finding ways to save
money and streamlining workers' responsibilities.
A. exterminating B. eradicating C. eliminating D. omitting
11. What separates a City of the Future _______ other cities is that it goes beyond just providing basic
police, fire, and emergency medical services.
A. with B. by C. away D. from
12. According to the study done by Case et al. (2002), when a 0-3 year old child has a mother who practices
a healthy lifestyle, this child will be 27% more likely to become healthy and ______ the same lifestyle.
A. adopt B. adjust C. adapt D. achieve
13. Everything that parents do will be very likely _______ to their children through the learning process.
A. to transfer B. to transmit C. to transform D. to transplant
14. Eating right and exercising are essential to _______ a healthy lifestyle.
A. maintain B. acquire C. remain D. possess
15. Many retail outlets emphasize lifestyle themes, such as the outdoors, to increase the _______ of their
products.
A. attract B. attractiveness C. attractive D. attraction
16. There is a decline ______ the number of all these endangered species.
A. on B. by C. in D. with
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in
each of the following questions.
17. A study shows that obesity in school children has a number of complex determinants, driven by the
acquisition of habits that could either be risky or beneficial to their health.
A. types B. factors B. ideas D. ways
18. You may think that your genes determine your longevity, but the truth is genetics account for a
maximum of 30 percent of your life expectancy.
A. supply B. explain C. occupy D. report
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in
each of the following questions.
19. Scientific information can be translated to strengthen the capacity of parents and students to choose
healthy foods and beverages as well as to encourage physical activity and discourage sedentary behaviors.
A. inactive B. active C. portable D. passive
20. Citizens engage with smart city ecosystems in a variety of ways using smartphones and mobile devices,
as well as connected cars and homes.
A. get involved in B. stay away from C. take part in D. get out of
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best completes each of the following exchanges.
21. Two students are discussing about cities in the future:
Student A: "How do you think cities will change in the future?"
Student B:" _______ "
A. People will live much longer and fatal diseases will be cured.
B. No one can describe the city that they have ever visited.
C. I think everything will get connected and things are automatic.
D. The number of homeless people is increasing and increasing.
22. Two neighbors are talking with each other:
Person A: "Do you consider yourself to be healthy?"
Person B:" _______ "
A. Sure. I'm eating only my own home-grown foods.
B. You are kidding? Things are different now.
C. You see, everything has two sides like a coin.
D. Yep. When you live a healthy life, you feel happy.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that
best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Biologists sometimes define longevity as the average life span expected under ideal conditions. It’s hard to
say what's ideal. Plenty of medical research is ongoing (23) _______ the "right" amount and type of
exercise to get, the best diet to eat to maximize longevity, and (24) _______ certain pharmaceuticals or
supplements can help improve your longevity.
Lifespans have increased pretty dramatically over the last century or so, in large part due to (25) _______
in medicine that have nearly eliminated certain deadly infectious diseases.
The average baby born in 1900 lived about a half-century. Nowadays, the life expectancy of people in the
United States is nearly 79 years on (26) _______ - 81 years for women and 76 years for men, and in some
countries, life expectancy is even longer.
It's very (27) _______ that humanity's true longevity might be much higher. Humans might live longer if
they can create the ideal conditions of a healthy diet and exercise.
23. A. with B. in C. for D. about
24. A. either B. neither C. whether D. if
25. A. advance B. advances C. advancing D. advancement
26. A. average B. purpose C. scale D. balance
27. A. perhaps B. maybe C. possible D. probably
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Currently, overweight and obesity represent a public health problem that affects populations of all
cultures, socioeconomic classes, and ages, including children. Obesity has been considered to result from
lifestyle changes, especially in food consumption, physical activity and sedentary tendencies, because the
environment has grown more obesogenic in recent decades. Regarding food habits, there have been the
following two opposing tendencies: 1) an increasing consumption of high-caloric industrialized foods and
beverages; for instance, Mexican school children obtain approximately 20.7% of their energy from
sweetened beverages, and 2) a decreasing consumption of natural and healthy foods, such as fruits,
vegetables, legumes and whole grains, which is a habit considered to be a risk factor for obesity.
Additionally, Western societies, including children, display an increased tendency toward sedentary
lifestyles, including resting, watching TV, traveling by car to and from school and performing less physical
activity. Physical activity has an important role in maintaining a healthy nutritional status, while sedentary
lifestyles are a risk factor for obesity and its comorbidities.
According to the Mexican National Nutrition Surveys, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity
in schoolchildren increased from 26.9% in 1999 to 34.8% in 2006. Although the 2012 survey indicates that
the prevalence of overweight and obesity has not increased over the past 6 years (34.4%), the percentage
is one of the highest among school-age children (5-11 years) in Latin America. The recent increase in the
problem is likely associated with changes in the lifestyles of families. Therefore, the aim of the present
study is to 1) characterize the dietary habits, exercise, and sedentary lifestyles of school children in Mexico
City according to eutrophic or obese nutritional status and 2) identify which habits regarding modified
foods or exercise styles lead children who live in an obesogenic environment to develop overweight or
obesity.
28. The passage mainly discusses _______.
A. causes of overweight and obesity B. causes and impacts of overweight and obesity
C. solutions of overweight and obesity D. overweight and obesity related diseases
29. It is stated in paragraph 1 that overweight and obesity is mainly caused by _______.
A. physical activity and sedentary tendencies
B. an increasing consumption of high-caloric foods
C. changes in people's lifestyles
D. a low consumption of healthy foods
30. The word "obesogenic" in the passage almost means _______.
A. causing dangers B. making obese C. gaining weight D. increasing calories
31. The word "which" in the passage refers to _______.
A. food habits
B. increasing consumption of high-caloric industrialized foods and beverages
C. a decreasing consumption of natural and healthy foods
D. obtaining energy from sweetened beverages
32. The word "display" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. describe B. show C. argue D. represent
33. The word "comorbidities" in the passage almost means _______.
A. obesity related diseases B. causes of obesity
C. symptoms of obesity D. obesity causing conditions
34. The main idea of paragraph 4 is _______.
A. the aim of the present study on dietary habits
B. the aim of the present study on overweight and obesity
C. the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity
D. sedentary lifestyles of school children in Mexico City
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Life expectancy estimates that describe the population as a whole suffer from a lack of reliable evidence
gathered from the earliest centuries.
In a 2010 article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences gerontologist and
evolutionary biologist Caleb Finch describes the average life spans in ancient Greek and Roman times as
short at approximately of 20 to 35 years, though he laments these numbers are based on “notoriously
unrepresentative” graveyard epitaphs and samples.
Moving forward along the historic timeline, Finch lists the challenges of deducing historic life spans and
causes of death in this information vacuum. As a kind of research compromise, he and other evolution
experts suggest a reasonable comparison can be made with demographic data from pre-industrial Sweden
(mid-18th century) and certain contemporary, small, hunter-gatherer societies in countries like Venezuela
and Brazil.
Finch writes that judging by this data the main causes of death during these early centuries would most
certainly have been infections, whether from infectious diseases or infected wounds resulting from
accidents or fighting. Unhygienic living conditions and little access to effective medical care meant life
expectancy was likely limited to about 35 years of age.
That’s life expectancy at birth, a figure dramatically influenced by infant mortality - pegged at the time as
high as 30 percent.
It does not mean that the average person living in 1200 A.D. died at the age of 35. Rather, for every child
that died in infancy, another person might have lived to see their 70th birthday. Early years up to the age
of about 15 continued to be perilous, thanks to risks posed by disease, injuries, and accidents. People who
survived this hazardous period of life could well make it into old age.
Other infectious diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, and smallpox would go on to limit longevity, but none
on a scale quite as damaging of the bubonic plague in the 14th century. The Black Plague moved through
Asia and Europe, and wiped out as much as a third of Europe’s population, temporarily shifting life
expectancy downward.
35. The passage mainly discusses _______.
A. what to consider to estimate humans' life expectancy in early centuries
B. how difficult it is to estimate humans' life expectancy in early centuries
C. the challenges that humans' life expectancy estimates have been facing
D. the factors affecting the accuracy of humans' life expectancy estimates
36. The word "laments" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. to be doubtful about B. to be contented with
C. to be dissatisfied with D. to be confident in
37. Which of the following was Caleb Finch NOT likely to do according to the passage?
A. He collected information about ancient Greece and Romance's average lifespan.
B. He suggested making a comparison with demographic data on historic life spans.
C. He assumed that infections would have been the main causes during early centuries.
D. He listed the challenges of deducing historic life spans in the early centuries.
38. The phrase "information vacuum" in the passage most likely refers to the fact that _______.
A. the information gathered lacks meaning
B. the information analyzed indicates nothing
C. the information collected is theoretical
D. the information collected is of low value
39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause of low life expectancy in early centuries?
A. Infections B. Little access to effective medical care
C. Unhygienic living conditions D. Civil wars
40. The word "perilous" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. death causing B. full of risk
C. staying healthy D. being infected with diseases
41. Which of the following was mentioned as the biggest cause of low life expectancy in 14 th century
Europe?
A. cholera B. tuberculosis C. smallpox D. plague
42. The word "wiped out" in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. destroyed B. killed C. attacked D. bit
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following
questions.
43. The survey collected information about lifestyle such as smoking and drinking habit, physical
activity and diet.
44. Technological advancement have opened new opportunities, changed lifestyles and disrupted
traditional patterns.
45. They think that physical activity and sedentary lifestyle may be one of the key determinants
of the growing rates of overweight obesity in western populations.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following
questions.
46. We live in a world where immediate and easy access to information is a standard expectation.
A. Immediate and easy access to information in the world we live in is a standard expectation.
B. Immediate and easy access to information is expected to be standardized in the world we live in.
C. People living in this world expect that immediate and easy access to information is a standard.
D. It is expected that immediate and easy access to information in the world we live in is a standard.
47. A healthy or unhealthy lifestyle will most likely be transmitted across generations.
A. It seems that healthy generations will most likely give birth to healthy offspring.
B. It is most likely that lifestyles will be passed from generation to generation.
C. Generations always copy a healthy or unhealthy lifestyle from one another.
D. It is believed that healthy or unhealthy lifestyle is transmitted across generations.
48. The only proven way to live longer is to live a healthy life.
A. If you want to live longer, then only prove to live a healthy life.
B. To live a healthy life is proved to be better than to live a life longer.
C. To live a healthy life is to live a long life, which has been proved.
D. Living a healthy life is proved to be the only way to live longer.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the
following questions.
49. The national average is 79 years. However, the poorest men in this city have a life expectancy of 54
years.
A. While the national average is 79 years, the poorest men in this city have a life expectancy of 54 years.
B. The national average life expectancy of 79 years is higher than that of the poorest men in this city.
C. The poorest men in this city have a life expectancy of 54 years, much lower than the national average.
D. The national average life expectancy is 25 years higher than that of the poorest men in this city.
50. Urban population grows and the effects of climate change worsen. Therefore, our cities have to adapt.
A. Our cities have to adapt if urban population grows and the effects of climate change worsen.
B. As the urban population grows and the effects of climate change worsen, our cities have to adapt.
C. Our cities are always adaptive to urban population growth and the effects of climate changes.
D. Urban population growth and effects of climate changes are worsening, which make our cities more
adaptive.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.
1. Since we didn’t come on time, we couldn’t finish the work
A. Not coming on time, we couldn’t finish the work B. Not come on time, we couldn’t finish the work
C. Not to come on time, we couldn’t finish the work D. Coming not on time, we couldn’t finish the work
2. As the water was polluted, we couldn’t drink it.
A. The water was polluted, we couldn’t drink it. B. The water being polluted, we couldn’t drink it.
C. The water polluted, we couldn’t drink it. D. The water was polluted, then we couldn’t drink it.
3. As Mr Smith gives me money, I like him very much.
A. Giving me money, Mr Smith likes me very much. B. Given me money, I like Mr Smith very much.
C. Given money by Mr Smith, I like him very much. D. Being given money, I like him very much.
4. The chairman entered, and he was accompanied by the police.
A. The chairman entered, accompanied by the police.
B. The chairman entered and accompanied by the police.
C. The chairman entered, accompanying by the police.
D. Accompanied by the police, the chairman entered.
5. After they had taken him to hospital, he became unconscious.
A. Having taken him to hospital, he became unconscious.
B. Having been taken to hospital, he became unconscious.
C. Being taken to hospital, he became unconscious.
D. Taking to hospital, he became unconscious.
Choose the best answer
1. ______ by poverty, she tried in vain to rob the local bank and ended up in a prison for 5 years.
A. Driving B. Having driving C. To drive D. Driven
2. Jane: “John is really upset about losing his job.”
– Jim: “Well, ______ once myself, I can understand.”
A. having been fired B. To be fired C. Having fired D. Being fired
3. I promise I’ll come tomorrow, ______.
A. if weather permit B. weather permitting C. weather permits D. weather permitted
4. ______ , I’ve come to a different conclusion.
A. Examined the data B. Since examining the data
C. To have examined data D. Data examined
5. ______ unprepared for the exam, I felt sure I would get a low score.
A. Having B. Being C. For D. Because of
6. Dr. Benson resigned from his job at the hospital _____ spend more time with his son.
A. as a result of B. in addition to C. in order that D. so as to
7. After _____ every day for forty-five years, he did not know what to do with himself in retirement.
A. to be working B. to work C. working D. to have worked
8. _____ a great deal of money in his youth, he decided to retire and enjoy it.
A. Being made B. Having made C. To make D. Having been made
9. All his goals as an actor _____, his next big challenge was to direct a successful film.
A. to be achieved B. having been achieved C. to have achieved D. having achieved
10. The boss came back to work today, _____ fully from his quadruple by-pass operation.
A. recovered B. to have recovered C. having recovered D. to be recovered
11. _____ going out at the weekends and spending a lot of money, some people prefer to stay home with a
good book.
A. On account of B. Instead of C. While D. Just as
12. _____ just an hour before, I didn’t want to have dinner with them, but I did anyway so as not to look
rude.
A. Being eaten B. To have eaten C. To eat D. Having eaten
13. _____ an argument with her teacher, she still managed to get an A+ in maths.
A. However B. Even though C. In spite of D. Whereas
14. _____ visiting his grandmother, Jeremy went and bought her some flowers to surprise her.
A. Before B. Until C. While D. After
15. _____ starting the race, the drivers had had a last look around the cars to check that there was nothing
wrong with them.
A. While B. Before C. After D. Until
16. _____ going abroad for the first time, I hadn’t realized how similar people in other countries were.
A. Until B. After C. While D. When
17. I played basketball for the first time_____ at university, but now I have become quite good at the sport.
A. before B. since C. when D. after
18. The writing on this document is so tiny, so I need my glasses _____ read it.
A. so that B. so too C. and D. so as to
19. All ships must be fitted with radar _____ collide with each other when sailing in bad visibility.
A. so as to B. in order not to C. for D. consequently
20. When buying a used car, _____ being sold one with many problems, Thomas called his friend Dylan,
who is a mechanic, to have a look at it.
A. in order that B. for fear of C. seeing that D. so as not to
PART B
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in
pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. famine B. absorb C. admit D. global
2. A. capture B. transport C. atmosphere D. carbon
3. A. admit B. emit C. climate D. injure
4. A. infectious B. emission C. measure D. shortage
5. A. reduces B. diseases C. changes D. captures
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of
primary stress in each of the following questions.
1. A. carbon B. conjure C. worldwide D. absorb
2. A. balance B. capture C. release D. harvest
3. A. infectious B. numerous C. supporting D. contribute
4. A. atmospheric B. fertilizer C. ecological D. catastrophic
5. A. disrupted B. develop C. confession D. atmosphere
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following
sentences.
1. As emissions increase, it trap more heat in the atmosphere, leading to a period of unprecedented
A B C D
warming.
2. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the average temperature has raised by about 0.8°C and
A B C
this has far-reaching consequences.
D
3. It is claimed by scientists that climate change will affect the frequency and tension of
A B C
extreme events.
D
4. Global warming is a global emergency although it has caused abnormal climate change.
A B C D
5. In late October of 2012, the U.S. was struck by a devastated Atlantic storm in Hurricane Sandy,
A B
which was the deadliest and costliest to hit there that year.
C D
6. Having suffered water shortage in the past, we are all very economic on using water.
A B C D
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following sentences.
1. The rivers in the local area are heavily polluted ______ wastes released from nearby factories.
A. from B. with C. of D. in
2. Global warming is among many factors that drive many species of animals to the ______ of extinction.
A. verge B. period C. corner D. bottom
3. Many of our medicines are derived ______ animals and plants.
A. of B. from C. by D. to
4. More wildlife ______ need to be built to save animals from extinction.
A. zoos B. parks C. reserves D. regions
5. Global warming can ______ the ecological balance, bringing about terrible consequences.
A. rotate B. upset C. redress D. reverse
6. Conservation is a challenging job but we cannot ______.
A. give it on B. give it up C. put it on D. take it up
7. What needs to be done to save the animals that are ______ to extinction?
A. going B. nearly C. next D. close
8. Powdered rhino horn is said to be able to ______ people of their fever.
A. treat B. cure C. save D. rescue
9. A lot of ______ have been taken to reduce global warming and its consequences.
A. ways B. methods C. rules D. measures
10. Environmentalists are ______ stricter controls on the use of leaded petrol.
A. calling for B. asking for C. putting out D. doing up
11. The president of the company officially apologised to the local residents ____ having dumped a large
amount of raw sewage in the area.
A. about B. with C. at D. for
12. The city mayor praised all voluntary students ____ having cleaned the playgrounds for the children.
A. for B. because of C. at D. due to
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
The costs and benefits of global warming will vary greatly from area to area. For moderate climate change,
the balance can be difficult to assess. But the larger the change in climate, the more negative the
consequences will become. Global warming will probably make life harder, not easier, for most people This
is mainly because we have already built enormous infrastructure based on the climate we now have.
People in some temperate zones may benefit from milder winters, more abundant rainfall, and expanding
crop production zones. But people in other areas will suffer from increased heat waves, coastal erosion,
rising sea le more erratic rainfall, and droughts.
The crops, natural vegetation, and domesticated and wild animals (including seafood) that sustain people
in a given area may be unable to adapt to local or regional changes in climate. The ranges of diseases and
insect pests that are limited by temperature may expand, if other environmental conditions are also
favourable.
In its summary report on the impacts of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
stated, "Taken as a whole, the range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate
change are likely to be significant and to increase over time.”
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Environment pollution is real. B. Reasons why low-lying areas are flooded.
C. Solutions to global warming. D. Reasons why global warming is a problem.
2. Which of the following is TRUE as the result of global warming?
A. All people suffer from global warming. B. All people benefit from global warming.
C. Life is more difficult for the majority of people. D. Life is easier for most people.
3. In paragraph 1, the word “this” refers to ____.
A. harder life as a result of global warming B. easier life as a result of global warming
C. climate change on global scale D. flood in low-lying areas
4. In paragraph 2, the word “erratic” is closest in meaning to ____.
A. predictable B. unpredictable C. changeable D. unchangeable
5. According to the passage, all of the following are the results of global warming EXCEPT ____.
A. higher temperature B. coastal erosion
C. increasing sea level D. stable rainfall
6. What may happen to diseases and insect pests as a result of global warming?
A. They will become extinct. B. They will increase in number.
C. They will not harm our planet. D. They will be under good control.
Choose the best answer
1. While _____ work, I saw an old friend of mine.
A. I walking home from B. walking home from
C. walked home from D. walking home work
2. Before ___, I brushed my teeth.
A. left my house B. I leaving my house C. leaving my house D. my house leaving
3. I feel asleep ___ TV.
A. while I watch B. while watching C. while watched D. during I was watching
4. Since ___ to San Bernardino, Yih-Ping has made many friends.
A. coming B. come C. she coming D. she comes to
5. ___ yesterday, we saw many deer.
A. While we hiking through the woods B. Hiking through the woods
C. During hiking through the woods D. Hiking through the woods were we
6. ___ the age of 21, he was able to gamble in Las Vegas.
A. When reached B. Reached C. As reaching D. Upon reaching
7. ___, I discovered that my stereo had been stolen.
A. On that looking into my car B. When I look into my car
C. Looking into my car when I D. On looking into my car
8. ______ , we missed our plane.
A. The train is late B. The train was late C. To be late D. The train being late
9. Life expectancy in the third world is relatively short, ______ in the western world it has increased
substantially.
A. whereas B. unlike C. however D. contrary
10. ___ to buy a car, she took the bus every morning to work.
A. Because she unable B. Being unable
C. Having been unable D. Because unable
11. Gina bought a computer ______ at university in order to chat over the Internet with her friends back
home.
A. whereas B. thanks to C. during D. while
12. A man must have physical and mental power _______ be considered a brave man.
A. since B. for C. though D. in order to
13. ______, she went back to her room.
A. There was no cause for alarm B. Not to have cause for alarm
C. There being no cause for alarm D. Being no cause for alarm
14. ______, he remained optimistic.
A. Though wounded B. He was badly wounded
C. As he was wounded D. As badly wounded
15. _______, he will have to be punished.
A. If he has cheated B. Even if he cheated C. As if he cheated D. If cheated
16. The kid’s performance was wonderful_______
A. but for their informal training B. inasmuch as they had received no formal training
C. although their training was good D. in spite of the informal training they received
17. ______, the meeting began.
A. After we have sat down B. All of us having taken the seats
C. Our having seated D. Once coming
18. _______, 70 percent alcohol is more effective than 100 percent alcohol.
A. An antiseptic used B. How an antiseptic is used
C. When used as an antiseptic D. An antiseptic when used
antiseptic (n): thuốc sát trùng
19. Carbon dioxide may be absorbed by trees, or it may stay in the atmosphere when _______.
A. by releasing emissions from cars B. released from car emissions
C. cars that release emissions D. emissions are released by cars
20. _______ aware of the danger of smoking, many people can’t give it up.
A. In spite of B. Although C. Despite D. However
Choose the best answer which has the same meaning as the given sentence.
1. After he didn't pass the test, he hired a tutor.
A. Not after passing the test, he hired a tutor. B. After not passed the test, he hired a tutor.
C. After not passing the test, he hired a tutor. D. Not passed the test, he hired a tutor.
2. Since the professor wanted it , he talked to them about expectations.
A. Since wanted it, the professor talked to them about academic expectations.
B. Since wanting it, the professor talked to them about academic expectations.
C. Wanting it, the professor talked to them about academic expectations.
D. The professor talked to his students about academic expectations, wanted it.
3. Because he forgot his password, Sam was unable to use the bank machine.
A. Forgetting his password, Sam was unable to use the bank machine.
B. Having forgotten his password, Sam was unable to use the bank machine.
C. Forgotten his password, Sam was unable to use the bank machine.
D. Sam forgot his password, he was unable to use the bank machine.
4. Even though she had instructions not to, Faye opened the test booklet.
A. Though having been instructed not to, Faye opened the test booklet.
B. Despite instructions not to, Faye opened the test booklet.
C. Having instructions not to, Faye opened the test booklet.
D. Although the instructions not to, Faye opened the test booklet.
5. While he was listening to the lecture after lunch, Paul fell asleep.
A. During the lecture after lunch, Paul fell asleep.
B. On the lecture after lunch, Paul fell asleep.
C. While the lecture after lunch, Paul fell asleep.
D. Paul was listening to the lecture after lunch, he fell asleep.
6. Because Jim doesn’t like to drive, he always flies between Denver and Vail.
A. Not liking to drive, Jim always flies between Denver and Vail.
B. Not like to drive, Jim always flies between Denver and Vail.
C. Like not to drive, Jim always flies between Denver and Vail.
D. Having not liked to sleep, Jim always flies between Denver and Vail.
7. Because Kenichi crashed his car last month, his sister has to drive him everywhere he goes.
A. Because crashing his car last month, Kenichi's sister has to drive him everywhere he goes.
B. Crashing Kenichi's car last month, his sister has to drive him everywhere he goes.
C. Kenichi crashed his car last month, his sister has to drive him everywhere he goes.
D. Kenichi crashing his car last month, his sister has to drive him everywhere he goes.
8. Because she had never flown before, the little girl was surprised when her ears popped.
A. Having never flown in an airplane before, the little girl was surprised when her ears popped.
B. Having not flown before, the little girl was surprised when her ears popped.
C. Having never been flown before, the little girl was surprised when her ears popped.
D. The little girl was surprised when her ears popped, not having to fly before.
9. He wrote his first book after he recovered from a major illness.
A. He wrote his first book after recovering from a major illness.
B. He wrote his first book, recovering from a major illness.
C. Writing his first book, he recovered from a major illness.
D. He wrote his first book, and recovered from a major illness.
10. I had not checked if I had my ticket with me, so I arrived at the concert empty-handed.
A. Not checked if I had my ticket with me, so I arrived at the concert empty-handed.
B. Having not checked if I had my ticket with me, so I arrived at the concert empty-handed.
C. Not having checked if I had my ticket with me, I arrived at the concert empty-handed.
D. Not having been checked if I had my ticket with me, I arrived at the concert empty-handed.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
The Amazon rainforest is home to more than a third of all the world's species of plants, birds and animals.
Twenty per cent of all the birds in the world live in the rainforest. Scientists have discovered thousands of
types of plants and animals that can only be found there. There are thousands - probably millions more
that we haven't discovered yet. There are at least 2.5 million species of insects there. Imagine what would
happen if they all lost their home? It couldn't happen, could it? Unfortunately, it's happening right now.
Yet, the rainforest is big. But it's getting smaller. The problem is that people are cutting down the trees,
mainly to make room for cows. These provide meat and make money for their owners. This process of
cutting down trees is called ‘deforestation'.
The good news is that it is slowing down. In 2004, for example, more than 27,000 square kilometres were
cut down. That's an area bigger than Wales. In 2006, because of all the campaigns to save rainforest, it
dropped to just over 13,000 square kilometres. The bad news is that it's not enough. Scientists predict that
by 2030, the rainforest will have become smaller by 40%. It's possible that by the end of the 21st century,
the rainforest will have completely disappeared. With deforestation, thousands of the animals, birds, fish
and plants that live in the Amazon rainforest lose their home, their natural habitat. Some of them move to
other areas, but most of them die. Many species have already become extinct, and many more will if
deforestation continues. That will change the balance of life in the rainforest and could cause enormous
problems to the region's ecosystem.
There's another problem too. Trees and plants are a vital source of oxygen. If we cut them down, we lose
that oxygen. But it's worse than just that. With deforestation, the trees and plants are burnt. This sends
gases into the Earth's atmosphere, which stops some of the Earth's heat escaping. That then leads to the
temperature here on the ground going up. This increase in the world's temperature is called 'global
warming', and most scientists believe it's a very serious issue. If they stopped deforestation, it might help
prevent global warming.
1. Which title best summarises the main idea of the passage?
A. Chances for owners of cow ranches B. Threats to Amazon rainforest
C. Global warming effects D. Habitat destruction
2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. A fifth of all the birds in the world live in the rainforest.
B. 20% of all the animals in the world live in the rainforest.
C. Nearly two million species of insects are found in the Amazon rainforest.
D. Nearly half of the world's species of plants grow there.
3. In paragraph 1, the word "room” is closest in meaning to ____.
A. chamber B. flat C. area D. studio
4. In paragraph 2, the word "it” refers to ____.
A. room B. process C. rainforest D. deforestation
5. According the passage, which of the following is TRUE about Amazon rainforest?
A. It has become smaller by 40%. B. The deforestation is decreasing.
C. 25% of animal species are extinct now. D. The deforestation is under control.
6. In paragraph 2, the word “enormous” is closest in meaning to ____.
A. serious B. important C. common D. insignificant
7. What might help to restrain global warming?
A. increasing deforestation B. stabilising deforestation
C. ceasing cutting down trees D. clearing more trees for farming
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best completes each of the following exchanges.
1. - "I have thought of a way to save energy around the house!"" ______!"
A. Best wishes B. My dear C. Well done D. That's very well
2. - " ______ " - "All right then, if you insist."
A. She did it right then. B. Are you sure you won't come for a drink with us?
C. What seems to be the trouble? D. Everything was all right at the party, wasn't it?
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in
each of the following sentences.
1. The recent draught has led hundreds of victims to be famish and in terrible conditions.
A. extremely hungry B. in misery
C. completely senseless D. in debt
2. There were many differences of opinion regarding how contagious measles was and how it was
transmitted.
A. dangerous B. deadly C. mysterious D. communicable
3. We need to cut down on the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
A. intake B. retake C. uptake D. discharge
4. Land erosion is mainly caused by widespread deforestation.
A. afforestation B. reforestation C. logging D. lawn mowing
5. In the past, a lot of countries denied having contributed to global warming.
A. agreed B. refuted C. disapproved D. avoided
6. Global warming occurs when the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the heat from the sun.
A. catch B. discharge C. dispose D. release
7. Because farmers had been informed about the bad effects of chemical fertilisers, they started using
them sparingly on their farms.
A. carelessly B. moderately C. recklessly D. irresponsibly
8. Forests absorb and capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
A. take up B. take in C. take over D. take to
9. Water shortages are likely to delay economic growth and damage ecosystems.
A. aid B. advance C. deter D. defer
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in
each of the following questions.
1. Farmers turned to bio-fertilisers after they had been told about the dangers of chemical fertilisers.
A. trusted B. disbelieved C. counted on D. depended on
2. Some scientists are accused of not having reported the effects of climate change.
A. exonerated B. blamed C. charged D. complained
3. They were criticised for having acted irresponsibly towards the environment.
A. blamed B. commended C. condemned D. denounced
4. The factory was fined for having dumped a huge amount of rubbish into the river.
A. penalised B. levied C. compensated D. punished
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct word or phrase that
best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Despite the wealth of information campaigns telling people about global warming and its causes, most
people have yet to realize how severe the problem is. Coming climate changes could alter as (1) ______ as
one third of plant and animal habitats (2) ______ the end of the 22nd century. These changes could in (3)
______ cause widespread extinctions among plant and animal (4) ______ around the globe.
Coastal and island habitats are perhaps in the greatest danger (5) ______ they face the combined threats
of warming oceans and rising sea (6) ______. As habitats change, many animals will come (7) ______
intense pressure to find more suitable homes for themselves. Mass (8) ______ of at least some animals are
certainly to be expected, but the fact remains that many animals will simply not be able to move fast
enough.
Such dire predictions may sound alarmist, but they are based on the rather moderate estimate that the
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double by 2100. Many scientists believe, however, that
this figure is actually very conservative, and they claim that a tripling is (9) ______ more realistic. If they
are (10) ______, the effects on nature will be even more dramatic.
1. A. well B. much C. long D. far
2. A. at B. until C. by D. since
3. A. turn B. order C. result D. line
4. A. types B. categories C. genres D. species
5. A. although B. providing C. since D. therefore
6. A. heights B. levels C. extents D. tides
7. A. from B. across C. under D. by
8. A. migrations B. onslaught C. emigration D. extinctions
9. A. far B. quite C. really D. almost
10. A. precise B. true C. exact D. correct
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
The greenhouse effect is always reported as being a negative consequence of current human lifestyle
practices. However there certainly have been numerous suggestions of positive consequences of the
greenhouse effect.
A slight temperature increase in some of the colder parts of the world may improve conditions for
agriculture and changing rainfall patterns may favor some species over others. However, they do not
balance with overall negative impacts. The social, economic and ecological disorders brought about by
such climatic changes worldwide are projected to greatly outweigh regional benefits.
The impacts of global warming and climate change could become a source of increased tension between
nations and regions. While the developed, industrialized world is responsible for 75% of all CO 2 emissions,
these impacts will most likely hit hardest upon the poorer, underdeveloped parts of the world. For
example, as sea levels rise countries like Bangladesh will suffer much more from the loss of valuable and
populated lands than European or North American countries, even though they have emitted only a tiny
fraction of the greenhouse gases.
The effect of drowning coastlines could lead to hundreds of millions of climate refugees. Where will these
refugees go? How will they be cared for? Undoubtedly, such a disaster will seriously worsen the already
critical refugee problem in the world. A severe disorder of the world's food supplies through floods,
droughts, crop failures and diseases brought about by climate change would lead to famines, wars and civil
disorder in many countries.
1. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Greenhouse effect brings us more benefits than negative impacts.
B. Greenhouse effect brings us more negative impacts than benefits.
C. Current reports on the greenhouse effect are not accurate.
D. Reports should focus on suggestions of positions consequences of the greenhouse effect.
2. Which of the following will suffer most from the impacts of climate change?
A. The developed countries B. The developing countries
C. The countries with valuable and populated lands D. European or North American countries
3. Why will there be an increased tension between countries?
A. The developed countries are a source of disasters upon the underdeveloped countries.
B. The developed countries head lots of climate refugees to the underdeveloped countries.
C. The developed countries will suffer more than the underdeveloped countries.
D. The European or North American countries will lose more valuable and populated lands.
4. The word "tiny" in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. large B. small C. much D. considerable
5. According to the passage, climate change will result in all of the following EXCEPT .
A. coastline disorder B. refugee problem C. famine D. crop failure
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following
questions.
1. Having seen people suffer global warming consequences, we decided to reduce carbon footprints.
A. We decided to reduce carbon footprints before seeing people suffer global warming consequences.
B. We saw people suffer global warming consequences after we decided to reduce carbon footprints.
C. We decided to cut down on carbon footprints after we saw people suffer global warming consequences.
D. We decided to cut down on carbon footprints before we saw people suffer global warming
consequences.
2. Climate change leads to numerous catastrophic consequences.
A. Numerous catastrophic consequences result in climate change.
B. Numerous catastrophic consequences result from climate change.
C. Climate change results from numerous catastrophic consequences.
D. Numerous catastrophic consequences cause climate change.
3. The increase in earth's temperature can cause heat-related illnesses.
A. Heat-related illnesses result from the increase in earth's temperature.
B. Heat-related illnesses result in the increase in earth's temperature.
C. Heat-related illnesses lead to the increase in earth's temperature.
D. Heat-related illnesses trigger the increase in earth's temperature.
4. Carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhouse gases that cause global warming.
A. Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas that causes global warming.
B. Global warming results in greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide.
C. One of the main greenhouse gases that lead to global warming is carbon dioxide.
D. Global warming causes greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide.
5. Planting trees can contribute to reducing global warming.
A. Global warming can't be controlled by planting trees.
B. Planting trees is the only way to control global warming.
C. Planting trees can accelerate global warming.
D. Planting trees can help reduce global warming.
Exercise 12. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of
sentences in the following questions.
1. He said that he would take responsibility for his company's damage to the area. But then he denied that.
A. Having denied his company's damage, he took responsibility for it.
B. He denied having damaged to his company's area.
C. He denied having taken responsibility for the damage to his company's area.
D. He denied having said that he would take responsibility for his company's damage to the area.
2. He donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns. He was admired for that.
A. Unless he donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns, he was admired.
B. He was admired for having donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns.
C. If he had donated a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns, he would have been admired.
D. If he donates a lot of money to environmental protection campaigns, he will be admired.
3. They decided to cut down their carbon footprints. They were praised for that.
A. They were praised for having decided to decrease their carbon footprints.
B. They were not punished for having decided to decrease their carbon footprints.
C. Unless they decided to cut down their carbon footprints, they were praised for that.
D. If they decided to cut down their carbon footprints, they would be praised for that.
4. We have advised you on how to cut down your energy use. We remember that.
A. We can no longer remember having advised you on how to decrease your energy use.
B. We remember having advised you on how to maintain your energy use.
C. We remember having advised you on how to decrease your energy use.
D. We remember to have advised you on how to decrease your energy use.
5. Some scientists have distorted the effects of climate change. They were accused of that.
A. Some scientists were accused of having falsify the effects of climate change.
B. Some scientists were accused of having been honest about the effects of climate change.
C. Although some scientists have distorted the effects of climate change, they were not accused.
D. Some scientists were accused of having falsified the effects of climate change.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the
questions.
Typically, Pacific trade winds blow from east to west, transporting warm surface waters westward, east of
Indonesia and northeast of Australia. Thus, the water maintains a cold temperature for much of the year.
This is achieved by an upwelling of cold deep ocean-water, which benefits fisheries in the Pacific Ocean
lying near the equator. However, these trade winds sometimes lose or gain strength in the Northern
Hemisphere. This leads to an effect known as the Southern Oscillation which refers to the two recurring
weather patterns of El Nino and La Nina.
El Nino, meaning the "boy," is the phenomenon that results in the temperature of the sea surface off the
coast of Peru increasing. This condition typically lasts for at least six months. Thus, there is a reduction in
dissolved oxygen in the ocean so marine life declines devastating fisheries. It also fuels major differences in
air pressure near the Pacific Ocean, which in turn leads to more severe weather events including droughts,
increased precipitation, flooding, and even cyclonic storms like hurricanes. Usually, the eastern Pacific
region has an upswing in heavy rains to cause flooding, and in contrast, Australia and Indonesia have
droughts, often with accompanying forest fires. These two opposing weather events hurt agriculture. For
instance, the 1982 — 1983 El Nino, recognized as the worst weather event of the century, hit hard in the
U.S. by dropping huge amounts of rainfall on the southern California coast, which resulted in millions of
dollars of damage while necessitating the evacuation of 10,000 people.
El Nino counterpart, La Nina, meaning "the girl," contrastingly forms when Pacific trade winds grow more
powerful than usual. It is the result of the cooler-than-average temperatures of South American equatorial
surface waters which cause global cooling. La Nina's duration usually lasts for 9 to 12 months and although
forming in the Pacific region, it can wreak havoc across large swaths of the world. During the winter
months, the western Pacific areas including Australia, Malaysia, and the Philippines have much greater
rainfall. Conversely, unusually dry conditions settle in over North America's Gulf Coast and large sections of
South and Central America as well. Additionally, in the Canadian and American West, there is a cooling
effect.
By studying the patterns of the El Nino and La Nina cycles, meteorologists have come to better understand
their impacts on global weather phenomena. They are thus better able to make predictions especially in
terms of not only the strength of each stage, but also when either will fizzle out or begin again, allowing
governments to better prepare for floods and droughts which come with each cycle and to prevent billions
of dollars in losses and damage. Thereby, the areas under their influence need accurate forecasts to reduce
the wide-reaching effects these phenomena have across many facets of both the environment and the
economy.
1. The word "upwelling" in the passage most likely means ________.
A. climbing B. surging C. rising D. fluctuating
2. Which of the following is stated in paragraph 1 ?
A. Cold water is conducive to marine life and beneficial to the fishing industry
B. El Nino and La Nina are yearly recurrences affecting the Earth's climate and weather systems
C. Some regions in Indonesia and Austria are often damaged by the Southern Oscillation.
D. Trade winds blow to the east across the Pacific ocean cooling ocean temperatures.
3. Why are droughts, increased precipitation, flooding, and even cyclonic storms mentioned?
A. To compare the damage in the eastern and western Pacific regions
B. To name some of the devastating results of El Nino
C. To contrast the power between El Nino and La Nina
D. To show that there are worse outcomes compared to a difference in air pressure
4. The word "fuels" in the passage is closest in meaning to ________.
A. decreases B. increases C. supplies D. distinguishes
5. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 that ________.
A. one El Nino event can be expected to last at least half a year
B. Pacific trade winds that cause El Nino are weaker than ones that cause La Nina
C. El Nino is caused by a rise in water temperatures off Peru's shores
D. marine life is affected by lowered oceanic oxygen levels
6. The words "wreak havoc" in the passage is closest in meaning to ________.
A. bring benefits B. blow winds C. release heat D. cause damage
7. The word "They" in the passage refers to ________.
A. the El Nino and La Nina cycles B. meteorologists
C. global weather phenomena D. governments
8. The main purpose in paragraph 4 is to ________.
A. show the detrimental effects the El Nino and La Nina cycles have on the art of weather prediction
B. refute the idea that predictions are far too costly given their limited applications
C. demonstrate the importance of predicting the patterns of the Southern Oscillation
D. emphasize the excellence of the current scientific technology used in prediction
9. According to the passage, all of the following are mentioned EXCEPT ________.
A. the equatorial region in the Pacific Ocean in which the circulation of cold water mostly occurs
B. meteorologists' capability to forecast the strength of cyclonic storms
C. Malaysia's higher levels of precipitation in winter when there is a La Nina
D. experts' prediction power to state when each cycle of El Nino and La Nina will start and stop
10. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. More government money will be spent on technology to better predict the phenomena and save money
in the long run.
B. Global warming will change the patterns of El Nino and La Nina in a few years.
C. Countries whose economy is largely dependent upon fishing would place a higher value on prediction
than countries which rely primarily upon agriculture.
D. The government of Peru pays more attention to monitoring ocean temperatures than other countries
do.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following
sentences.
1. Many species are threatened with extinction due to deforestation and loss of habitat.
A. Deforestation and loss of habitat threaten many species so that they will become extinct.
B. Many species lost their habitat because of deforestation and now they are extinct.
C. Deforestation and loss of habitat are driving many species to the verge of extinction.
D. Many species are extinct, so they run the risk of deforestation and loss of habitat.
2. Motor vehicles running on petrol are responsible for a large amount of carbon dioxide emission.
A. Because of releasing a large amount of carbon dioxide, motor vehicles run on petrol.
B. A large amount of carbon dioxide emission results from motor vehicles running on petrol.
C. A large amount of carbon dioxide emission causes motor vehicles to run on petrol.
D. Emitting a large amount of carbon dioxide is one of the responsibilities of motor vehicles running on
petrol.
3. Global warming has proven truly catastrophic for the environment.
A. The environment has been made catastrophic by global warming.
B. It is true that global warming is a catastrophe caused by the environment.
C. It has been proven that global warming is harmful to the environment.
D. The environment has been truly dangerous because of global warming.
4. The alarming rate of deforestation results in damage to the quality of the land.
A. It is alarming that deforestation damages the quality of the land.
B. The quality of the land deteriorates as the result of the alarming rate of deforestation.
C. The alarming rate of deforestation results from damage to the quality of the land.
D. The damage to the quality of the land is to blame for the alarming rate of deforestation.
5. Not many people are aware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
A. People are totally unaware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
B. People are fully aware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
C. The dangers of plastic bags to the environment came to the attention of only a few.
D. It is time that people were aware of the dangers of plastic bags to the environment.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences given.
1. The company had dumped large amounts of waste into the river. It was strongly criticized for that.
A. Having been strongly criticized, the company dumped large amounts of waste into the river.
B. The company had dumped large amounts of waste into the river, which was strongly criticized.
C. Dumping large amounts of waste into the river is critical to the company's strength.
D. The company was strongly criticized for having dumped large amounts of waste into the river.
2. Electronic devices use energy. They do it even when they are turned off
A. Even when turned off, electric devices use energy.
B. Electronic devices use energy unless they are turned off.
C. Because of their energy use, electronic devices are turned off.
D. In spite of their energy use, electronic devices are turned off.
3. There are some ways to help reduce global warming. Cutting down energy use is one of them.
A. Cutting down energy use is the only way to reduce global warming.
B. Global warming is among many ways to cut down energy use.
C. Helping reduce global warming is a way to cut down energy use.
D. Cutting down energy use is one of the ways to reduce global warming.
4. Jonas had come up with a way to help save energy used in class. His classmates admired him for that.
A. Having come up with a way to help save energy used in class, his classmates admired Jonas.
B. Having come up with a way to help save energy used in class, Jonas earned his classmates' admiration.
C. Jonas admired his classmates for having come up with a way to help save energy used in class.
D. Being admired by his classmates, Jonas came up with a way to help save energy used in class.
5. Sara's classmates said that she littered on the school yard. She denied it.
A. Sara denied having littered on the school yard.
B. Sara denied her friends' littering on the school yard.
C. Having littered on the school yard, Sara's classmates denied it.
D. As Sara denied it, her classmates said that she littered on the school yard.