D and F Block

D-Block Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
- Last electron enter in (n-I)d orbital
Penaltimate shell
General Electronic Configuration Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru z Rh Pd Ag Cd
(n-1) d1-10 ns0-2

La Hf Ta W Re Os Jr Pt Au Hg
Group- to Group- I

Transition Element Properties

- Incompletely filled d-orbital either in the Ground state or in oxidation • High Tensile Zn
state • Malleable, Ductile Cd Do not form
• Lusturous z Hg lattice
Mn ---- [Ar] 3d5 4s2 Mn
z filled d-orbital
Incompletely • High Thermal and electrical conductivity
Cu ---- [Ar] 3d10 4s1 • Less volatile
Cu ---- [Ar] 3d10 4s0
Cu ---- [Ar] 3d9 4s0
M..P and B.P
Incompletely filled d-orbital More no of valence electron(unpaired electron) -→More metallic bonding -→More is Mp/Bp
Note: G-6 G-12
D-Block – Group to Group Cr Max unpaired electron Zn
Min Mp/Bp
Mo i.e Highest Mp/Bp Cd
Transition Element – Group to Group W Hg
z
Group I
Zn
Cd Enthalpy of Atomization
Hg
-Energy required to break metal latticezand convert into gaseous atom
D-Block - Vanadium ( 3d series) has max Enthalpy of atomization

Period d series -→
Atomic Size
Period d series -→ Factors Affecting atomic Size –
z I) Zeff
Period d series -→ II) Screening Effect

Period d series -→ Size I/size Screening Effect

Lanthanoids Period-6
Period-7
Atomic size: d < d d
Actinoids (Lanthanoid Contraction)

3d-series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Lanthanoids Series(f-block) Lanthanum
Actinoids zActinium Zeff > Screening Effect Zeff >Screening Effect
Element(d-block) Zeff < Screening Effect
 Ionization Energy Oxide
3d-series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
3d Series
I.E of Zn Cd Hg is highest due to d fullyfilled orbital
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
TRICK : -
267 VO CrO MnO FeO
Sc2O3 TiO CoO NiO CuO ZnO
TiO2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Co2O3 Cu2O
Oxidation State TiO2 V2O4
V2O5
CrO2 MnO2 Fe3O4
Mn3O4
- All d-block element show variable Oxidation State except Sc , Zn . CrO3 Mn2O7

Max O.S = +8
( Os , Ru )
3d Series
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Magnetic Property
+3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6 - Zero unpaired - Atleast one
+7 electron unpaired electron
- Repelled by - Attraction by - Very Strong attraction
magnetic field. magnetic field. by magnetic field
Halides and Oxides
Halides n= no. of unpaired
electron
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Colour of Compound
- Imparts colour in compound due to unpaired electron
No Halide - KMnO is purple in colour
- Sc and Zn are colourless due to zero unpaired electron
MnF7 Does not exist (Steric Hindrance)

MnO3F exist Catalytic Property

- They show variable oxidation state
- Cu2X2 exist except Cu2I2
Contact Process –
Notes: Haber’s Process –
- Cu+ compound are unstable in aqueous medium and undergoes Hydrogenation -
disproportionation
2 Cu+(aq) → Cu+2 (aq) + Cu(s) Interstitial Compounds
Reason: - Small atoms like H , C , N ,B occupy interstitial sites (void).
Properties of interstitial Compound
- In aqueous medium Cu is more stable than Cu due to high H.E
- High melting point
- Very hard
- Chemically inert
- Have metallic conductivity
 Alloy formation Potassium Permanganate KMnO4
- Mixture of two or more metals Preparation :- from Pyrolusite ore (MnO )
- To form alloy, size of metal should be almost same
MnO2 + KOH + O2 → K2MnO4 (Manganate ion) Green
BRASS – Cu + Zn
BRONZE – Cu + Sn MnO4-2 → MnO4- + MnO2 + H20
Gun Metal- Cu + Sn + Zn Paramanganate ion (Purple)
GermanSilver- Cu + Zn + Ni
- Has also have commercial preparation and thru lab method

Manganate ion (MnO Paramanganate ion (MnO

Electrode Potential (Reduction Potential)
G= -nFE
E = +ve (reaction is Possible)
E= -ve (reaction is not Possible)

Cu has +ve electrode Potential.

Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
Thus Cu cannot displace H

Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

NOTE-
Preparation:-
Chromite ore( FeCr2O4 )+ Washing Soda ( Na2CO3) Lower Oxidation State – Basic
1) FeCr2O4 + Na2CO3 + O2 → Na2CrO4 + Fe2O3 + CO2 Intermediate Oxidation State – Amphoteric
Sodium chromate(yellow) Higher Oxidation State- Acidic
2) Na2CrO4 +[H ] → Na2Cr2O7
+

V2O3 → Basic
3) Na2Cr2O7 + KCl → K2Cr2O7 + NaCl
Potassium Dichromate(Orange) V2O5 → Amphoteric
CrO → Basic
Diagram:- Cr2O3 → Amphoteric
Chromate Dichromate CrO3 → Acidic
Mn2O7 → Acidic

CrO4-2 (yellow) Cr2O72- (Orange)

- Potassium dichromate is strong oxidising agent in acidic medium

Chromyl chloride Test

Metal chloride + conc. H2SO4 + KrCr2O7

CrO2Cl2 (Chromyl Chloride) Red vapour