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Tutorial Problems

This document contains 23 exercises involving concepts related to linear algebra such as subspaces, linear independence, bases, and dimension. The exercises cover topics like showing that a set is a subspace, finding bases, determining linear independence, and computing dimensions of vector spaces.

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Noob Shuklaji
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© © All Rights Reserved
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26 views3 pages

Tutorial Problems

This document contains 23 exercises involving concepts related to linear algebra such as subspaces, linear independence, bases, and dimension. The exercises cover topics like showing that a set is a subspace, finding bases, determining linear independence, and computing dimensions of vector spaces.

Uploaded by

Noob Shuklaji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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spanda@maths.iitkgp.ac.

in 1

Tutorial problems: 1

[0.0.1] Exercise Fix A ∈ Mn (R). Let U = {B ∈ Mn (R) : AB = BA}.


a) Show that U is a subspace of Mn (R).
b) Let W = {a0 I + a1 A + · · · an Am |m ∈ N0 := N ∪{0}, ai ∈ R}. Show that W is a subspace of U.

[0.0.2] Exercise Write 4 nontrivial subspaces of R4 .

[0.0.3] Exercise Show that u1 , · · · , uk ∈ Rn are linearly independent iff Au1 , · · · , Auk are linearly
independent for any invertible An .
k
P k
P
[0.0.4] Exercise Show that u1 , · · · , uk ∈ V is linearly independent iff ai1 ui , · · · , aik ui are linearly
i=1 i=1
independent for any invertible Ak×k . Show that {u, v} is linearly independent iff {u + v, u − v} is
linearly independent.

Let Ui , i = 1, . . . , k be subspaces of a vector space V.


[0.0.5] Exercise
k
P
a) Then Ui := U1 + · · · + Uk is the smallest subspace of V which contains each Ui .
i=1
k
L
b) Then V = Ui := U1 ⊕ U2 ⊕ · · · ⊕ Uk iff for each vector v ∈ V there exist unique vectors
P i=1
ui ∈ Ui such that v = ui .
Lk P Pk
Here Ui := i Ui given that Ui ∩ Uj = {0} for each i.
i=1 j=1,j6=i

     
4 a 4
[0.0.6] Exercise Let S = {5,  2, 3}. Find the values of a for which ls(S) 6= R3 .
6 4 2

[0.0.7] Exercise Give 2 bases for the trace 0 real symmetric matrices of size 3 × 3. Extend these bases
to bases of the real symmetric matrices of size 3 × 3. Extend these bases to bases of the real matrices
of size 3 × 3.

[0.0.8] Exercise Consider W = {v ∈ R6 |v1 + v2 + v3 = 0, v2 + v3 + v4 = 0, v4 + v5 + v6 = 0}. Supply a


basis for W and extend it to a basis of R6 .

[0.0.9] Exercise How will you define an IP on R[x]?

[0.0.10] Exercise Let S = {e1 + e4 , −e1 + 3e2 − e3 } ⊆ R4 . Find S ⊥ .

[0.0.11] Exercise Show that there are infinitely many orthonormal bases of R2 .

[0.0.12] Exercise What is the projection of v = e1 + 2e2 − 3e3 on H : x1 + 2x2 + 4x4 = 0?

[0.0.13] Exercise Let V be a subspace of Rn . Then show that dim V = n − 1 iff V = {x : at x = 0} for
some a 6= 0.
spanda@maths.iitkgp.ac.in 2

[0.0.14] Exercise Let An×n be any matrix. TFAE.


(i) A is unitary. Unitary means (AA∗ = A∗ A = I).
(ii) For any orthonormal basis {u1 , · · · , un } of Cn the set {Au1 , · · · , Aun } is also an orthonormal
basis.

[0.0.15] Exercise Let V be an inner product space and S be a nonempty subset of V. Show that
(i) S ⊆ (S ⊥ )⊥ .
(ii) If V is finite dimensional and S is a subspace then (S ⊥ )⊥ = S.
(iii) If S ⊆ T ⊆ V, then S ⊥ ⊇ T ⊥ .
(iv) If S is a subspace then S ∩ S ⊥ = {0}.

[0.0.16] Exercise Let W1 = ls((1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0)) and W2 = ls((1, 0, 2), (1, 0, 4)). Show that W1 + W2 =
R3 . Give an example of a vector v ∈ R3 such that v can be written in two different ways in the form
v = v1 + v2 , where v1 ∈ W1 , v2 ∈ W2 .

[0.0.17] Exercise Check that each of the following sets is vector space with respect to usual addition
and scalar multiplication.
(i) The set of all real sequences over the field F = R.
(ii) The set of all bounded real sequences over the filed R.
(iii) The set of all convergent real sequences over the field R.
(iv) {(an ) | an ∈ R, an → 0} over the field R.
(v) The set of all eventually 0 sequences over the field R. We call (xn ) eventually 0 if ∃k s.t. xn = 0
for all n ≥ k.
(vi) P(x)= {p(x) | p(x) is a real polynomial in x} over the field R.
(vii)P5 (x)= {p(x) ∈ R[x] | degree of p(x) ≤ 5} over the field R.
(viii) {An×n | aij ∈ R, A upper triangular} over the field R.

[0.0.18] Exercise Consider Pn (x) and P(x) over R. Check that each of the following sets is subspace
or not.
(i) {P (x) ∈ P3 (x)|P (x) = ax + b, a, b ∈ R}.
(ii) {P (x) ∈ P|P (0) = 0}.
(iii) {P (x) ∈ P|P (0) = 1}.
(iv) {P (x) ∈ P|P (−x) = P (x)}.
(v) {P (x) ∈ P|P (−x) = −P (x)}.

[0.0.19] Exercise Find basis and dimension for each of the following vector spaces.
(i)Mn (C) over R.
(ii)Hn (C), n × n Hermitian matrices, over R.
(iii)Sn (C), n × n Skew-Hermitian matrices, over R.

[0.0.20] Exercise Check that each of the following vector space is finite dimensional or infinite dimen-
sional.
(i) The set of all real sequences over the field F = R.
spanda@maths.iitkgp.ac.in 3

(ii) The set of all bounded real sequences over the field R.
(iii) The set of all convergent real sequences over the field R.
(iv) {(an ) | an ∈ R, an → 0} over the field R.
(v) The set of all eventually 0 sequences over the field R.
(vi) We call (xn ) eventually 0 if ∃k s.t. xn = 0 for all n ≥ k.
(vii)P(x)= {p(x) | p(x) is a real polynomial in x} over the field R.
(viii)P5 (x)= {p(x) ∈ R[x] | degree of p(x) ≤ 5} over the field R.

[0.0.21] Exercise Find basis and dimension for each of the following vector spaces.
(i) Mn (C) over R.
(ii) Hn (C), n × n Hermitian matrices, over R.
(iii) Sn (C), n × n Skew-Hermitian matrices, over R.

[0.0.22] Exercise For what values α are the vectors (0, 1, α), (α, 1, 0) and (1, α, 1) in R3 linearly inde-
pendent?

[0.0.23] Exercise If S and T are two subspaces of a vector spaces having a common complement set
W , does it follows that S = T ?

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