(Syllabus)

Section 1
Decline of Mughal Empire
East India Company
Reformers
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
War of Independence 1857
Languages
(Syllabus)
Section 2
1905 (Partition of Bengal) to 1947 (creation of
Pakistan)
(Syllabus)
Section 3
1947 to 1999 + International relations
Level marking (except for 'a' part of each Q)
The Paper has 2 sections.
i) Section (25 marks) - This is a compulsory question made up of four parts: (a), (b), (c), and (d),
which are linked by a common theme.
Parts (a) and (b) are source-based questions using historical sources, either text or pictures/
graphic.
a) 3 mark question ....(point marking)
b) 5 mark question.....(level marking)
c) 7 mark question (level marking)
d) 10 mark evaluative question (level marking)

ii) Section B (50 marks) – candidates should answer two questions from a choice of four.
Each question carries 25 marks.
Each question has 3 parts;
a) 4 mark descriptive question (point marking)
b) 7 mark question (level marking)
c) 14 mark evaluative question (level marking)

Q: WHY WAS BENGAL PARTITIONED IN 1905? [7]

• Firstly, the population of Bengal was very high. It was ten times the population of Britain. As, it was
difficult to manage such a large population effectively, hence the British partitioned Bengal for the welfare
of the people.
• Bengal was one of the largest provinces of India and so it was very difficult for the British to rule such a
huge area effectively, as a single unit. Thus, the British partitioned Bengal into two units East and West
Bengal to improve administration and for efficient governance.
• After the WOI 1857, British-Muslim relationship were poor as Muslims were solely blamed for the
outbreak of war and so they were suppressed by the British. However, by 1905 British changed their

1
opinion and viewed Muslim as an important community. The British partitioned Bengal in such a way that
Muslims were given a state where they were in majority. Thus it can be rightly said that the British
partitioned Bengal in order to get Muslims support.
• Hindus were becoming stronger in Bengal and were asking for more reforms through Congress. The
British were greatly worried by this fact and in an effort to break Hindu unity, the British partitioned Bengal
so that Hindu threat was removed.
•There were some anti-British movements in India in the late 19th and early 20th century e.g. Tilak of
Poona made impassioned speeches and wrote articles to motivate Indians towards freedom from British.
Furthermore, there were also some societies which sprang up aiming to get rid of the British. The British
feared this fact because it was a threat to their rule and so in order to strengthen their position and
suppress such activities, one of the measures they took was to partition Bengal.

Q: What was POB?

● In 1905
● By Lord Curzan
● Divided Bengal into Two parts (East and West Bengal)
● Hindus viewed this as British Divide and Rule Policy.
● Muslims Viewed this as a Positive step as they will evade Hindu Domination in Bengal.

Q: Why was the Partition of Bengal reversed in 1911? [7]

OUTLINE
1. Large scale Hindu Protest
2. Assassination attempt
3. Swadeshi Movement
• Firstly, Hindus started large scale riots because they were not pleased with POB. They created a law and
order situation in order to reverse the POB. This worried the British and as a result the POB was reversed to
restore peace.
• Hindus not only started hundreds of protests against the British government but they also targeted
British officials e.g. they tried to assassinate the future viceroy, Lord Minto. This worried the British and as a
result the Partition was reversed to keep the British officials safe.
• The Swadeshi Movement was started by Hindus in retaliation to the POB. In this movement they
boycotted British goods and opted for locally produced items. This badly affected the British economy and
thus forced them to reverse POB so that they could restore their trade & profits.
Q: What was The RPOB?
● 1911
● Viceroy Lord Harding agreed to reverse the Partition Of Bengal e.g.
● Swadeshi Movement
● Muslims were Annoyed

Q: The Reasons of POB were more important than its reversal?[14]

L3/ Reversal Points
L4/ Why was it reversed

2
 Q: Were Geographical reasons the most important factor for the partition of Bengal? Explain Your
Answer.
● L3 GEOGRAPHIC
● L4 OTHER
WHAT WAS THE SWADESHI MOVEMENT? [4]
● In 1905.
● Hindus were furious with the partition as they saw it as part of the British divide and rule policy.
● The Swadeshi Movement was a boycott of British goods and bought only Indian produced goods.
● British sugar, salt and cloth especially suffered and cotton in particular.
● British cloth was burnt on bonfires.
● People fenced the shops selling foreign goods

Q: The reasons for POB were more important than the reasons for its reversal. (14)
L3/REVERSED
L4/WHY

Q: Was Partition of Bengal the most important reason why Muslims arranged the Simla deputation in
1906? Explain your answer. [10]
L3/ POB
L4/ OTHER REASONS

SIMLA DEPUTATION 1906

[QUESTIONS]
Why was there a Simla Deputation in 1906? [7]
Why was Simla Deputation of 1906 important for the Muslims of India? [7]
WHY WAS THERE A SIMLA DEPUTATION IN 1906? [7]
● To get assurity that POB was right
● To protect Political rights.
● To protect the cultural Identity
● Arya Samaj
● Liberal Government/ Separate Electorates
• Muslims were happy with the POB as they got a Muslim majority area to live where they were free from
Hindu dominance. However, Hindus were against the POB as they believed that it was done to break Hindu
unity and so started large scale protests to reverse it. This worried the Muslims because they feared the
British might reverse the POB because of Hindu pressure. Hence a group of Muslims went to the viceroy
Lord Minto, to get an Assurance that the Partition was permanent.
• Congress was the main political party of India which was dominated by Hindus and was only working for
the rights of Hindus e.g. it demanded a political system in India based on British lines. Such demands

3
worried the Muslims about their political future in India and so a group of Muslims went to meet the
viceroy in order to protect their political rights.
•Hindus wanted Hindi to be made the official language of India instead of Urdu. This worried the Muslims
as Urdu was very important for their culture. Hence, they went to meet the viceroy to protect their cultural
identity and to get an assurance that official language would not be changed.
• Some extremist groups like Arya Samaj were carrying out militant activities and were forcing non-Hindus
to convert to Hinduism. This was viewed by Muslims as a threat to their religion, hence they arranged Simla
deputation so that their religious rights could be protected.
• The new liberal Government in Britain decided to increase the number of elected Indians in Government.
This worried the Muslims as they knew that Hindus would win every election because of their large
population and Muslims would not be properly represented in the council. Therefore, they arranged a
Simla deputation to get a separate electorate for themselves so that they can be properly represented in
the council.

Q: WHAT WAS THE SIMLA DEPUTATION? [4]

● 1906
● led by Agha Khan
● 35 members visited Minto, the Viceroy to make some requests
● Muslims demanded separate electorate
● They also wanted extra seats in the councils, i.e. more than their population
● Minto agreed to these proposals.
● Encouraged Muslims to have a political party of their own (ML)

Q: WHY WAS SIMLA DEPUTATION IMPORTANT FOR THE MUSLIMS OF INDIA? [7]
OR
WHY WAS SIMLA DEPUTATION AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT? [7]
OUTLINE
Success of Simla Deputation/ ML
S.E/ B-M relationship
Rivalry extended to political level
Q: Why was Simla Deputation Important for Muslims of India? (7)

After the success of Simla Deputation, Muslims realized that British were accepting their demands
e.g. separate electorates and so it was the right time to get their demands accepted as British were
considerate towards them. This encouraged them to put forward their demands in an organized
manner through a political platform. Thus Simla Deputation was important because it led to the
formation of Muslim league was formed which not only to safeguard the political rights of Muslims
but it also became the founder party of Pakistan.

4
In Simla Deputation 1906. British accepted Muslim demands like Separate electorates. This was
important for the Muslims as British were now ready to accept Muslims political demands which
improved British-Muslim relationship after a long time.

The acceptance of Muslim demands in Simla deputation by the British e.g Separate Electorate, enraged the Hindus as
it was against them. As a result, the H-M rivalry which previously existed in social aspects was now extended to
political level. Hence, this reaction strengthened the Two Nation Theory which can be seen as a step towards the
creation of Pakistan.

Q: Why was Muslim league formed in 1906? [7]

Muslims were happy with the partition of Bengal as they got a Muslim Majority area to live where they
weren't forced From Hindu Dominance. However, the Hindus were against POB as they believed it was
done to break Hindu unity & so they started large scale protests to reverse it. This worried Muslim League
as they Feared POB might be reversed as a result at the large scale protests. Hence, ML was forced to
counter Hindu Agitation.
The congress was the main political Party of India which was dominated by Hindus and was the only
working For Rights of Hindus e.g. Demanded Political Party in India based on British Lines. Such demands
worried the Muslims as their Political Future in India and so ML was formed to put forward their demands
so that their rights could be protected.
Hindus wanted Hindi to be made the official Language instead of Urdu. This worried the Muslims as urdu
was important for culture. Hence, the ML was formed to protect cultural identity and to give assurance that
the official language would not be changed.
Some extremist groups like Arya Samaj were carrying out militant activities & were forcing non Hindus to
convert to Hinduism. This was viewed by the Muslims as a threat to the religion, hence they formed ML so
that their religious rights could be protected.
After the success of Simla Deputation, Muslims realized that British were accepting their demands e.g.
separate electorates and so it was the right time to get their demands accepted as British were considerate
towards them. This encouraged them to put forward their demands in an organized manner through a
political platform. Thus Simla Deputation was important because it led to the formation of Muslim league
was formed which not only to safeguard the political rights of Muslims but it also became the founder
party of Pakistan.
Sir Feroz Shah Mehta, who was the president of Congress in 1906 refused to accept Muslims as an
important community of India. This enraged the Muslim leaders, they all come to a single conclusion that
they must have a party of their own rights not only to protect their political rights but also to develop their
image as the second largest community of India.
British had already partitioned Bengal and agreed to Muslims political demands eg. Separate electorates in
Simla Deputations. The Muslims were humbled by this fact and in return for the concession given by the
British, they felt that they needed to pay back the British. This ML was formed to remove the
misunderstanding between the communities by improving British - Muslim relationship to show loyalty to
the British.

Q: “Was loyalty to the British the main aim for the creation of Muslim League.” Explain your answer.

5
L3/ Loyalty to The British
L4/ Other Reasons
Q: What Was Arya Samaj?
● Formed By Dayananda Saraswati
● Formed in 1877
● Was influential in Punjab
● Aimed at Purifying corrupt Hindu Practices
● Also carried out Militant Activities
● Forcefully converted Non- Hindus into Hinduism

MMR
Q:WHY WERE MORLEY MINTO REFORMS OPPOSED BY THE HINDUS/CONGRESS IN 1909? [7]
• In the Morley Minto reforms (MMR) of 1909, Muslims were granted separate electorates in the council.
This meant that Muslim representatives would be elected by Muslim voters. This angered Congress as they
believed such a demand was UNDEMOCRATIC and so they opposed MMR.
• In the Morley Minto reforms (MMR) in 1909, Muslims were granted extra seats (more seats than their
population percentage) in different councils. This annoyed Congress as they did not like improved political
status of Muslims and felt that such a concession was far too much for a minority like Muslims. Hence they
opposed it.
•Thirdly, although the number of elected Indians were increased in different councils, their role was just
advisory and they had no real powers to make or amend laws. Thus, this enraged Congress as they wanted
"Self-Rule"& and so they opposed the MMR.
Q: WHAT WERE THE MORLEY MINTO REFORMS? [4]
● 1909
● The Indian Council Act was passed in the British parliament.
● Reforms like a separate electorate were given to the Muslims.
● Congress called it "undemocratic".
●
● No. of seats in both the Provincial and Executive council were also increased.
● Council could just advise and had no real powers so Congress opposed it.

1905-1911
Q1: How successful were British Muslim relationship between 1905-1911? Explain your answer. [14]
Q2: How successful were Hindu Muslim relationship between 1905-1911? Explain your answer. [14]
Q3: Was Partition of Bengal the most important event which affected Hindu-Muslims relationship
between 1905-11? Explain your answer. [14]

6
Q1: How successful were British Muslim relationship between 1905-1911? Explain your answer. [14]
Q1 ans: In 1911, British Viceroy Lord Harding reversed partition of Bengal. It can be said that the British
reversed POB due to Hindu protests, Sawadeshi movement and assassinations attacks. Thus this worsened
B-M relationship as Muslims Loyalty wasn't enough in front of the British to stop Reversal of POB.
Successes
In 1905, British Partitioned Bengal into east and west Bengal by lord Curzan. This improved
B-M relationship as Muslims Got free area to live without Hindu threats.
In 1905 Swadeshi Movement was started by Hindus to give the British an economic Loss as they were not
reversing Partition Of Bengal. Muslims in order to get British Support boycotted this movement. Thus when
the British saw Muslims loyalty towards them, the relations increased further.
In 1906, Simla Deputation took place in which Sir Agha Khan along with 35 members went
to the Lord Minto to get their demands done. However, British accepted All demands e.g
Urdu should be official Language, Separate Electorate etc and Muslims were very happy as
after 1857, for the first time Muslims were given some hope which resulted in improved
relation.
In 1906, Formation of Muslim league took place in the times when Congress was opposing
British rule. However this can be seen as a Muslims formed Muslim league in order to
support the British through a Political Forum.
In 1909, the British granted Muslims Extra Seats in the Council more than their Population in MMR.
Muslims felt delighted as they were getting seats from 1/4 to 1/3 so the B-M relations got better.
In 1909, British granted Muslims Separate electorates by which Muslims were allowed to
select their own Muslim Candidate. Thus this can be seen as a British gift to Muslims for their loyalty, so
this can be deduced that B-M were getting better by both sides.

1911-1914
Q: Why did the British Muslim relations deteriorate between 1911 and 1914? [7]
Q: Why did the Hindu Muslim relations improve between 1911 and 1914? [7]
Q: WHY DID THE BRITISH MUSLIM RELATIONS DETERIORATE/Worsened BETWEEN 1911 AND 1914 [7]
OUTLINE
● Reversal of Partition of Bengal
● Change of aim to self-rule
● Morley-Minto reforms revisited
● Balkan states
In 1911. Reversal of Partition of Bengal took place. British promised Muslim in Simla Deputation that
partition is final. However when the British reversed it, Muslims felt betrayed as the British had broken
their promise. Thus, this worsened British Muslim relations as Muslims no longer trusted the British.
After the RPOB, Muslim League revisited Morley Minto reforms and this time criticized British for not giving
Indians enough say in ruling their own country as their post in the councils were just advisory. They could
not make or amend laws. This worsened the B-M relationship as the Muslims who previously supported
MMR were now opposing them.

7
Thirdly, in 1913 ML changed their once aim from loyalty to the British to self-rule. Thus, this worsened the
B-M relationship as Muslims, who once supported British rule were now opposing it.
Lastly, British supported the Balkan states in their war against the Turkey which was the largest Muslim
state. This greatly strained BM relationship as Muslims felt that the British did not care for them and did
not protect their rights and didn’t protect their rights.
Q: Why were there mixed views in India about supporting the British in WW1 (1914-1918)
PRO BRITISH VIEWS ANTI-BRITISH VIEWS
To win the support of British for more concessions Pressurize the British for more Concession

Q: WHY WERE THERE MIXED VIEWS IN INDIA ABOUT SUPPORTING THE BRITISH IN WWI(1914-1918)? [7]
During WWI (1914-1918), some of the Indians believed that an attack on Britain was an indirect attack on
India, as India was part of the British empire. Thus, these pro-British people supported the British during
WWI and sympathized with them.
Secondly, many Indians believed that since the British were fighting for self-rule of other nations therefore
many Indian politicians felt that they should support the British in their cause as after the war British would
reward them with many concessions due to their loyalty.
Thirdly, the British were fighting this war against the largest Muslim state, Turkey. As a result, many
Muslims were reluctant to fight their own Muslim brothers and hence they
did not support the British.
Fourthly, some Indians believed that they needed to pressurize the British during the WWI or otherwise the
British would not grant them self-rule so easily. So instead of supporting the British they started anti-British
activities e.g. Lal Hardayal set up Mutiny party, as they believed that WWI was the chance to exploit the
British.

HOW SUCCESSFUL WERE BRITISH MUSLIM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 1905-1911? EXPLAIN YOUR
ANSWER. [14]
LIST OUT THE EVENTS BETWEEN (1905-1911) IN ORDER:
• 1905 PARTITION OF BENGAL (IMPROVED)
• 1906 SIMLA DEPUTATION (DECREASED)
• 1906 ML (DECREASED)
• 1909 MMR (DECREASED)
• 1911 RPOB (DECREASED)
THIS QUESTION IS UN-GRANTED ( CAN’T BE ASKED)
Q: Was Partition of Bengal the most important event which affected Hindu-Muslims relationship
between 1905-11? Explain your answer. [14]

L3 L4
•POB ML CREATION (aims)
• SIMLA DEPUTATION (extra seats/separate electorates)
• MMR (Separate electorate)
• MMR (extra seats)
• SWADESHI MOVEMENT
•HINDI URDU CONTROVERSY

8
 • ARYA SAMAJ
•RPOB
In 1905, British Partitioned Bengal into East and West Bengal. Hindu opposed it as they thought Muslim shouldn’t be
given majority area and started protesting. Thus, this worsened Hindu-Muslim relationship.

In 1906, in Simla Deputation Muslims went to Lord Minto to get assurance that the official language would be Urdu
not Hindi. Thus, Hindus opposed this as they wanted Hindi to be the official language. This created resentment
among them.

In 1906; Muslims requested Lord Minto to stop Arya Samaj as it carried out anti-Muslim activities. Thus, the relations
worsened as Muslims opposed Hindu party in front of the British.

In 1906, ML was formed to support the British through a political forum. whereas Hindus opposed British rule. Thus
Hindu - Muslim relations worsened as now they were against each other not only in Social aspects but now Political
aspects as well.

In 1909 Muslims were allowed Separate Electorates in MMR. Muslims were pleased as this enabled Muslim voters to
select their own Muslim Rulers. This worsened Hindu-Muslim relationship as Hindus called this Undemocratic.

In 1909 British increased Muslim seats in the council in MMR more than their population from 1/4 to 1/3. Hindus
opposed it as they thought this concession was far too much for a minority such as Muslims. This worsened the H-M
relationship.

In 1911, the British reversed The POB due to various reasons. However, Hindus felt delighted as they got their
Majority area back. However, On the other hand Muslims felt sad as their majority Area was taken back. Thus, this
Conflict worsened H-M relations Further.

LUCKNOW PACT 1916

Q: Why was the Lucknow pact drawn between the Congress and Muslim League in 1916?
Outline
1. Same aims
2. Policy of repression against anti British activities
3. Efforts of Jinnah
4. British did not want unrest in India, leaked some reform

In 1913, Muslim league changed its aim from “loyalty” towards British" to "Self rule". This brought them
closer to Congress which was already fighting for self-rule. Hence, to achieve their common aims, both
parties joined hands and signed the Lucknow pact in 1916.
The British had started a policy of repression against the Indians who were involved in anti-British activities
during WWI (1914-18). To suppress such activities of Indians, the British introduced the Defense of India
Act with laws like arrest without warrant etc. Such laws worried
Congress & ML and thus they signed the Lucknow pact to pressurize the British to give them their due
rights.
Jinnah, being a member of both ML and Congress, believed that Hindus and Muslims should have good
relations and persuaded both the parties to work together in order to solve the problems of the Indians.
Hence, it was due to his efforts that both the parties came together and signed the Lucknow pact.
The British were fighting WWI (1914-18) and did not want any unrest in India. So they deliberately leaked
some future reforms, which granted elected Indians more representation in the councils, and it was

9
acceptable to both ML and Congress. Thus, considering this, the Lucknow pact was signed, so that even
more concessions could be gained from the British who were considerate towards Indians.
Q: WHY DID HINDU-MUSLIM RELATIONSHIP IMPROVE DURING THE LUCKNOW PACT 1916?
[7]

OUTLINE:
● Separate Electorate
● Separate Seats
● 75%

• In the Lucknow pact 1916, Congress for the first time agreed that Muslims should be granted separate
electorates in the council. This meant that Muslim representatives would be elected by Muslim voters. This
increased the political representation of Muslims in the councils. This helped to improve H-M relations.
Congress was not only ready to work with them but was also prepared to protect the political rights of
Muslims.
• In the Lucknow pact 1916, Congress also agreed that Muslims should be given extra seats i.e. even
though Muslims were 1/4 but Congress agreed to grant them 1/3 seats in the central assembly. This
improved H-M relations as Congress was accepting Muslims as a significant community of India by granting
them more seats than their population percentage.
• In the Lucknow pact 1916, Congress stated that no law affecting a community should be passed until 75%
of the members on the council supported it. This meant that minority rights would be protected and since
Muslims were a minority, they were pleased as Congress was protecting their rights hence improving H-M
relations.

Q: How successful were H-M relations between 1905-1916? Explain your Answer.

FAILURES SUCCESS
POB SIMILAR AIMS
SWADESHI MOVEMENT OPPOSED MMR
SIMLA DEPUTATION ////////////////////
MUSLIM LEAGUE FORMATION ////////////////////
MMR BOTH POINTS (SEPARATE ELECTORATE AND EXTRA SEATS ////////////////////
Reversal Of POB ////////////////////

Q: What was Lucknow Pact?

● In 1919
● Congress agreed to give concessions to M-L
● M-L also realized that they needed to work with Congress
● Worked for a joint aim to Self-Rule
● Right to Separate Electorate
● 1/3 seats in the Council
● Protection of Minorities (as no law passed until 75% of that minority weighed for it.

Q: Why was Lucknow Pact an important development?

Outline
● Separate Electorate TNT
● Self-rule
● Hindu Muslim relations improved.

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Firstly, In Lucknow pact 1916 Congress accepted Muslim demand of separate Electorate. This meant that
Hindus accepted Muslims as a separate community which that some type of
Partition was necessary. This strengthened the two nation Theory of SSAK which later became the base of
Pakistan.

Secondly, In Lucknow Pact 1916, Both Muslim league and Congress were working for same aim of
SELF-RULE. This sparked the sense of freedom among the Common people who were working under these
political parties. Thus, it was important as it motivated Indians to work for Independence by ousting the
British and attain Self-Rule.

Thirdly, In Lucknow pact 1996, Congress accepted Muslims demands of separate electorates and extra seats
in the council. This improved H-M relations as congress had accepted Muslims as an important community
of India and were ready to give concessions for the first time in history.

MONTAGE CHLEMSFORD REFORMS 1919

Q: Why did Indians oppose Mont-Ford reforms of 1919?[7]
OUTLINE
● Princely states (108)/ No real power/ talking shop
● Viceroy very powerful /safety/ self-rule
● Voting rights/ No democratic rights
● Diarchy / transferred / reserved/ amend
● Hope of concession/ WWI

In the MFR of 1919, a council of Princely states with 108 members was formed where princely rulers could
debate matters of importance. However, it did not give the princes any real
authority. They could not make or amend laws. This angered the princes and they opposed MF reforms as
they labeled it as a “talking shop”.

According to the MFR of 1919, the viceroy was very powerful and could amend or make laws which he
considered vital for the safety of India. This angered the Indians as they thought that they were given little
say in governing their own country and so they opposed MFR as they were aiming for Self-rule.

In the MFR of 1919, although the number of Indian voters increased in comparison with MMR 1909, hardly
2% could vote because of high property qualification law. This angered Indians as most of the Indians could
not vote and choose a representative of their own choice. Thus, Indians opposed the MFR as they were not
given their basic democratic rights.

Many Indians supported the British in WWI (1914-1918) in the hope that the British would grant them
many concessions for their loyalty towards the British. However, after WWI, the MFR's of 1919 did not
meet the expectation of the Indians and so they were disappointed.

In MFR 1919, the system of darchy was introduced in the provinces. According to this system, there were
reserved and transferred subjects. The Indians were given the power to make laws regarding transferred
subject e.g. education, forests and the British kept the reserved subjects with them like Police, Justice.
However, the laws made by the Indians could be amended or rejected by the British. Thus it angered the
Indians as they felt that British had extreme power and their demand of complete provincial autonomy was
not accepted.

Q: WHY WERE THE MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT?

In MFR 1919, the system of diarchy was introduced in the provinces. According to this system, there were
reserved and transferred subjects. The Indians were given the power to make laws regarding transferred

11
subject e.g. education, forests and the British kept the reserved subjects with them like Police, Justice. Thus
it was a success as British government for the first time gave Indians a chance to govern their local areas,
which was a step to greater autonomy in future.
In the MFR of 1919, the number of Indian voters was increased to 2% as per property qualification law.
Thus it was a success as Indians could now practice their basic democratic right by choosing representatives
of their own choice.
In the MFR of 1919, the British granted separate electorates to the Muslims, Sikhs and low caste Hindus
etc. Thus it was important as the British were protecting the rights of minorities and now they were free
from Hindu dominance.

Q: How Successful were MFR Of 1919. Explain Your Answer.

L3/ SEPARATE ELECTORATES, DIARCHY, LITTLE POLITICAL SAY

L4/ OTHER FAILURES

Q: DESCRIBE THE SYSTEM OF DIARCHY?

● In 1919
● At provincial level Two subjects (reserved and transferred)
● Transferred given to the Indians e.g. forests, education
● Reserved kept by the British e.g. Police, foreign affairs
● British could amend laws made by the Indians
Q: DESCRIBE MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD REFORM?

● 1919
● Council of 108 princely rulers was set up
● 2 % voting rights as per property qualification law
● System of diarchy was introduced with reserved (e.g. Police) and transferred subjects (forests)
● Viceroy too powerful as he could make and amend laws

Not justified Justified

importance / (successes) /3 points Opposed/ (failures) 5 points
"The Indian opposition to Mont-Ford Reforms of 1919 was justified". Do you agree? Give reasons.

1917-1919
Q: Why did British Muslim relationship deteriorate between 1917-1919?
Q: Why did Hindu Muslim relationship improve between 1917-1919?
Q: Why did British Muslim relationship deteriorate/Worsened between 1917-1919?
OUTLINE:
● Self RULE
● Rowlatt Act
● Amritsar Tragedy

12
Muslim league and Congress had the same aim of Self rule since Lucknow pact 1916, however, the British
did not accept their demand in the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919. Hence, ML opposed the MFR, as
they were given no real say in ruling their own country, which worsened British-Muslim relations.
In order to control the revolutionary activities going on in India, the British introduced an anti-Indian
Rowlatt act 1919, according to which Indians could be arrested without warrant and detained without bail.
In protest and opposition to this unjust act of the British, Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative
council and ML was very disappointed, thus deteriorating B-M relations.
In 1919, a crowd of 20,000 unarmed men and women gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to
peacefully protest against the unjust Rowlatt act. British General, General Dyer opened fire, killing 400
people and wounding 1200. This brutal massacre was opposed by the Muslims as they felt that it was a
very cruel act which aggravated B-M relations.

Q: WHY DID HINDU MUSLIM RELATIONSHIP IMPROVE BETWEEN 1917-1919? [7]

• Muslim league and Congress had the same aim of Self-rule since Lucknow pact 1916, however, the British
did not accept their demand in the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919. Hence, both parties unanimously
opposed the MFR's, as they were given no real say in ruling their own country, which improved
British-Muslim relations.
• In order to control the revolutionary activities going on in India, the British introduced an anti-Indian
Rowlatt act in 1919, according to which Indians could be arrested without warrant and detained without
bail. In protest and opposition to this unjust act, Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative council and
Gandhi launched Hartal. As both the parties unitedly opposed this act, it improved their relations.
• In 1919, a crowd of 20,000 unarmed men and women gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to peacefully
protest against the unjust Rowlatt act. British General Dyer opened fire, killing 400 Indians and wounding 1200. This
brutal massacre was unitedly opposed by both ML and Congress, as they felt that it was a very cruel act thus
improving H-M relations.

Q) What was the Rowlatt Act?

➢ The Rowlatt Act was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council of London, in 1919. The
law was passed on the recommendations of Rowlatt Committee and named after its president, British
judge, Sir Sidney Rowlatt, this act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected
of terrorism living in British India for up to two years without a trial or any bail from prison.
Q) What was the Amritsar Massacre?
➢ The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919, when
Acting Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire into a crowd of
unarmed Indian civilians in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, killing 400 and injuring 1200 people.
Q) What was the Hunter Committee?
➢ The Hunter Committee was a British committee set up, in 1919, to investigate the Amritsar massacre(
Jallianwala Bagh shootings). It asked a few questions to Reginald Dyer, who ordered the shooting and by
the committee’s findings it deposed Dyer from his services and gave him a job in Britain. The Committee
was named after its chairman, Lord William Hunter.
Q: Describe the Amritsar Massacre.

13
● 1919
● A crowd of 20,000 Indians gathered
● ...... in Jallianwala Bagh
● To protest against the unjust Rowlatt act
● British General, General Dyer opened fire on protestors
● ... as public meeting was banned in the city
● 400 Indians were killed
● 1200 wounded
Q: Describe the Hunter Committee.
● It was set up to inquire what Dyer had done in Amritsar
● Dyer was removed from service
● He was given no punishment by the Committee
● In the eyes of British media he was a hero which highly offended the Indian
Q: Describe the Rowlatt.
● 1919
● Indians had no right of appeal
● People could be ordered to live in a particular place
● Stopped from holding meetings
● Arrest without warrant
● Detention without bail
● Indian protested against this unjust act

Q: Was the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 the cause of violence in India during 1919 and 1920?
Explain your answer.
L3: L4:
Rowlatt Act Amritsar Massacre
Hunter committee
Mont-Ford Reforms (5 points "why opposed")
Q: Was the Rowlatt Act the most important event which created an uproar in India in 1919? Explain your
answer.
Same answer as for previous question.
L3 L4
Rowlatt Act Amritsar Massacre
Hunter committee
Mont-Ford Reforms (5 points "why opposed")
Q: Why was the Rowlatt Act of 1919 an important political development?
In 1919, the British passed the Rowlatt Act in order to suppress revolutionary activities in India against
British rule. The Act consisted of clauses like Arrest without warrant and detention without bail etc. Since
these laws were unjust, Indians opposed them by riots and strikes. Even the political leaders Jinnah and
Gandhi showed resentment. Jinnah resigned from the Imperial legislative council and Gandhi launched the
Hartal Movement. Thus, these reactions from Indians clearly gave an indication that they were not ready to
accept British rule anymore which strengthened their drive towards Self-rule even further.

14
Q: Why were the Morley Minto reforms 1909 an important political development?
In the MMR of 1909, Muslims were given Extra seats in the different councils (more than their population
percentage). Thus, it was an important political development as it helped the
Muslims to increase their political representation in councils and the British were also now recognizing
Muslims as a significant community of India.
In the MMR of 1909, gave separate electorates in the council to Muslims. Thus, it was an important
political development as now Muslims could have separate representation in elections and the threat that
they might lose elections to Hindu majority was removed.
In MMR of 1909, Muslim demands of extra seats and separate electorates in the council were accepted by
the British. However, Congress was not happy with such demands for
Muslims and they called these demands as "undemocratic" and "concession far too much for a minority
like Muslims". Thus, this was an important political development as it increased the political rivalry
between the Hindus and Muslims which strengthened the Two Nation Theory of SSAK that became the
base of creation of Pakistan.

Q: Why was the Reversal of partition of Bengal, 1911 an important political development?
OUTLINE:
BETRAYED/ AIM/ INDEPENDENCE
The reversal of POB 1911, made the Muslim League realize that British government have broken their
promises of Simla deputation and have betrayed them and so they could no longer be trusted. That's why it
changed its aim from ‘loyalty to the British government' to 'Self-rule'. Thus, it was an important political
development as this decision led to independence in the future.

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Q: Why was the Khilafat movement started? [7]
Q: Why did the KM fail? [7]
Q: Why was the Hijrat Movement started? [7]

Q: Why was the Khilafat Movement launched?

o Outline:
o 1. Anti-Indian Rowlatt Act
o 2. Religious places
o 3. Sultan was an important symbolic figure/dethrone
o 4. Self-rule/Lucknow pact/opportunity
o 5. Promises before the war
o 6. Muslims did not British support in war/to show their resentment
07. Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq/ prestige
o 8. Treaty of Versailles/disintegration

Q) Why was the Khilafat Movement launched?

⮚ Outline:
15
Anti-Indian Rowlatt Act Religious places Sultan was an important symbolic figure/dethrone Self-rule / Lucknow
pact/ opportunity Promises before the war Muslims did not British support in war/ to show their resentment
Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq/ prestige Treaty of Versailles / disintegration

⮚ The British introduced an anti-Indian Rowlatt act 1919 in order to control revolutionary activities
against British rule. According to this Act, Indians could be arrested without warrant and detained
without bail. These unjust policies annoyed the Indians and thus KM was launched to oppose them.

⮚ The British captured the Ottoman empire after the success of the first world war (1914-18). The
Ottoman Empire included many important religious places such as Makkah and Medina. This greatly
worried the Indian Muslims as these places had immense religious importance and respect. Thus, in
order to protect them from harm, KM was started.

⮚ The Sultan of Turkey was a major religious figure for the Muslims all over the world. So when the British
planned to dethrone him, Indian Muslims got worried. Thus, in-order to protect the sultan and his
caliphate, KM was launched.

⮚ Both Muslims and Hindus of India had been working together to achieve self-rule since the Lucknow
pact of 1916. So when, Muslims started the KM, Hindus including Gandhi, unanimously supported it, as
they believed that it was another good opportunity for both the communities to work together and
achieve self-rule. The Muslims welcomed them, which shows that another aim of KM was to attain
maximum concessions from the British.

⮚ The Muslims of India were reluctant to fight their fellow Muslim brothers in Turkey during WWI.
Considering this, the British promised the Indian Muslims that the Turkish empire would be unharmed
and as a result the Indian Muslims helped the British in WWI. However, after the success in the war, the
British were reluctant in fulfilling their promise. Thus, in-order to remind the British of their promises,
KM was launched.

⮚ Although a lot of Muslims supported the British by taking up arms in the war, yet many deserted the
army as they did not want to fight their Muslim brothers, showing that they did not like the British
policy regarding Turkey. This hatred later took the form of a Movement called “KM”.

⮚ Some Muslim leaders like Maulvi Fazal-ul-haq believed that decline of the Turkish empire (which was
the largest Muslim empire) would have an adverse affect on the Indian Muslims, as the British would
treat them with disrespect. Hence, KM started to save the prestige of Muslims in India.

⮚ After WWI, the British and their allies punished their defeated nations E.g. Germany and Austria were
broken down to form different states according to the Treaty of Versailles. Through this, it seemed very
obvious that the British would also treat Turkey in a similar manner as Turkey supported Germany in
WWI. These views were also shared by British PM, Lloyd George. Hence, Indians Muslims started the
KM to protect Turkey from its disintegration.

HIJRAT MOVEMENT

16
Q) Why was the Hijrat Movement started/ launched? [7]
▪ Darul harb
▪ No attention Turkish Empire
▪ Welcomed/ fertile land

⮚ Many Muslims scholars like Azad Kalam and Abdul Bari declared India as Dar-ul-Harb, where Islam could
not be practiced properly. Thus, they encouraged the Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan so that they
could practice Islam without any interference, as Afghanistan was an Islamic state.

⮚ The leaders of KM were aware that the British were not paying attention to their demand regarding the
Turkish empire so they declared the Subcontinent as Dar-ul-Harb and gave a call for Hijrat to
Afghanistan. Thus, the Hijrat Movement was started to hurt the prestige of the British so that they
could be seen as oppressors worldwide and hence could be pressured.

⮚ Indian Muslims were not only informed that they would be warmly welcomed by the Afghan
Government but they were also told that they would be given fertile lands for farming. Thus this gave
the Indian Muslims an incentive to improve their social and economic condition. Hence, they started
the KM.
Q) Why did the Hijrat Movement fail? [7]
▪ Not welcomed by Afghan
▪ Not Organized
▪ Jinnah’s opinion
⮚ The scholars, such as Maulana Azad Kalam termed the Subcontinent as 'Dar-ul-Harb' and asked Muslims
to migrate to Afghanistan. 18,000 Indian Muslim marched towards Afghanistan leaving all their
possessions back. However, the Afghan Government did not welcome them and so they had to come
back. Hence, the failure of the Hijrat Movement was inevitable.

⮚ Secondly, this movement was not at all organized. Neither the Afghan Government was consulted nor
were the migrants in the guidance of any prominent leader. Thus, a movement which was ill-planned
and based on religious sentiments was bound to fail.

⮚ Thirdly, Jinnah, one of the main leaders of Indian Muslims did not approve of the Hijrat Movement as
he believed that the politics of India should remain in India only. Hence, it shows that not only the
Indian Muslims were disunited but also lacking support and guidance of important leaders.

“Hijrat Movement was the most important reason for the failure of KM” Access this
statement.

● The leaders of Khilafat Movement such as Maulana Azad Kalam termed the Subcontinent
as ‘Dar-ul-Harb’ (enemy territory) and asked Muslims to migrate to Afghanistan, which
was an Islamic state. In 1920,18000 Indian Muslim marched towards Afghanistan leaving
all their possessions back. However, the Afghan Government did not welcome them and so
17
 they had to come back. When they came back they were more focused on resettling
themselves rather than KM. Hence KM lost support of these people and thus it failed.

● A Muslim delegation led by Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, went to meet the British PM
Lloyd George, in the hope to persuade him to leave Turkey unharmed. However, their
effort went in-vain, as the PM refused and started to punish Turkey like Germany and
Austria. Thus, this disheartened the Muslims and eventually caused the failure of KM.

● After the 3rd Khilafat Conference, the Ali brothers were arrested on the charges of
“sedition and treachery” who were the main leaders of KM. Hence, the movement lost
the guidance of an efficient leader, and thus failed.

● British started policy of repression against the Indians who had started anti-British activities
during KM . As a result, 30000 people were arrested in an attempt to calm down the
situation in 1921. Hence, this was a setback as KM lost its major support, which led to
its failure. Also, many people in order to evade this oppression, did not take any
further part in the movement, which decreased its support even further.

● After the Chauri Chaura incident (1922), in which 21 policemen were killed by the
protestors, Gandhi called off his non-cooperation movement as he felt that the movement
had become too violent. This had an adverse effect on the Khilafat Movement as they lost the
support of Hindu majority.

● In 1924, the nationalist leader of Turkey ‘Kamal Attaturk’ abolished the caliphate system
and exiled the Caliph Mehmet VI. Hence, the KM ended as its main purpose, which was to
protect the Caliph, was lost.

● When Muslims started the KM to protect the rights of Turkey, the Hindus including Gandhi
immediately joined it as they believed that it was the best opportunity to achieve self rule.
The Muslims also welcomed them, however due to lack of common aim, KM failed.

● In 1921, there was an uprising in South India by the Moplahs, which was a Muslim
religious group. This violent group was against the British and Hindu Landlords. They not
only forcibly converted Hindus to Islam but also destroyed Hindu temples. 10,000 Moplahs
also set up a police station on fire. Thus, because of such violent acts by the Muslims, Hindus
who were supporting the KM backed out which led to the failure of KM.

KHILAFAT CONFERENCE
Q) Describe the first Khilafat Conference/Describe the All India Khilafat conference?
⮚ In1919
⮚ Held in Delhi
⮚ Lead by Ali brothers

18
⮚ Gandhi & Abdul Kalam Azad also took part in the conference.
⮚ Aim of the conference was the protection of the Caliph.
⮚ A resolution was passed that a delegation would be sent to Britain to make British aware about Muslim
strength for Caliph.

Q) Describe the Second Khilafat Conference?

⮚ In 1919
⮚ Held in Amritsar
⮚ It was decided that Gandhi would persuade the
⮚ British not to punish Turkey
⮚ Maulana M. Ali Johar who went to persuade the British had returned from Britain....
⮚ Lloyd George, PM, said Turkey would get justice just like Germany

Q) What was the Non-cooperation Movement?

⮚ In 1920
⮚ launched by Gandhi
⮚ British clothes were burnt and handmade Indian cloth was encouraged
⮚ Teachers and students left English schools and colleges
⮚ Boycott of elections
⮚ British arrested 30,000-prisoners
⮚ Gandhi called off the movement in 1922 because of the Chauri Chaura incident.
⮚ Failed in its aim to attain Swaraj (self-rule) and failed to protect the Caliph.

Q) Describe the Chauri Chaura incident?

⮚ In 1922
⮚ A police station was set on fire at Tirur, by the Molaphs
⮚ Later on, 21 policemen were killed after they fired on a political procession
⮚ Because of increased violence Gandhi called off his non-cooperation Movement.
⮚ This upset many Congress and Muslim leaders
⮚ It weakened H.M unity and also weakened support for the KM

Q: What Was Moplah Uprising?

(ANSWER SAME AS HANDOUT)
KEY FOR SIMILAR QUESTIONS
Q: How successful was the Khilafat Movement? Explain your answer.
ANS: (Successes AND FAILURES)
Q: Why Was Khilafat Movement Disastrous FOR MUSLIMS OF India?
ANS ( Any three failures)

Q: Was Khilafat Movement that main event that affected Hindu Muslim relations during
1920’s? Explain your answer.
When Muslims decided to launch the Khilafat movement, Hindus immediately joined them as they believed
that this was the best time for Hindus and Muslims to get their demand for self rule fulfilled. Thus, it
improved Hindu-Muslim relations as Muslims welcomed them.

19
 However, after the Chauri Chaura incident of 1922, where 21 policemen were killed by the protestors of
the non-cooperation movement, Gandhi called off the non-cooperation movement, considering it too
violent. Thus, this angered Muslims who felt betrayed by the Hindus as they left them alone in KM.
Some extremist groups like “Arya Samaj” were carrying out militant activities and were forcing non-Hindus
to convert to Hinduism. Thus this worsened Hindu Muslim relations as Muslims felt religiously threatened
from the Hindus.
In 1923, Congress won the elections under the name of “Sawaraj party” but refused to accept demands of
Muslim league e.g. full provincial autonomy. Thus, this worsened Hindu Muslim relationship as Hindus
were not ready to protect the rights of Muslims even in Muslim majority areas Punjab and Bengal. •
The British government sent the Simon Commission to India in 1927 to suggest new reforms. However
there was no Indian member in this commission. In retaliation, Hindus and Muslims both boycotted the
Simon commission as they felt insulted. Thus this improved Hindu Muslim relations as both of them had
anti-British approach.
To oppose the Simon commission 1927, a conference of all parties was arranged by Indians in 1928. It was
decided to form a party under Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution for Indians. Thus, this helped to
improve Hindu Muslim relations because this proposal was acceptable to both ML and congress.
Nehru Report 1928, suggested that Muslims should not be given extra seats in the council rather their
representation in the council should be according to their population. This was opposed by ML, as Congress
was backing off from their promise made in the Lucknow pact. As a result, the relations worsened because
the Hindus refused to accept Muslims as an important community of India.
The Nehru Report 1928, also refused to accept the demand of full provincial autonomy and suggested that
there should be a strong centre in India. This was opposed by ML as it meant that Hindus were not
interested in protecting Muslim rights in Muslim majority areas e.g. Punjab and Bengal and as a result
Hindu Muslim relations worsened.
The Nehru Report 1928, suggested that Hindu should be made the official language instead of Urdu. This
was opposed by Muslims as Urdu was not only important for Muslim culture but it will also cause
unemployment as many Muslims did not know how to read and write Hindi. Thus, this worsened Hindu
Muslim relations as Muslims felt Hindus wanted to suppress them.
Jinnah tried to amend the Nehru Report 1928 by suggesting some proposals e.g. 1/3 seats in the central
legislative council for Muslims. This was not only rejected but he was made fun of. This worsened Hindu
Muslim relations as Jinnah, who was the main leader ML, himself said, “parting of the ways”.

NEHRU REPORT
Q) Why did the ML oppose the Nehru Report of 1928? [7]
⮚ Outline
● Hindi-Urdu
● Separate Electorates
● Central Government vs Provincial autonomy

20
⮚ In the Nehru Report of 1928, it was suggested that Hindi should be the official language of India instead
of Urdu. This was opposed by the Muslims as Urdu was not only important for culture and heritage but
it would also increase unemployment as many Muslims did not know how to read and write in Hindi.
Thus, the Muslims opposed NR as it was a threat to their culture and economy.

⮚ The Nehru Report of 1928, suggested that the Muslims should not be given extra seats in the council
rather their representatives should be as per their population. This was opposed by the ML as the
Congress was receding away from their promise made in the Lucknow Pact and the Delhi proposals of
1927 and weren’t accepting Muslims as an Important community of India.

⮚ The Nehru Report of 1928, the Hindus refused to accept the demands of provincial autonomy and
suggested that there should be a strong center in India. This was opposed by the ML as it meant that
the Hindus weren’t interested in protecting Muslim Rights in Muslim Majority areas e.g. Punjab and
Bengal.

Q) Why was NR important for the Creation of Pakistan? [7]

1: LANGUAGES/ TNT/Cultural Rights
2: Jinnah’s amendments of Nehru Report/Made fun of/”Parting the ways”
⮚ In the Nehru Report of 1928, it was suggested that Hindi should be the official language of India instead
of Urdu. This was opposed by the Muslims as Urdu was not only important for culture and heritage but
it would also increase unemployment as many Muslims did not know how to read and write in Hindi.
Thus, it was important for the Muslims to have a separate homeland so that their cultural rights could
be protected.

⮚ Jinnah tried to amend the Nehru Report of 1928, e.g. its seats in the Central legislative council for the
Muslims. This was not only rejected but he was made fun of. This worsened HM relations as Jinnah,
who was the main leader of ML himself said, “Parting of the ways” which meant the Partition would be
necessary for the Muslims to protect their Political Rights in the future, paving way for the creation of
Pakistan.

Simon Commission
Q) Why was the Simon Commission sent to India by the British in 1927? [7]

⮚ Outline
● MFR/ political situation/ constitution
● Labor party VS Conservative party
● Communalism/ Law & order/ Restore peace

⮚ In the MontFord reforms of 1919, the British promised a new constitution after ten years. Therefore,
they sent the Simon Commission to India in 1927 to survey the political situation and suggest new
reforms so the British could design the new constitution.

21
⮚ The Conservative Government in Britain feared that it might lose the upcoming elections to the labor
party and they were of the view that the labor party was too sympathetic to the Indian demands of
nationalism and would give too many concessions to the Indians. Thus, they deliberately brought the
date of Simon Commission forward and instead of 1929 sent it in 1927 to give Indians concessions in a
restricted manner.

⮚ Lastly, during 1920's Hindu-Muslim riots were common due to growth of communalism in India. This
disturbed the law and order situation and made it difficult for the British to govern India. Therefore, the
Simon Commission was sent to negotiate with main political parties of India and restore peace.

Q: Why was Simon Commission 1927, important for the creation of Pakistan?
1. Two volume report/Separate electorates/_Two different nations

The Simon Commission gave its two volume report in 1930 in which the Muslim demand of separate
electorates in the council was accepted. This meant that the British were accepting that Hindus and
Muslims are two different nations and so some sort of partition might be necessary in future to avoid
future political clashes.

JINNAH's 14 POINTS
Q: Why did Jinnah give his fourteen points in 1929?
Outline:
1. Extra seats / to counter
2. N.R proposal amended/ 1/3 seats / made fun of
3. Simon commission / inform British/demands

Firstly, Nehru report of 1928, was anti Muslim and rejected many Muslim demands e.g. Extra seats and full
provincial autonomy. As it was against the political rights of Muslims so it annoyed them. Hence Jinnah
gave his 14 points to counter the Nehru Report.

Secondly, Jinnah gave some proposals to amend the Nehru report of 1928 e.g. Muslims should be given 1/3
seats in the central legislative council in areas like Punjab and Bengal. However, these proposals were
rejected and made fun of. Hence, Jinnah was left with no choice but to give his 14 points in order to protect
the political rights of Muslims.

The arrival of the Simon commission 1927 made it clear for ML that the British were planning to introduce
a new set of reforms. Therefore, Jinnah gave his 14 points to inform the British about the demands of
Muslims e.g. complete provincial autonomy and separate electorates etc. which should be included in a set
of reforms that were to be introduced in future.

Q: Jinnah’s 14 Points were Important for the creation of Pakistan?

Muslim rights were rejected by Congress in the Nehru report and Jinnah's amendments to it were also
hackled. Therefore, Jinnah launched his 14 points according to which Muslims should be granted separate
electorates and weightage. This strengthened the Pakistan movement as these points formed the basis of
the Lahore Resolution of 1940 in which a separate homeland for Muslims was officially demanded. Thus,
these points were the forerunner of the Pakistan movement.

Also since these points 14 points were produced to counter the Nehru report of Hindus which was

22
anti-Muslim, the Two Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was strengthened. This meant that the Hindus
and Muslims cannot live together and some sort of partition would be required in the future to avoid
political disturbances.

How successful were the Hindu-Muslim relations between 1905 to 1929? Explain
your answer.
[max marks] RTC’S

RTC’S
Q: Why were the RTC's held between 1930 and 1932?
Two Volume report/ Separate Electorate/ 1/3 seats
N.R Vs Jinnah's 14 points
Criticism on MMR & MFR
The Simon Commission 1922

The Simon Commission 1927, Gave its two volume report in 1927, It accepted Muslims -demand of
Separate Electorates however it rejected them 1/3 seats in the Central assembly and separation of Sindh
from Bombay presidency. This annoyed the Muslims and they had reservations about this report. Thus
RTC's were organized by the British in order to discuss the report with the Indians.

NR of 1928, was anti Muslim and was rejected by Muslim Leaggue. Also, Jinnah's 14 points were rejected
by the Congress. This created a complete deadlock between the two parties and the reforms couldn't be
finalized for the constitution. Thus RTC's were organized to finish the deadlock between two parties.

Thirdly, the previous reforms like MMR and MFR were criticized by the Indians because the Indians weren't
consulted regarding these reforms. The British didn't want such criticism for the new constitution. Thus,
that RTC was organized so the main Political parties of India could unanimously agree on the future
constitution.

Q: Why was the First RTC (1930) unsuccessful

In 1930, Congress refused to attend the first RTC unless there was a guarantee that anything agreed at the
conference would be implemented. No such guarantee was given and so instead of attending the
conference, Congress started non-cooperation. Thus, the first RTC failed to make any significant progress,
as Congress, the largest political party in India , was absent.

N.R of 1928 was anti Muslim and was rejected by Muslim league. Also, Jinnah's 14 points were rejected by
the Congress. This created a complete deadlock between the two parties and the reforms could not be
finalized for the constitution. Thus RTC's were organized to finish the deadlock between the two parties.

Q: Why was the Second RTC (1931) unsuccessful?

Outline:
⮚ Gandhi took a hard-line
⮚ Pro-Indian labour party VS Hard-line coalition Government
⮚ N.R VS Jinnah's 14 points

23
⮚ There was a change in government in Britain. The Pro-Indian labour party was replaced by a hard-line
coalition Government, which was reluctant to grant Indians their due rights. Thus, when the organizers
were not interested in granting Indians their rights, the conference was bound to fail.

⮚ Gandhi took a hard-line and refused to grant the rights of minorities e.g. no separate electorates for
minorities. On the other hand, Minorities including Muslims insisted that their rights should be
considered first. This created a deadlock between the Indians, and led to the failure of the 2nd RTC.
⮚ Gandhi wanted the recommendations of Nehru report (1928) to be included in the new constitution
which were rejected by Muslim league as N.R was anti-Muslim while Muslims wanted Jinnah's 14 points
to be included which were rejected by Congress. Thus the non-compromising attitude of the two
political parties of India led to the failure of 2nd RTC.

Q) Why was the third Round table Conference unsuccessful?

Outline:
⮚ Lord Irvin (pro-Indian) VS Lord Willingdon (repression)
⮚ Congress absent
⮚ Jinnah not invited / 46 delegations

⮚ Firstly, there was a change in viceroy and the previous Pro- Indian, Lord Irwin was replaced by Lord
Willington who was less prepared to give concession. He adopted a policy of repression against the
Indian e.g. he imprisoned Congress leaders of the Non-cooperation movement. Thus, the Indians were
reluctant to attend the 3rd Round Table Conference, as they expected no positive outcome because of
the rigid attitude of the viceroy.

⮚ Secondly, Congress restarted the non-cooperation movement and boycotted the third RTC. As congress
was the main political party of India so no major decision could be made in its absence, thus the failure
of 3rd Round Table Conference was inevitable.

⮚ Jinnah was not invited in the 3'd RTC and he went into voluntary exile as he was disappointed by the
lack of progress in the previous RTC's. It was attended by only 46 members. Thus, the 3rd Round Table
Conference was just a formality and its failure was inevitable because no decision regarding the future
of Muslims could be taken in the absence of main leaders like Jinnah.

Q) Why were the RTC's important for the Muslims of India? [7]
⮚ In the first RTC of 1930, British accepted Muslim demand of Provincial autonomy. This delighted the
Muslims as it was the main demand of Jinnah's 14 points and now Muslim were able to rule their
Muslim majority area's without the inference of British and Hindu dominance.

⮚ In the Second RTC of 1931, it was decided that NWFP and Sindh should be made provinces with their
own Governors. This was a success as firstly, it improved B-M relations as Muslims saw that British were
being considerate towards them and this would later help in negotiating independence.

⮚ Secondly, these provinces later became part of Pakistan. Hence it can be rightly said that RTC crafted
the map of Pakistan.

24
⮚ Thirdly, RTC indirectly helped in the creation of Pakistan, because these provinces, especially Sindh,
played a vital role in the creation of Pakistan.

⮚ Fourthly, this helped Muslims in protecting their rights in Muslim majority areas and the political
strength of Muslims increased immensely.

⮚ In the Second RTC of 1931, Gandhi took a hardline and refused to accept the rights of minorities e.g.
separate electorate for minorities. On the other hand, the minorities like Muslims wanted their rights to
be protected. This created a deadlock between the two, and widened the gulf between two sides,
strengthening the TNT of SSAK, which later became the base for creation of Pakistan.

Q) How successful were the RTC's (1930-32)? Explain your answer/"RTC's (1930-32)
achieved nothing". Do you agree? Give a reason.

⮚ Success
● Princess/Provincial autonomy (131)
● Sindh & NWFP (2nd)
● TNT (2nd)

⮚ Failures
● Congress absent
● Hardline coalition Government (2nd)
● Gandhi took a hard-line (2nd)
● N.R VS Jinnah's 14 points (2nd)
● Lord Irwin VS Lord Willingdon (3rd)
● Congress absent (3rd)
● Jinnah not invited / 46 delegates (3rd)

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

Q: "The RTC of 1930 was the most successful of all the three RTC's". Do you agree? Give
reasons.
L3: RTC (1930)
Success/ Failure
- 14: RTC (1931-32)
Success / Failure
"L3 and L4 are not divided w.r.t. success and failures"

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT/INDIAN COUNCIL ACT

Q: Why was GOIA 1935 important for the future of India?
Parliamentary form of Government/ more representation
independence/ transferring powers
Diarchy/full provincial autonomy/ key demand of Jinnah's 14 points

25
NWFP and Sindh
Free from Hindu dominance
Crafted the map of Pakistan.
Voting rights/ 2% to 25% /democratic rights/elections of 1945-46

In the GOIA 1935, the British introduced a Parliamentary form of Government which gave elected Indians
more representation in the councils. Thus, this meant that independence was drawing near because the
British were eventually transferring powers to the Indians e.g. Law making powers.

In GOIA 1935, system of dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and the British introduced full
provincial autonomy which meant that Indians could administer their local areas and make laws without
being interfered. This was especially good for Muslims as it was a key demand of Jinnah's 14 points and
Muslims rights in Muslim majority areas would be protected e.g. in Punjab and Bengal.

In GOIA 1935, NWFP and Sindh were made full-fledged provinces with their own Governors. This increased
the political say of Muslims in these Muslim Majority areas as now they were free from Hindu dominance.
Secondly, these areas were eventually included in Pakistan. Thus, it can be rightly said that GOIA crafted the
map of Pakistan.

In GOIA 1935, voting rights were increased from 2% to 25% as per property qualification (lowered). As a
result more people could vote and choose their leader by exercising their democratic rights. These
voters participated in the elections of 1945-46 and forced the British democratically to leave India.

Q: Why was GOIA 1935 important for the future of India?

In the GOIA 1935, the British introduced a Parliamentary form of Government which gave elected Indians
more representation in the councils. Thus, this meant that independence was drawing near because
The British were eventually transferring powers to the Indians e.g. Law making powers.

In GOIA 1935, system of dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level and the British introduced full
provincial autonomy which meant that Indians could administer their local areas and make laws without
being interfered. This was especially good for Muslims as it was a key demand of Jinnah's 14 points and
Muslims rights in Muslim majority areas would be protected e.g. in Punjab and Bengal.

In GOIA 1935, voting rights were increased from 2% to 25% as per property qualification (lowered). As a
result more people could vote and choose their leader by exercising their democratic rights. These voters
participated in the elections of 1945-46 and forced the British democratically to leave India.

In GOIA 1935, a system of dyarchy was introduced at the central Government level where the Governor
General could exercise special powers in reserved subjects like defense and foreign affairs. This angered the
Indians as they felt that they had been granted limited self-rule and they still had little power in ruling their
own country.

Q: Why was GOIA 1935 opposed by the Indians?

● Voting Rights
● Diarchy
● Provincial autonomy

26
 In GOIA 1935, voting rights were increased from 2% to 25% as per property qualification (lowered). The
remaining 75% could not vote and this angered the Indians as they were deprived of their basic democratic
rights and could not choose representatives of their own choice.

Secondly, In GOIA 1935, although provincial autonomy was introduced, the British Governor could still
exercise special powers and could dismiss the administrative councils e.g. if the law and order situation got
worse. This angered Indians as they were given little say in governing their own country because such a
power could be misused by the British.

In GOIA 1935, a system of dyarchy was introduced at the central Government level where the Governor
General could exercise special powers in reserved subjects like defense and foreign affairs. This angered the
Indians as they felt that they had been granted limited self-rule and they still had little power in ruling their
own country.

Elections of 1937

Q: Why was the ML unsuccessful in the elections of 1937?

➢ Outline

• Self rule

• Image problem

• First major election / Lack of planning

Firstly, it was the first major election of ML so they did not know how to run an election campaign with
proper planning and organizations. Thus, it could not spread the message effectively across India so very
few voters were convinced by ML. Thus they lost the elections.

Secondly, the ML had an image problem as many of its leaders were seen as landlords and princes whereas
common Muslims were mostly poor and illiterate. As a result, they were reluctant to vote for ML as they
felt that their leaders would not be able to understand their problems and solve them. This resulted in lack
of support for ML and hence they lost the election.

Lastly, the manifesto of both ML and Congress achieved self-rule. Therefore, common Muslims preferred to
vote for Congress as they believed that the congress was more experienced and influential and would
protect their rights better. As a result, ML lost the election due to lack of support.

Q) Describe the election of 1937. [4]

➢ ML lost

➢ Because of Image problem, lack of organization

27
➢ Out of 489 ML only won 109 seats.

➢ Congress won within absolute majority in 5 provinces

➢ ML did not do well in ML majority areas like Bengal , Punjab and Sindh.

Q) Why were the elections of 1937 important for the creation of Pakistan?
ML lost the elections of 1937. Jinnah warned ML that if they wanted to resist the Congress they had to start
all over again so he reorganized ML from grass root level. Thus, due to his efforts ML was transformed as
the ministers of Bengal, Assam and Punjab joined ML and there was a dramatic increase in their numbers.
Therefore due to increase support of ML Pakistan movement was strengthened and it became strong
enough to convince British for Pakistan.

Congress Rule
Q: Was Band-e-Matram the most important reason why Muslim hated Congress rule
(1937-39)? Explain your answer.
Under Congress rule (1937-39), a Hindu nationalist song “Band-e-Mataram” was sung in which Hindus
were encouraged to expel Muslims from Hindustan. This was not a Congress song, but singing of it was
made compulsory before the start of official business every day in the provincial assembly. Since it
contained negative remarks about the Muslims, thus it offended the Muslims.

Under the Congress rule (1937-1939), “Warda scheme” was introduced. It was an educational scheme
based upon Gandhi’s views. It was introduced in all congress educational ministries. According to this
scheme, the students were expected to bow before Gandhi’s picture hung in schools. This angered the
Muslims as they felt that they’re children were being attracted towards Hinduism and this was an attempt
to subvert their love for Islam.

Under the Congress rule (1937-1939), Hindi was made the official language and even teaching in schools
was to be in Hindi. Urdu carried immense cultural importance for the Muslims, so they were angered as
they felt culturally oppressed. Furthermore, many Muslims got unemployed, as they did not know Hindi,
adding to their frustration.

Under Congress rule (1937-1939), Muslims were forbidden to eat beef and were severely punished if they
slaughtered cows, as cows are sacred animals for Hindus. Thus, Muslims opposed Congress Rule as they felt
religiously suffocated.

Under congress rule (1937-1939), Azan was banned and even attacks were made on mosques. Hindus
arranged noisy processions near mosques at prayer times. This angered Muslims as they felt that Congress
was not protecting their religious rights and therefore they hated Congress Rule.

28
Under Congress rule (1937-1939), Pigs were pushed into mosques by extremist Hindus which is considered
as a filthy animal in Islam. Thus, Muslims took it as an insult as they felt that Congress was not protecting
their religious rights and so they opposed the Congress rule.

Under Congress rule (1937-39), anti-Muslim riots were arranged in which Muslims were attacked and their
houses and properties were set on fire. Furthermore whenever Muslims lodged complaints to the
authorities they were never given justice. Therefore Muslims hated congress rule as they believed that it
was an unjust Hindu rule where the rights of Muslims cannot be protected.

Under Congress rule (1937-1939), “Vidya Mandir” Scheme was introduced, where students were given
education in temples and they were taught about Hindu heroes. Thus Muslims opposed Congress rule as
they felt that this was an attempt to attract their children to Hinduism.

Q) Why was Congress rule important for the creation of Pakistan? [7]
➢ Outline:

• Religious points/ Such Religious intolerance/ Hindu rule/kindled /practice their religion freely.

• Hindi-Urdu/Economic and social differences/ TNT/basis of creation of Pakistan.

• Anti-Muslim riots/ forced to think/paving way.

Under congress rule (1937-1939), Azan was banned. Pigs were pushed into the mosque and even attacks
were made on it. Noisy processions were arranged near the mosque by the Hindus at prayer times. Such
religious intolerance made it evident upon the Muslims that they cannot survive under Hindu rule. This
hatred of Muslims kindled the idea of a separate homeland where Muslims could practice their religion
freely.

Under Congress rule (1937-39), anti-Muslim riots were arranged in which Muslims were attacked and their
houses and properties were set on fire. Whenever Muslims lodged complaints to the authorities they were
never given justice. Muslims hated congress rule as they believed that was an unjust Rule where the rights
of Muslims cannot be protected. Thus, the tyranny of Congress, forced the Muslims to think about a
separate homeland where they are free from Hindu oppression.

Under the Congress rule (1937-1939), Hindi was made the official language and even teaching in schools
was to be in Hindi. Urdu carried immense cultural importance for the Muslims, so they were angered as
they felt culturally oppressed. Furthermore, many Muslims got unemployed as they did not know Hindi,
adding to their frustration. Thus, such social and economic differences between Hindus and Muslims
strengthen the TNT of SSAK, which later became the basis of the Pakistan movement.

FOUR MARK QUESTIONS:

Q: What was Band-e-Mataram?

29
Q: What was Vidya Mandir Scheme

Q: Describe Congress Rule (1937-39)

Q: What was Warda scheme

DAY OF DELIVERANCE 1939(DOD)

Q: “Why was DOD observed by Muslims in 1939?

● Band-e-Mataram/ Free from the chains of.... and no more discriminated

● Warda Scheme / Tyranny ...
● Hindi-Urdu issue/No more cultural and economic suppression
● Eating beef & punished for slaughtering/ had to bear no more religious oppression
● Azan banned, religious injustice was over
● Pigs pushed / filthy animal / religious was over
● Anti-Muslim riots/ Houses and Properties / free from unfair and cruel rule
● Vidya Mandir Scheme/Temples/ Hindu hero's / their religion was no more undermined

Q: Why was Day of Deliverance important for the creation of Pakistan?

When the tyrannical Congress rule ended in 1939, Jinnah called on Muslims to celebrate Day of
Deliverance. He used this declaration as a signal to all Muslims that changes were ahead and that partition
was still possible. He gained great support for this and his standing among the Muslims and the British was
enhanced, which made it easier for him to negotiate independence.

Q: “The Observance of Day of Deliverance 1939 was Justified”. Do you agree? Give
reasons.
Large number of Muslims observed the Day of Deliverance on the call of Muslim league to show their
hatred towards tyrannical Congress rule (1937-39). This widened the gulf between the Hindus and Muslims
which meant that they could not live together peacefully. Therefore, the celebration of DOD reduced the
chances of future united India as Nehru, the Leader of Congress himself stated that now ML and Congress
now agreed on very little.

LAHORE RESOLUTION 1940

Q: Why was the Lahore Resolution passed in 1940?

● Congress rule was tyrannical / rights/practical solution

● To put the idea's CRA and Al into actions
● WOI/ British rule/ Democracy/To restore previous glory and status
● GOIA 1935/ Provincial autonomy/ presence of British
● Congress resigned / Celebrated of DOD /confidence of ML

During Congress rule (1937-39) the religious and cultural rights of Muslims were suppressed by many Hindu
policies like Band-e-Mataram. Therefore to find a practical solution to this problem, the Lahore resolution

30
was passed to officially demand a separate homeland, where Muslims could live freely without any Hindu
domination.

Some Muslims like CRA and Iqbal gave the idea of an independent nation in the 1930's. However, Jinnah
did not agree with them as he believed Muslims could live in united India with Hindus but after witnessing
the tyrannical rule of Congress, Jinnah realized that CRA and Allama Iqbal were right. Hence, to put forward
their ideas into action, the Lahore resolution was passed.

Till 1857, Muslims were the first class citizens of India as they were the rulers. However, after the WOI,
their status declined under British rule. They feared that even after independence from British, they would
not be able to improve their status due to newly introduced democracy under which the majority rules i.e.
Hindus. Therefore, they passed the Lahore resolution to attain a separate homeland so as to protect their
political rights and restore their old glory and status.

The GOIA 1935 made it clear to the Muslims that the British were planning to leave India as full provincial
autonomy was introduced. Thus the Muslims realized that they had to protect their rights before the
departure of the British. Therefore, they passed the LR 1940 in order to get the
separate Muslim homeland in the presence of British.

When the tyrannical Congress rule ended in 1939, Jinnah called on Muslims to celebrate Day of
Deliverance. He used this declaration as a signal to all Muslims that changes were ahead and that partition
was still possible. He gained great support for his standing among the Muslims and the British was
enhanced, therefore Lahore resolution was passed to get a separate homeland after the success of DOD
1939.

Q: Was tyranny of Congress the main reason for passing the LR 1940? Explain your
answer.
● L3: Congress rule point (1 st)
● 4: Other reasons

Q: Why was the Lahore Resolution important for the creation of Pakistan?
During Congress rule (1937-39) the religious and cultural rights of Muslims were suppressed by many Hindu
policies like Band-e-Mataram. Therefore to find a practical solution to this problem, the Lahore resolution
was passed to officially demand a separate homeland, where Muslims could live freely without any Hindu
domination.

What was the Lahore Resolution? [4]

● 23rd March 1940
● Also known as Pakistan resolution
● Passed at annual session of ML in Lahore
● Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq put forward the resolution
● Official demands of a separate homeland of Muslim majority areas

31
 CRIPPS MISSION 1942
Q: Why was Cripps Mission of 1942 unsuccessful?
● Dominion status (after WWII) / Congress rejected
● No clear reference to Pakistan/ML rejected
● Individual provinces could opt out / creation of Pakistan/Congress rejected

Firstly, Cripps Mission 1942 suggested a dominion Status to India but after world war II. However, Congress
wanted immediate transfer of power and could not wait for the war to end and rejected the Cripps mission.
Thus, it failed as it was opposed by Congress, the largest political party of India.

Secondly, Cripps Mission 1942 was rejected by Jinnah as it contained no clear reference to Pakistan and
Jinnah was aiming for Pakistan since Lahore resolution 1940, and was not ready to agree on anything less.
Thus, when ML rejected it, Cripps' mission failed as it was opposed by the second largest party of India.

Thirdly, Cripps Mission 1942 stated that individual provinces could opt out of the future union and gain
independence. This meant it would lead to formation of Pakistan and Congress was against the division of
"Mother India”. Thus, Congress, the largest party of India, rejected the CM which made its failure
inevitable.

Q: Why was Cripps mission, 1942 important in the formation of Pakistan?

● Congress rejected/immediate transfer of power / Jinnah speeded up

● Individual provinces could opt out / Muslim majority areas independence / indirectly hinted /encouraged
Jinnah
● Individual provinces / gain independence / Jinnah rejected/ Such commitment by Jinnah

Firstly, Cripps mission 1942, stated that individual provinces could opt out of the future union and gain
independence. This meant that Muslim majority areas could declare independence and form Pakistan. This
pleased the ML as they felt that the British had indirectly hinted towards Pakistan which encouraged Jinnah
to work for the formation of Pakistan.

Secondly, Cripps Mission 1942 was rejected by Congress because it wanted immediate transfer of power.
This worried Jinnah as he felt that after the departure of the British, the Hindus would not allow the
formation of Pakistan and therefore he speeded up his struggle for Pakistan and succeeded in its formation
before the departure of the British.

In Cripps Mission 1942, even though there was an option of individual provinces that could opt out of
future union and gain independence, Jinnah still rejected the Cripps Mission. Such a commitment by Jinnah
made it evident upon the British that he was not ready to accept anything less than Pakistan and his such
efforts later paved the way for creation of Pakistan.

32
 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT 1942 (QIM)
Why was the Quit India Movement started in 1942?

● WWII/ Japanese/ rivals / Indian border/invade / save India

● From CM/ Congress realized /British were weak/ exploit
● CM / individual provinces /gain independence/alarmed congress/ towards Pakistan/QIM/ oust the British/
Prevent creation of Pakistan

The CM 1942, stated that individual provinces could opt out of the future union and gain independence.
This alarmed Congress as it was a step towards Pakistan. Therefore, QIM was started to oust the British, get
the administration in their own hands and prevent creation of Pakistan.

From the CM 1942, Indians realized that the British were weak in the war and therefore they decided to
force the British to leave India and transfer powers through peaceful protests. Thus the QIM was started to
exploit the vulnerable conditions of the British and gain independence.

In WWII, the Japanese, the rivals of the British, were too near to the Indian border and there was a threat
that they could invade India as it was a British colony. Therefore QIM was started to oust the British and
save India from the Japanese as they had no enmity for the Indians.

Why did QIM of 1942 fail?

When the congress started the QIM 1942, the British responded harshly and not only banned congress but
also imprisoned Gandhi and Nehru, its main leaders. Therefore the QIM failed because of the lack of
guidance of influential leaders.

Secondly, during the QIM, the British started a policy of repression against the Indians. They used Ariel
bombing, machine guns and killed thousands of QIM supporters. Thus, due to such strict measures, the
support of QIM decreased drastically, which led to its failure.

Thirdly, Jinnah did not support this movement as he believed it was not only started to oust the British but
also to prevent creation of Pakistan. As a result, disunity within Indians and the fact that the second largest
Indians political party did not support the QIM hence it failed.

Why was QIM of 1942 important in the formation of Pakistan?

● Banned congress / arrested / absence / quickly spread /gained support for PM

● Jinnah / blackmail/exploitation of the weak condition /B-M relations improved /sympathy of the
British/supported ML & its aim
● QIM /oust the British/Jinnah knew it was stop the formation of Pakistan / British left / no hope / Jinnah speeded
up

Congress started the QIM to oust the British but Jinnah knew that Congress was trying to stop the
formation of Pakistan and he knew once the British left India, there would be no hope of attaining Pakistan.

33
So Jinnah speeded up his efforts to obtain Pakistan in British presence and this hard work paved the way for
the formation of Pakistan.

Jinnah called the QIM as 'blackmail'. He did not support the exploitation of the weak condition of the
British in war. By this act, B-M relations improved and Jinnah gained the sympathy of the British. Hence, the
British not only supported ML but also its aim of creation of Pakistan which paved the way for Pakistan.

The British banned congress and arrested its main leaders "Nehru and Gandhi". The absence of the main
leader of congress enabled Jinnah and the ML to quickly spread its agenda around India and so they gained
support for the Pakistan movement.

Q: Describe QIM
● In 1942
● By Congress on call of Gandhi
● It demanded WI drawl of British from India
● Because there was threat of Japanese invasions
● It was decided that protest will be peaceful
● Congress Banned
● Gandhi Nehru arrested

Q: Describe Cripps Mission

● In 1942
● Sir Cripps Came to India to India to introduced reforms during WW1
● He proposed Dominion Status for war
● Elections would place after war
● New Constitution after war
● Opposed By ML as no Clear reforms for Pakistan
● Opposed By CONGRESS as they wanted immediate transfer of Power.

Q: How successful was QIM?

Success: Pakistan Creation

Failures: Failures

GANDHI JINNAH TALKS

Q: Why were the GJT of 1944 unsuccessful?

● 6 provinces /3 (NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh)/ 3 (Bengal, Punjab , Assam) / economically handicapped

● ML support/ oust British/then partition

● Foreign affairs & defense / centre/provincial autonomy

● Gandhi did not support TNT Vs LR 1940

34
In GJT 1944, Gandhi suggested that out of 6 provinces, 3 (NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh) were Muslim
majority and could be directly included in Pakistan, where as 3 (Bengal, Punjab, Assam) were to be divided
on communal lines before inclusion to Pakistan. Thus, Jinnah denied this proposal as Pakistan would be
economically handicapped and therefore GJ talks failed.

Secondly, in GJTs 1941, Gandhi wanted ML to support congress for the independence from Britain and
claimed that after independence partition would be considered. Jinnah was too clever to fall for this trap as
he knew after the departure of the British, Hindus will not allow Pakistan. As a result Jinnah rejected this
suggestions and GJTs failed

Thirdly, in GJT 1944, Gandhi proposed that the key areas e.g. foreign affairs and defense should be handled
by the centre. Meanwhile, Jinnah wanted these affairs to be handled by provinces as he believed in
provincial autonomy. As a result, because of opposing views of both Gandhi and Jinnah, no conclusion was
reached and hence talks failed.

IN GJTs, Gandhi gave an impression that he didn’t support “TWO NATION THEORY OF SIR SYED AHMED
KHAN” whereas Jinnah was aiming for TNT since Lahore Resolution 1940 and it was the aim of ML as well.
Thus, because of contrasting views the talks failed.

Why was IT important for the formation of Pakistan?

● 6 provinces /3 (NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh)/ 3 (Bengal, Punjab , Assam) /communal lines/ indirect hint
towards a separate ho/ encouraged Jinnah

● ML support/ oust British/then partition/ no formation after partition/ farsightedness/ had he accepted

● Talks handled intelligently/ true Muslim leader did not compromise/ increased his status/ leadership
qualities/support/elections of 1945-46/creation of Pakistan.

In GJT 1944, Gandhi suggested that out of 6 provinces, 3 (NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh) were Muslim
majority and could be directly included in Pakistan, where as 3 (Bengal, Punjab , Assam) were to be divided
on communal lines before inclusion of Pakistan. Although Jinnah rejected this proposal, it still encouraged
him as Congress had indirectly accepted the idea of a separate homeland and so Jinnah continued his
mission of creation of a separate homeland.

In GJT 1944, Gandhi wanted ML to support congress for the independence from British and claimed that
After independence, partition would be considered. Jinnah was too clever to fall for such a trick as he knew
that after the departure of the British, Hindus would not allow the formation of Pakistan. This shows
Jinnah's farsightedness as a leader, because had he accepted this proposal, there would have been no
Pakistan. Thus his rejection secured the creation of Pakistan.

In GJT 1944, Jinnah handled these talks intelligently and proved that he was a true Muslim leader because
He did not compromise on the rights of Muslims. This increased his status among the Muslims and now
they started to believe in his leadership qualities. He gained a lot of support for the Pakistan movement and
many Muslims voted for ML in the elections of 1945-46. As a consequence, ML won all seats reserved for
Muslims which was a major step towards creation of Pakistan.

35
Q: Describe the GJT'S. [4]

● 1944
● Gandhi proposed that NWEP, Sindh and Balochistan can be added to Pakistan
● He also proposed that Punjab, Bengal & Assam to be divided on communal lines
● He suggested Defense and foreign affairs should be in the hands of the Central government.
● He did not support TNT
● He also suggested that ML should oust British first and then partition would be considered
● Jinnah rejected his proposal and GJT failed

SIMLA CONFERENCE 1945

Why was the Simla Conference unsuccessful?

● Jinnah /executive council/undisputed voice /congress /select one /deadlock

● Parity (equal) of seats/ both M & H/executive council/Sikhs and low caste/Congress & viceroy/ deadlock

06 (ML) + 6 (CONGRESS) + 1 (SIKHS) + 1 (Low CASTE)

Q: Why was the Simla Conference unsuccessful?

In Simla Conference 1945, Jinnah was of the view that ML should nominate all Muslims in the executive council as
ML claimed that it was an undisputed voice all Muslims whereas congress wanted to select one Muslim member.
Thus because of these contrasting views, there was a complete deadlock between the two parties and so the
Conference failed.

In Simla Conference 1945, although parity (equal) of seats was given to both Muslims and Hindus in the
Jinnah rejected this as he believed that Hindus would get the support of Sikhs and low caste Hindus and
therefore Muslims would become a permanent minority and their rights would be side lined. Congress and
the Viceroy Lord Wavell did not agree to this view of Jinnah which created a deadlock and no conclusion
was reached and led to the failure of the conference.

Q: Why was Simla Conference important for the creation of Pakistan?

● JINNAH EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
● ALL INDIAN MEMBERS IN COUNCIL
● ATTITUDE OF JINNAH

In Simla conference 1945, Jinnah was of the view that ML should nominate all Muslim members in the
executive council as he believed that ML was the undisputed voice of Muslims whereas congress wanted to

36
select one Muslim member. These contrasting views convinced the Viceroy Lord Wavell that these two
parties were poles apart and could not live together and some sort of partition would be necessary in the
near future, paving way for creation of Pakistan.

Although, In simla conference1945 the attitude of Jinnah led to failure of conference but it still proved that
he was a true Muslim Leader as he didn't compromise on Muslim rights. Now they started to believe his
Leadership qualities. He gained a lot of support of Pakistan movement and voted for ML in elections of
1945-46. As a consequence Muslims won all seats reserved for ML which was a major step towards
PAKISTAN.

Q: Describe Wavell Plan/ Simla Conference?

In 1945
Lord Wavell came to India to decide future Policy of India.
He proposed that executive councils should be set up
He said Equal Number of seats for Hindus
Muslims and Jinnah Said Low Caste Hindu Sikhs would support Hindus
He also rejected Congress suggestions of nominating 1 Muslim Member

Lord Wavell The Viceroy suggested that all members in the executive council would be Indians except for
Vice Roy and Defence Minister. This was important as it meant Britishers were transferring maximum
authority to Indians like foreign Affairs so they were planning to leave India and Independence was near.

Q: “During WWII (1939-45), negotiations aimed at independence achieved nothing”. Do

you agree? Explain your answer.
Events between 1939-45 which include "Negotiations” are:

● Day of Deliverance 1939 – NO

● Lahore Resolution 1940 – NO
● Cripps Mission 1942 – YES
● Quit India Movement 1942 – NO
● GJT 1944 – YES
● Simla Conference 1945 - YES

Q: How successful were the events during WWII (1939-45) in attaining the independence
of India? Explain your answer.
(ALL EVENTS)

Was the Simla conference of 1945, the most important events during the 1940's which
helped in the formation of Pakistan? Explain your answer.
(L3: importance of Simla Conference
L4: importance of other events)

37
 ELECTIONS 1945
Q: Why was ML so successful in the election of 1945-46?

● learned /elections 1937/planning/ organization

● Congress rule /tyrannical/suppressed
● Manifesto LR 1940

ML learned from its mistakes in the elections of 1937 and improved its planning and organization. It
campaigned effectively and succeeded in getting its message across. Thus, since many people knew what
ML stood for, the support for ML increased, which made its victory inevitable.

Congress rule (1937-39) was tyrannical for the Muslims and their religious and cultural rights were
suppressed through introduction of schemes like Warda scheme. The Muslims did not want to suffer under
congress rule once again and therefore they voted for ML as it promised to protect their rights leading to
their success.

ML was contesting the elections under the manifesto of Pakistan, which was the main aim of ML since
Lahore resolution 1940 and common Muslims agreed with this aim of ML. Thus many people voted for ML
to achieve Pakistan leading to its success.

Q: Why were the elections of 1945-46 important for the formation of Pakistan?

Congress: United India/ ML: Muslim homeland opposite

demands/ badly divided/ some sort of Partition

Muslims wholeheartedly /Pakistan/official voice/ML and

Jinnah /pressurize /form Pakistan /democratic one.

The aim of Congress in the election was to achieve United India whereas ML's aim was independent
Muslim homeland. The two main political parties of India had opposite demands. This convinced the British
that Hindus and Muslims were badly divided and so some sort of Partition would be necessary between the
two, and hence a step towards Pakistan.

In the elections of 1945-46, most of the Muslims wholeheartedly voted for ML to achieve Pakistan. This
strengthened the position of ML and now Jinnah was in a perfect position to pressurize Congress and
British to form Pakistan as their demand was now a democratic one.

Q: Describe the elections of 1945-46.

o Wavell was to organize the elections
o ML fought election with the aim of separate homeland (as per Lahore resolution)
o Congress aimed for undivided India
o ML 870ltrom Muslim majority areas
o Congress won 91% from Hindu Majority areas

38
 CABINET MISSION 1946
Q: Why was cabinet mission 1946 unsuccessful?
CM negotiated/ United India Vs Pakistan/co-exist
All India commission/One or two states
India divided into three part) Hindu majority, Western Muslim majority, Bengal & Assam

In 1946, the CM negotiated with the ML & Congress and they realized that there was very little common
ground between the two parties as congress wanted united India and ML wanted Pakistan. Therefore, CM
failed as it could not bridge the gap between the two communities.

Secondly, the CM 1946, stated that an All India commission should decide the formation of one or two
states. This was rejected by ML as they feared that it might decide for a united India. Whereas Congress
rejected it as they feared creation of Pakistan. Thus, as the two main Indian political parties rejected this
mission, CM failed.

Thirdly, CM 1946, gave its final decision that India should be divided into three parts. Hindu-majority states,
western Muslim majority states and Bengal & Assam. Jinnah accepted this term but Congress leader Nehru
stated that Congress will not be bound by the terms of CM once the British left. Thus after hearing this
Jinnah rejected CM as he feared Hindu domination in future.

Q: Why was the Cabinet Mission important for the creation of Pakistan?
CM negotiated/ML & Congress/ United India Vs Pakistan/ widened the gulf/ partition was necessary
India divided into three part/ Hindu majority, Western Muslim majority, Bengal & Assam/ Jinnah agreed/ Nehru
statement/ feared Hindu domination/speeded up his efforts/ Maulana Azad Kalam

In 1946, the CM negotiated with the ML & Congress and they realized that there was very little common
ground between the two parties as congress wanted united India and ML wanted Pakistan. The British
realized that the gulf between the two groups had widened and these groups could not co-exist and so
some form of partition would be necessary which strengthened the Pakistan Movement.

Secondly, CM 1946, gave its final decision that India should be divided into three parts. Hindu-majority
states, western Muslim majority states and Bengal and Assam. Jinnah accepted this term but Congress
leader Nehru stated that Congress will not be bound by the terms of CM once the British left. This alarmed
Jinnah as he feared Hindu domination. So he speeded up his efforts to attain Pakistan which paved the way
for the formation of Pakistan. Maulana Azad Kalam confirmed this by saying that if Nehru had not given this
statement the course of history would have been different.

DIRECT ACTION DAY

Q: Why was DAD important for the creation of Pakistan?
In 1946, Jinnah feared that the British might leave India without partitioning so Jinnah called upon the
Muslims of India to observe DAD by peacefully demonstrating all over India so Muslims could show their
solidarity for Pakistan. Large number of Muslims celebrated DAD. This was a step towards gaining

39
independence, through this day Jinnah made it clear that the demand of Pakistan was democratic and
could not be ignored by the British.

However, due to Hindu-Muslim conflicts in Calcutta, 4000 people were killed. This convinced the British
that Hindus and Muslims are two different nations and could not co-exist peacefully and so some sort of
partition would be necessary which paved the way for the creation of Pakistan.

3rd JUNE PLAN

Q: Why was the 3rd June Plan important for the creation of Pakistan?
A new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, was sent to India in 1947, to negotiate with the local political parties
regarding the future of India. Jinnah was adamant with his demand of Pakistan and so the viceroy was
forced to accept it. In the 3rd June plan 1947, Lord Mountbatten announced that subcontinent should be
divided into two states i.e. Pakistan and India. Thus finally Jinnah's determination bore fruit and this was
the final nail in the coffin as now the demand of Pakistan had been accepted.

Q: Was response to Cripps Mission 1942, the most important contribution of Jinnah for
the creation of Pakistan? Explain your answer.
L3: Cripps Mission
L4: All other contribution of JINNAH

ANSWER (POINTS FOR JINNAH)

o Rejected Nehru Report by saying parting of the ways, 1928
o Jinnah's 14 points became base of creation of Pakistan, 1929
o Did not agree with Gandhi in the 2nd RTC, 1931
o Jinnah reorganized ML from grass root level after elections, 1937
o Muslims celebrated Day of Deliverance on his call, 1939
o Gave Muslims a clear cut to work for, Lahore resolution 1940
o Rejected Cripps Mission, 1942
o Called Quit Movement a "blackmail”, 1942
o Gandhi Jinnah Talks, 1944
o Simla Conference, did not compromise the right of Muslims, 1945
o Made it clear on the Cabinet Mission plan that he was not ready to accept any less than Pakistan 946
o Direct Action Day observed on his call to show the solidarity for Pakistan, 1946
o Negotiated with Lord Mountbatten, 3rd June Plan, 1947

ALAMA IQBAL
Q: Why was Allama Iqbal important to the Pakistan Movement?
Allama Iqbal chaired the Allahabad address of 1930 and he was the first Muslim leader to give the idea of a
separate homeland in order to avoid Hindu dominance. Thus he is important in the Pakistan Movement as
he strengthened the Two Nation Theory of Sir Syed which became the base in the creation of Pakistan.

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Nehru report was anti-Muslim and it frightened the Indian Muslims about uncertain future in India. In this
situation, Allama Iqbal gave a clear cut goal (in Allahabad Address) of attaining a separate homeland as a
solution of their political problem. Thus he is important in the Pakistan movement as he motivated the
Indian Muslims to achieve Independence.

Allama Iqbal was also a source of inspiration for future Muslim leaders e.g. Jinnah, the main leader of ML
accepted his idea of separate homeland in Pakistan Resolution of 1940 which was the official start of
Pakistan Movement. Therefore he is important in the Pakistan movement as he motivated the Muslim
leaders to achieve independence.

Allama Iqbal's poetry not only awakened the Muslims from their slumber but it also urged them to protect
their rights as a community. Through such inspirational poetry, he created a sense of nationhood in them
which was a spark for the Pakistan Movement.

Why was the Allahabad address important for the Pakistan movement? [7 ]
(First three points of last question.)

Allama Iqbal chaired the Allahabad address of 1930 and he was the first Muslim leader to give the idea of a
separate homeland in order to avoid Hindu dominance. Thus he is important in the Pakistan Movement as
he strengthened the Two Nation Theory of Sir Syed which became the base in the creation of Pakistan.

Nehru report was anti-Muslim and it frightened the Indian Muslims about uncertain future in India. In this
situation, Allama Iqbal gave a clear cut goal (in Allahabad Address) of attaining a separate homeland as a
solution of their political problem. Thus he is important in the Pakistan movement as he motivated the
Indian Muslims to achieve Independence.

Allama Iqbal was also a source of inspiration for future Muslim leaders e.g. Jinnah, the main leader of ML
accepted his idea of separate homeland in Pakistan Resolution of 1940 which was the official start of
Pakistan Movement. Therefore he is important in the Pakistan movement as he motivated the Muslim
leaders to achieve independence.

Q Was Jinnah’s Lahore Resolution 1940, the most important contribution of Jinnah to the Pakistan Movement?
Explain your answer.
Jinnah made a number of contributions to the Pakistan Movement.

During Congress rule (1937-39) the religious and cultural rights of Muslims were suppressed by many Hindu policies
like Band-e-Mataram. Therefore to find a practical solution to this problem, the Lahore resolution was passed to
officially demand a separate homeland, where Muslims could live freely without any Hindu domination.

Muslim rights were rejected by Congress in the Nehru report and Jinnah’s amendments to it were also hackled.
Therefore, Jinnah launched his 14 points according to which Muslims should be granted separate electorates and
weightage. This strengthened the Pakistan movement as these points formed the basis of the Lahore Resolution of
1940 in which a separate homeland for Muslims was officially demanded. Thus, these points were the forerunner of
the Pakistan movement.

Also since these points 14 points were produced to counter the Nehru report of Hindus which was anti-Muslim, the
Two Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was strengthened. This meant that the Hindus and Muslims cannot live
together and some sort of partition would be required in the future to avoid political disturbances.

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 When ML lost the elections in 1937, Jinnah warned the ML that if it wanted to resist Congress domination it had to
start all over again. So he reorganized the ML from the grass root level. Thus due to his efforts the ministers of
Bengal, Assam and Punjab joined ML and there was a dramatic increase in its members. Therefore, due to the
increased support of ML, the Pakistan Movement was strengthened and it became strong enough to convince the
British for Pakistan.

When the tyrannical Congress rule ended in 1939, Jinnah called on Muslims to celebrate Day of Deliverance. He
used this declaration as a signal to all Muslims that changes were ahead and that partition was still possible. He
gained great support for this and his standing among the Muslims and the British was enhanced, which made it
easier for him to negotiate independence.

In Cripps Mission 1942, even though there was an option of individual provinces that could opt out of future union
and gain independence, Jinnah still rejected the Cripps Mission. Such a commitment by Jinnah made it evident upon
the British that he was not ready to accept anything less than Pakistan and his effort later paved the way for
creation of Pakistan.

Congress started the QIM to oust the British but Jinnah knew that Congress was trying to stop the formation of
Pakistan and he knew once the British left India, there would be no hope of attaining Pakistan. So Jinnah speeded
up his efforts to obtain Pakistan in British presence and this hard work paved the way for the formation of Pakistan.

In GJT 1944, Gandhi wanted ML to support congress for the independence from the British and claimed that after
independence, partition would be considered. Jinnah was too clever to fall for such a trick as he knew that after the
departure of the British, Hindus would not allow the formation of Pakistan. This shows Jinnah’s farsightedness as a
leader, because had he accepted this proposal, there would have been no Pakistan. Thus his rejection secured the
creation of Pakistan.

In Simla Conference 1945, although the attitude of Jinnah led to the failure of the conference but still it proved
that he was a true Muslim leader as he did not compromise on the rights of Muslims. This increased his status among
the Muslims and now they started to believe in his leadership qualities. He gained a lot of support who supported
the Pakistan movement and voted for ML in the elections of 1945-46. As a consequence, ML won all seats reserved
for Muslims which was a major step towards creation of Pakistan.

In 1946, Jinnah feared that the British might leave India without partitioning the subcontinent so Jinnah called upon
the Muslims of India to observe Direct Action Day by peacefully protesting all over India so Muslims could show
their solidarity for Pakistan. However, in Calcutta 4000 people were killed due to Hindu-Muslim conflicts. This
convinced the British that Hindus and Muslims are two different nations and could not co-exist peacefully and so
some sort of partition would be necessary which paved the way for the creation of Pakistan.

A new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten was sent to India in 1947 to negotiate with the political parties of India and
reach an agreement regarding the future of India. Jinnah was too adamant with his demand of Pakistan and the
Viceroy was forced to accept it. In the 3rd June Plan, it was announced that India would be divided into two states
i.e. India and Pakistan. Jinnah’s efforts, therefore, bore fruit and this plan made the creation of Pakistan official.

CHAUDHARY REHMAT ALI (CRA)

Q: Why was Chaudhry Rehmat Ali important to the Pakistan Movement?
In 1933, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali wrote a four page pamphlet “Now or Never” in which he gave the idea of a
separate Muslim homeland i.e. Pakistan. Therefore he inspired Indian Muslims to work for the Pakistan
Movement as he sparked a sense of freedom in them.

42
 CRA also named the new Muslim homeland as 'Pakistan' which means 'Land of pure'. It was taken from
the names of main Muslim majority areas like Punjab and Sindh etc. Therefore he was important in the
Pakistan Movement for giving the name and thus a concrete goal towards which Muslims must strive.

Although at first the CRA idea of Pakistan was rejected by Jinnah because he felt that Muslims could live in
united India. However, his views changed after the tyrannical Congress Rule (1937-39) and now the ML
accepted the idea of Rehmat Ali with enthusiasm. Therefore, CRA was important in the Pakistan Movement
as his idea not only became the basis of Lahore Resolution but the resolution was soon renamed as
Pakistan Resolution, which was the name given by CRA.

In 1933, CRA formed the “Pakistan National Movement" to campaign for the idea of Pakistan.
Furthermore, he also published “Pakistan, the fatherland of Pak nations” which contained all his writings
on the subject. Thus, these endeavors of CRA show how passionate he was for the creation of Pakistan.

Q: CRA was more important for Creation of PAKISTAN than Alama Iqbal” Do you agree
give reasons.

Q: How important was Jinnah for the creation of Pakistan

(L3 JINNAH L4 JINNAH)

LANGUAGES

LIST OF QUESTIONS

1. Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as the National language?

2. Why have Regional languages been promoted by the government of Pakistan since
1947?
3. "Punjabi has been developed the most between 1947-99”. Do you agree? Give reasons
for your answer.
4. Was making Urdu the national language the most important factor to develop it in
Pakistan? Explain your answer.
5. How successful has Pakistan been in promoting Urdu as a main language of Pakistan?
Explain your answer.

Q:Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as the National language?

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OUTLINE
Sultans of Delhi/Mughals/well known/long history
Bande Nawaz/SSAK/Quran/rich literary tradition
PM/SSAK/ML/Jinnah

Firstly, Urdu was widely spoken from the time of Sultans of Delhi and the Mughal Empire. It was also used
by Muslim armies and was widely understood and spoken in many parts of the subcontinent. Thus Urdu
was chosen as the national language as it was a well-known language and had a long history.

Secondly, Urdu was chosen as the national language because of its high status. Famous poets such as
Bande Nawaz wrote in Urdu. Similarly, SAK's school at Aligarh became a center for Urdu studies. The Quran
was also translated in Urdu. Thus, it was chosen as the national language because of its rich literary
tradition.

Thirdly, Urdu was closely associated with the Pakistan movement. SSAK supported it and ML was not only
established to defend Muslim interests but also to protect Urdu. Jinnah was particularly keen to promote
Urdu as he saw it as a unifying force. Since Pakistan was a new country, it was very appropriate to pick a
language which had played a part in unifying Muslims.

Q: How successful has Pakistan been in promoting Urdu as a main language of Pakistan?
Explain your answer.

Successes Failures
• National Media (TV/Radio) Criticism of East Pakistan
(54%)
•Medium of instruction Criticism Of Punjabi
•M.A/M.Phil. Ph.D. Sidelined in Urban Areas/
Rural Areas
•Urdu (compulsory subject)
• Official court language
•Urdu Mushairas
•National language

Q: How successful has Pakistan been in promoting Urdu as a main language of Pakistan? Explain your
answer.

Failures

Firstly, Urdu faced criticism from East Pakistanis. When Urdu was made the national language after
independence, the East Pakistanis strongly protested as Bengali, their language, was spoken by 54% of the
total population whereas Urdu was the language of a minority. This offended them to the extent that it
eventually led to creation of Bangladesh. So Urdu instead of unifying Pakistan rather disintegrated it.

Urdu also faced criticism from Punjabi. The local languages e.g. Punjabi is used by 62% of the total
population (after 1971) whereas Urdu was made the national language which is the language of 8%.

44
Thus, this led to resentment among the Punjabis as they were deprived of their rights and hence gave rise
to the feelings of provincialism.

Urdu was also sidelined in rural and urban areas of Pakistan. This is because in urban areas, people prefer
English over Urdu and send their children to English medium schools for their better future as
They are aware that the civil service exam is taken in English. On the other hand in rural areas people
mostly use their local languages instead of Urdu. Thus this hinders the development of Urdu as many
of them even don't know it or they don't give it much importance.

Successes:
Firstly, Urdu is the medium of national media. Since the media is well known to everyone and people watch
television and listen to radio with interest for information and entertainment. Thus the language gets
promoted as it is exposed to more people.

Secondly, Urdu has been made the medium of instruction in many schools. All the subjects are taught in
Urdu and the students frequently use it in their reading, writing and communication. Thus, this develops
interest in students towards their national language.

Urdu is being taught up to MA, M Phil and PhD level in different institutions e.g. Urdu University,
Islamabad. Therefore the scholars research in the language and explore different aspects of its poetry and
prose which helps to modernize Urdu.

Also, Urdu language is a compulsory subject. It is mandatory for students to pass this subject in grade 10
and 12 in educational institutions. Therefore the language is promoted as the students get familiar with its
literature and grammar.

(Urdu is the official language of courts along with English). e.g. judges use it in their judgments and
lawyers use it in their arguments. Thus, this helps its promotion as it is then frequently used in judicial
proceedings.

Urdu mushairas (poetry recitation sessions) are frequently held in Pakistan. In these mushairas poets recite
their poetry in front of a public who appreciates their poetry. Thus, this encourages them to write more in
Urdu and they are motivated even further when sometimes given awards for their works which promote
Urdu.

Q: Was making Urdu the “national language”, the most important factor to develop it in
Pakistan? Explain your answer
L3: National language.
L4 - other point

Regional Languages
Punjabi
Pushto
Sindhi
Balochi

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Q: Why have regional languages been promoted by the Pakistani government since 1947 ?
(7)
Firstly, it was said that the Literature and work undertaken by writers and poets in areas like Sindh should
be kept alive for future generations. Thus, the government setup bodies, such as “Sindhi literary” board in
1948 to promote it and preserve this work.

Secondly, many Languages have played an important role in the history of this region e.g. Pashto Literature
had a great role. In the history of this region e.g. Pashto literature had an important role in creating
opposition for British rule and movement of independence. Thus it was promoted to preserve it for future
generations .

Thirdly, Balochi had little development before 1947 and its literature was in decline. However the
government felt that it should be kept alive and not lost forever. Hence the language was promoted
to bring it at par with other regional Languages.

FOUR MARK QUESTIONS

Q: Describe the steps to promote the Urdu language?

● It is the National language of Pak from the constitution of 1973.
● Medium of Instructions in educational institutions.
● Taught up to MA, M phil, PHD Level in “Urdu University- ISLAMABAD”
● Dictionary has also been published.
● Medium for radio and television.
● Urdu Films, plays, Novels, poetry (mushairas) and magazines are famous.
● official court language.

Q: Describe the Development of Punjabi language after 1947?

● local language of Punjab
● Popular among Sufi poets write poetry
● Punjabi poetry Mushairas.
● Taught up to the “MA” level at “Punjab university”
● Punjabi theatre, films are also famous
● Versified Qurania 'translation by By M. Ali Faiq

Q: Describe the development of Sindhi Language .

● Local Language of Sindh .

● Sindhi Library board which prints
● Books and magazines e.g. (G-Alna, Faqin Nabi Bux)
● “Bazme Talib ul Maula” was set to promote Sindhi literature
● Sarmast Academy was established in memory of “Sir Sachal Mast”

46
● Sindhology department in Sindh University Jamshoro

Q: “Punjabi is the most developed regional language of Pakistan” Do you agree or

disagree?
Give reasons.
L3. Punjabi
L4: Other regional Languages

Firstly, books have been published in Punjabi on different academic subjects. For e.g. Law, medicine,
Science, History and Philosophy. Thus, it is important as it is used as a means of spreading education thus
contributing to its development.

Secondly, Punjabi is taught up to M. A level in University e.g. Punjab University Lahore. Therefore, scholars
research in this language and explore different aspects of its poetry and prose which help to modernize
Punjabi.

Thirdly, Punjabi is also promoted through the media. Radio and television have also promoted Punjabi by
News and drama serials. Similarly, Punjabi theater and films are also widely appreciated by people
because of their comedy and action. Hence, by using it as a source of entertainment and information. Its
understanding has been improved among the masses.

Quran's versified translation was also made in Punjabi. It was made by Muhammad Ali Faiq. Thus, it
promoted the language and religious Lines as Muslims of Punjab read this unique translation with more
interest.

Punjabi Mushairas (poetry recitation sessions) are frequently held in Pakistan. In these mushairas poets
recite their poetry in front of a public who appreciates their poetry. Thus, this encourages them to write
more in Punjabi and they are motivated even further when sometimes given awards for their works which
promote Punjabi.

SINDHI:
Firstly, Sindhi Literary board was set up. It published different books and merged in Sindhi and many
prominent literary figures Like “Fakir Nebi Baksh” and “G Allana”. became known for their services to
Sindhi literature. Thus the efforts made by different writers promoted Sindhi among the masses.

Secondly, “Bazme-Talib-ul- Mola” was set up in 1954. It published books of Sindhi literature. Thus,
promoting the language by attracting more people/readers.

Thirdly, Sarmast Academy was also set up. It was established to pay tribute to the great Sindh Poet
“SACHAL SARMAST”. Thus, it promoted the language by printing his works and making them available to
common Sindhis.

Fourthly Sindhi is also taught upto M.A Level - Also, Sindhiology department was set up at “Sindh
University Jamshoro”. Therefore, the scholars research in the language and explore different aspects of
its poetry and prose which helps to modernize Sindhi great Sindhi.

47
Fifthly, Sindhi is also a compulsory language subject in schools. It is taught as an alternative to Urdu.
Therefore, the language is promoted as students get familiar with its literature and grammar.

Pushto:

Pushto has been promoted in educational institutions of Pakistan. The establishment of Peshawar
University and postgraduate studies. Pashto literature classes promote Language and Literature. Thus, it
makes the language widely known to students.

Pashto literature Academy was set up in 1954. It prepared a widely accepted Pashto dictionary. Thus, it
created more understanding of this language by improving Pashto vocabulary among the people.

Balochi:
Balochi is also used by the media in Pakistan. Radio Pakistan Karachi started broadcasting in Balochi as
well. Thus, it helped to make the language important through news and programs.

Secondly, the Balochi Literary Association was set up weekly and Monthly. Magazines are published under
it e.g. “Nan Kisaan and Ollasis”. Thus, this association promoted Balochi by encouraging different writers
and helping in gaining more readers.

Many notable poets and writers did work in Balochi e.g. Atashad, Isaac Shamim. Thus, this made Balochi
widely available to the interested people through their writings hence promoting it.

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