Endocrine 6

pancreas
Islands of Langerhans contain four type of cell:
Alpha Delta cell 10 %
cell 25 % produces
produce somatostatin
glucagon
F cell 5%
B-cells secrete
60% pancreatic
produce polypeptide
insulin hormone
Islands of Langerhans contain four type of cell:
 insulin
Formation:
insulin is formed in the ribosome as pro insulin
form which the C peptide is removed in the
Golgi apparatus to produce insulin.
Both the C form and the insulin are stored in the
cytoplasmic granule to be released by
exocytosis.
Transport and metabolism:
Insulin is circulate almost in the free form.
Metabolized by:
-Insulin glutathione tran-hydroxylase in the liver.
-Proteolytic enzyme(insulinase) in the tissue and
liver.
 Action of insulin

CHO 42PROTEIN FAT

1-Increase the
entry and
Anabolic hormone Lipogenic
oxidation of Increase the protein Increases lipogenesis
glucose in most synthesis and decrease lipolysis
tissue
2-Increase
glucogenisis in the It helps K to enter inside Syntergisticaly action
Muscle the cell with growth hormone
mainly,liver
3-Decrease
glucose production
by the liver
Increase glucose utilization in •
most tissue ( skin, s keletal
muscle, heart, and adipose
tissue)but does not effect
glucose transport in some
tissue (brain,liver ,renal
tubules, RBC , and intestine.
 Oral glucose is more effective than I.v
glucose because of the G.I.T hormones
which help in insulin secretion.
 Regulation of insulin
insulin secretion is increased by:
1-hyperglycemia:
glucose is the most powerful stimulant, followed by
maltose and fructose.
2-amino acid: argenine, tyrosin
3-G,I,T hormones: Gastrin, secretin, CCK ,GIP
4-Glucagon, GH, and cortisol.
5-parasympathatic stimulation.
6- decrease in plasma Na.
7-Sulphonyl urea e.g. tolbutamide.
Insulin secretion is inhibited by:
1-fasting.
2-somatostatin.
3-sympathtc stimulation and catecholamine's.
4-decrease in plasma K.
 Diabetes mellitus
Its due to absolute or relative lack of insulin
characterized by:
hyperglycemia

Polyuria: Polydepsia:
Dehydration:
Glucoseuria increase water
Decrease in
and diuresis loss and
CO,VR,ABP,
stimulation of
thirst centre
 Increase protein
catabolism

Increase
Increase gluconeogensis
Amino Weight
urinary And growth
acidemia loss
excretion retardation in
diabetic child
 Increased
Lipaemia lipolysis
and
increase Increase
FFA in ketogensis
blood ketonemia
and Metabolic
Atherosclerosis
ketouria acidosis Ketonemia
and fatty liver
leads to
coma and
death
 Types of D.M
1- type I insulin dependent D.M (IDDM):
Occur in children, due to destruction of the beta
cells ( virus, autoimmune disease) insulin
secretion in nearly absent.
2- type II: non insulin dependent D.M(NIDDM):
Occur after the age of 40 due to decrease the
sensitivity of beta cell, and decrease insulin
receptors.
 Hyper insulinemia
Its caused by adenoma in the B cells of island of
langrhans, characterized by:
Hypoglycemia, excessive sweating, irritability,
may lead to permanent brain damage.
 glucagon
- Secreted from the Alph cells
-Acts on cAMP
Actions:
**On CHO:
-Glygogenolysis
-Gluconeogenesis
**On lipid :
Lipolysis which leads to increase FFA, and increase
ketone body formation.
**other effect:
-Increase myocardial contractility.
-Increase bile secretion.
-Increase the secretion on GH.
-Decrease the gastric acid secretion.
 Regulation of glucagon secretion
Glucagon secretion is increased by:
1- hypoglycemia.
2-increase the plasma amino acids.
3-GIT hormones: gastrin and CCK.
4-muscular exercise.
5-Sympathatic stimulation
decreased by:
Hyperglycemia, decrease amino acids, GIT
hormones: secretin.
 Somatostatin hormones
-Secreted by the Delta cell .
-It’s polypeptide, that has a chemical structure as
GHIH.
-Its secreted by the hypothalamus.
**Action
-----Multiple inhibitory action:
1-Inhibit the secretion of both glucagon and insulin.
2-Decrease the motility of stomach, duodenum,
and gall bladder.
3-Decrease secretion and absorption in GIT.
 Control of secretion
Increase
blood
glucose
Increase
amino acid
Increase
FFA

Increase the
secretion of
GIT hormones
 Blood glucose regulation
-Normal glucose level s about 80-120mg%.
-it’s normally fluctuates between 70-150mg%,
reaching the 150mg% during the first hour
after meal , then returns to fasting level
within
2 hours after meal.
 Mechanism of glucose addition to
blood
1-small intestine:
-Glucose is absorbed from the duodenum and
jejunum.
-The rate of absorption reaches peak within 1-2
hours after meal and complete within 3-4
hours after meal.
The absorption capacity of small intestine is
120gm/hour.
2-liver:
-In between meals liver adds glucose to blood by
two main mechanism:
Glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis
-After carbohydrate reach meal, liver contain
about 100 gram of glycogen which is totally
exhausted 24-48 hours of fasting.
• 3-kidney:
• Adds glucose to blood by gluconeogenesis.
• It is only value in prolonged starvation
 Mechanism of glucose withdrawal
from the blood
1-liver : 10% of ingested glucose is taken by the
liver for glycogenesis.
2-muscle:about 40% of ingested glucose is taken
by the muscle for energy production and
storage as glycogen.
3-adipose tissue : about 40% ingested glucose is
taken by adipose tissue for lipogenesis.
4-other tissue: consume about 10% of ingested
glucose for energy production .
 mechanism of regulation

Hormonal Neural
Auto
regulation regulation
regulation by
blood glucose sympathic
level stimulate
1-insulin stimulates glycogenolysis
2-glucagon glycogensis And
3-growth and inhibit parasympathat
hormone glycogenolysis ic stimultion
4-cortisol glycogensis
5-thyroxine
6-adrenalin