Biology Holiday Homework 2

BIOLOGY HOLIDAY
HOMEWORK
TOPIC: Flora and Fauna found in Meghalaya,
Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
NAME: Kavya Christy
CLASS: X
SECTION: ‘A’
MEGHALAYA
Flora & Fauna
Flora:-
• About 70% of the state is forested, of which 9,496 km2 is dense
primary subtropical forest. The Meghalayan forests are considered to
be among the richest botanical habitats of Asia.
• Meghalaya is very rich in floral diversity, a significant part of which
comprises medicinal and aromatic plants and there is a long- standing
tradition of use of medicinal plants in the State.
• These forests receive abundant rainfall and support a vast variety of
floral and faunal biodiversity. A small portion of the forest area in
Meghalaya is under what are known as “sacred groves”.
• These are small pockets of an ancient forest that have been preserved
by the communities for hundreds of years due to religious and
cultural beliefs. These forests are reserved for religious rituals and
generally remain protected from any exploitation.
• Habitat wise distribution of 834 medicinal plants of Meghalaya:-
H- Herb,
T- Tree, Shrub,
L & C-Leafy and Climbers,
US- under story
• There are many medicinal plants, which have been classified as
endemic and or threatened in the state depending on their
distribution pattern and population size. Eight medicinal plant species
such as Camellia Caduca Brandis, Citrus Latipes Tanaka, Nepenthes
Khasiana, Osbeckia Capitata Benth are reported to be endemic to
Meghalaya only. Some more examples are given below:-
Curcuma longa Acorus calamus Cinnamomum tamala

Curcuma longa
• Medicinal Uses: Extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha
medicine as a home remedy for various diseases including biliary
disorders, anorexia, cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorders,
rheumatism, and sinusitis.
• Economic importance:
1. It is used as condiment in every Indian household.
2. It is used as a coloring matter for foodstuffs.
3. The yellow dye obtained from turmeric is used for dyeing cotton,
silk, wool, paper etc.
4. It has medicinal Uses and is used for external application against
pain and wounds and internally as stimulant.
5. It is used in the preparation of cosmetics and Ayurvedic medicines.
6. It has religious value and is used in various functions and festivals.
Acorus calamus
• Medicinal Uses: It is a traditional Indian medicinal herb, which is
practiced to treat a wide range of health ailments, including
neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic, kidney, and liver
disorders.
• Economic Importance:
1. It includes used medicinally (e.g., as “calamus oil”), in religious
rituals, as an insecticide, and as a perfume and flavoring plant (e.g.,
in juices).
2. It has been used medicinally for a wide variety of ailments, such as
gastrointestinal diseases and treating pain, and its aroma makes
calamus essential oil valued in the perfume industry.
Fauna:-
• Meghalaya also has a large variety of mammals, birds, reptiles and
insects. The important mammal species include elephants, bear, red
pandas, small Indian civets, mongooses, weasels, rodents, gaur, wild
buffalo, deer, wild boar and a number of primates.
• Meghalaya also has a large variety of bats. The limestone caves in
Meghalaya such as the Siju Cave are home to some of the nation's
rarest bat species. The Hoolock Gibbon is found in all districts of
Meghalaya.
Hoolock Gibbon
• Common reptiles in Meghalaya are lizards, crocodiles and tortoises.
Meghalaya also has a number of snakes including
the python, copperhead, green tree racer, Indian cobra, king
cobra, coral snake and vipers.
• Meghalaya's forests host 660 species of birds, many of which are
endemic to Himalayan foothills, Tibet and Southeast Asia. Of the birds
found in Meghalaya forests, 34 are on worldwide threatened species
list and 9 are on the critically endangered list.
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Flora & Fauna
Flora-:
• In the year 2000, Arunachal Pradesh was covered with 63,093 km2 of tree
cover. (77% of its land area)
• At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border
with Assam, are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. Much of the
state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home
to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests.
• It supports many medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower
Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants.
The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and
subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron, oak, pine, maple and fir. The
state has Mouling and Namdapha national parks.
Some medicinal plants found in Arunachal Pradesh are as follows:
Andrographis paniculate
• Medicinal Uses: This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of
common cold, diarrhoea, fever due to several infective cause,
jaundice, as a health tonic for the liver and cardiovascular health, and
as an antioxidant.
• Economic Importance: It is used as a traditional herbal medicine in
Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Malaysia,
Indonesia, and Thailand and is ethnobotanically used for the
treatment of snake bite, bug bite, diabetes, dysentery, fever, and
malaria.
Aquilatia Aallocha
• Medicinal Uses: (Indian eagle wood) Its application on the skin is best
in removing coldness, it is useful in worm infection and infectious
wounds, it is useful in skin-related issues, useful in cold, cough and
asthma and helpful in cleaning wounds.
• Economic Importance: Its oil is used for aromatherapy. Due to its
distinctive fragrance, its used abundantly for making incense sticks,
perfumes, and soaps. Its wood is also used for making sculptures and
carvings.
.
Fauna:-
• The fauna of Arunachal Pradesh is equally rich with as many as 25
species of mammals. The large herbivores of the foot-hills and adjoining
plains are the elephant, gaur and the wild buffalo.
• Arunachal Pradesh is perhaps the only state which has the four major
cats, i.e. tiger, leopard, clouded leopard and snow leopard. Lesser cats
like the golden cat, leopard cat and the marbled cat are also found here.
• Seven species of primates i.e. hoolock gibbon, slow loris, Assamese
macaque, rhesus macaque, pig-tailed macaque, stump-tailed macaque,
and capped langur are also found in these region.
Slow Loris Clouded Leopard

UTTAR PRADESH
FLORA & FAUNA
Flora:-
• Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources. In 2011 the
recorded forest area in the state was 16,583 km2 which is about 6.9%
of the state's geographical area. In spite of rapid deforestation and
poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the
state.
• Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles, and
insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests.
Medicinal plants are found in the wild and are also grown
in plantations.
• The Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle.
Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially
along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and
animals.
• Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains.
Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also
abundant. Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for
cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered
thorny trees, mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern
parts of the state.
• Some of the medicinal plants found in Uttar Pradesh are given below:
Indian bael, Heart-leaved moonseed, Picrorhiza kurroa.
Aegle marmelos
• Medicinal Uses:
1. Management of bacteria-induced diarrhea and cholera.
2. Good for digestion.
3. Reduces cholesterol.
4. Help in diabetes management.
5. Prevent skin infections.
6. Act as a blood purifier.
7. Help in scurvy.
• Economical Importance: In addition to the essential medicinal values,
bael is reported as an important item in industrial food processing
and an excellent source for extracting pharmaceuticals and many
other economically important herbal compounds.
Tinospora cordifolia
• Medicinal Uses: It helps control blood sugar level and strengthens
the immunity system. It also supports the treatment of hemorrhoids,
constipation, reduce the risk of fever, lower blood pressure and
strokes.
• Economical Importance: No economic use.
Picrorhiza kurroa
• Medicinal Uses: It is a well-known herb in the Ayurvedic system of
medicine and has traditionally been used to treat disorders of the
liver and upper respiratory tract, reduce fevers, and to treat
dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, and scorpion sting.
• Economic Importance: No Economic Uses
THANK YOU

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BIOLOGY HOLIDAY

Curcuma longa Acorus calamus Cinnamomum tamala

Slow Loris Clouded Leopard

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