Psychological Perspectives of Self

PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
OF THE SELF
Prepared by:
MARIA LEONORA A. BAJUM-TOMBO
Faculty, College of Arts and Sciences
Wesleyan University-Philippines
For a young person, it is almost a sin,
or at least a danger, to be too
preoccupied with himself; but for
ageing person, it is a duty and a
necessity to devote serious attention to
himself.
-Carl Jung
Psychological Perspective
• This chapter outlines the Psychological theories

that influence the way people understand the
self.
• Consistent with Carl Rogers’s theory of the self,

an important aspect of understanding the self is
“self-awareness”.
• How much an adolescent is aware of his/her own
psychological make-up, what makes him or her
unique as a person, as well as his or her strengths
and weaknesses.
CONCEPT OF THE
SELF ACCORDING TO
DIFFERENT
PSYCHOLOGISTS
William James
“The Me-Self and I-Self
• I-Self
 Refers to the self that knows who he or

she is also called the Thinking Self.
 Reflects the soul of a person or the

mind which is also called the Pure Ego.
• Me-Self
 The empirical self which refers to the

person’s personal experiences and is further
divided into subcategories:
1. The Material Self
Me-Self 1. attributed to an individual’s physical attributes
subcategories and material possessions that contributes to

one’s self-image.
2. Social Self
2. refers to who a person is and how he or she acts

in social situations.
3. Spiritual Self
3. refers to the most intimate and important part of

the self that includes the person’s purpose, core
values, conscience, and moral behavior.
- James believes that the path to understanding the spiritual

self requires introspection.
Carl Rogers
The Real Self and Ideal Self

•Real Self
•consists of all the ideas, including the
awareness of what one is and what one
can do.
•Ideal Self
•the person’s conception of what one
should be or what one aspires to be
which includes one’s goals and
ambitions in life.
Normal
Fulfilled
Real Self and
happy
Ideal Self
individual
Neurotic
Unhappy
and
Real Self dissatisfied Ideal Self
individual
MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED
SELF
AND
TRUE VS. FALSE SELF
MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELF
• Multiple self
• The construction of multiple selves varies across different interpersonal and
intrapersonal roles and relationships.
• Unified self
• Coping with different selves constitutes a formidable task among adolescents.
These challenges contribute heavily to the young person’s struggle for a
unified self.
• The task of integrating one’s multiple selves naturally causes concern. Given
the enormous challenges of self-integration, it is important that adolescents
are supported in their effort to create a consistent, coherent, or unified theory
of the self (santrock, 2002)
TRUE VS. FALSE SELF
• Most likely, adolescents show their

True self true self when they are with their
family and close friends.
• The function of false self is to hide the true self.

• Researchers have found that adolescents’
False self perception of themselves can change
depending on the situation.
• For example, courting or dating situation
In other words,
adolescents display false
self to impress others.
THE MAIN FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
Intentionally Forethought Self-reactiveness Self-reflectiveness
• Refers to acts done • Enables the person • Involves making • Gives the person
intentionally. to anticipate the choices and the ability to reflect
Intentions center on likely consequences choosing upon and the
plans of action with of prospective appropriate courses adequacy of his or
the anticipation of actions. Through the of action as well as her thoughts and
possible outcomes. exercise of motivating and actions.
forethought, people regulating them.
are guided in their
actions in the
anticipation of
future events.
THE SELF AS THE
CENTRAL ARCHETYPE
(CARL JUNG)
Persona
• refers to social roles that individuals present to others.
Shadow
• refers to the repressed thoughts that are socially unacceptable.

FOUR MAJOR This archetype is often considered as the dark side of the psyche.
ARCHETYPES Animus/Anima
• anima is the feminine side of the male psyche

• animus is the masculine side of the female psyche.
Self
• the self is the central archetype that unites all parts of the psyche.
THE ROLE OF
ERIK
ERIKSON’S
THEORY IN
UNDERSTANDI
NG THE SELF
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Occurs in the first year of life.
According to Erikson, child will develop

if he or she is properly cared for.
If the child is not well-cared for,

mistrust is likely to develop
Occurs during the first three years of life
Autonomy means independence of thought and confidence to think and

act for oneself
Children begin to assert their independence of thought during this

stage.
Erikson states that if parents allow their children to explore, they will
become more confident and secure in their own abilities.
If children are overly protected, they may become overly dependent on

their parents and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities.
Erikson believes that this stage has important implications in the

development of independence and identity during adolescence.
Occurs around 3 to 5 years of age
During this period, developing a

sense of responsibility among children
lead to the development of initiative.
A child who is made to feel
irresponsible might develop feelings
of guilt.
Occurs around elementary school years
During this stage, children face the task of

developing knowledge and skills usually taught
in schools.
When children are encouraged in their efforts,
they will develop a sense of industry.
Children who receive little or no encouragement

from parents and teachers will doubt their own
abilities and are likely to develop inferiority.
Takes place during adolescence
At this stage, adolescents face the task of finding

out who they are, what they are, and what they
want in life.
If parents provide proper support, adolescents
will develop positive identity.
If they are not adequately supported, they will

feel insecure and identity confusion will likely
develop.
Occurs during early adulthood when people
explore personal relationships.
Erikson believes it is vital that people develop

intimate relationships with others.
Those who are successful in this stage will likely

form relationships that are stable and successful.
Inability to develop intimate relationships during

this stage will lead to mistrust and isolation.
Occurs during middle adulthood
Generativity involves a person's desire to

contribute to the world by teaching, leading and
guiding the next generation and doing activities
that will benefit the community.
Those who fail to attain this generativity will feel

worthless.
Occurs during old age
Focused on self-reflection in one's life
At this stage, individuals reflect on the important events of

their lives.
If they are satisfied and proud of their accomplishments,

they will feel a sense of integrity.
Those who are unsuccessful in this stage will feel that their
life has been wasted and will experience regrets and
despair.
SIGMUND FREUD’S
CONTRUCTION OF
SELF AND
PERSONALITY
Id
• Refers to the component of the personality

characterized by its need to satisfy basic
urges and desires.
THREE
STRUCTURES Ego
OF THE MIND
• Refers to the i and operates on the reality
principle and controls the id.
Superego
• Refers to the “conscience” and “moral judge”

of one’s conduct.
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

stage stage stage stage stage
• lasts from birth • occurs around • usually occurs • lasts from 7 to • starts from
to the first year the second year around ages 3 12 years of adolescence to
of life. During of life. During and 6. Children age. At this adulthood.
this stage, this stage, the during this stage stage, sexual During this
derive pleasure
babies derived child derives from examining, energy is stage, pleasure
pleasure from pleasure from touching, fondling, repressed is again
oral activities the elimination or displaying their because derived from
like sucking or of body wastes. genitals. These children genital area
biting. Through toilet behaviors are become and individuals
training, the likely motivated occupied with seek to satisfy
child learns the by curiosity about school. their sexual
the differences
basic rules of between the drives from
society. anatomy of man sexual
and woman. relationships.
REFERENCE
GO-MONILLA & RAMIREZ (2018). “UNDERSTANDING THE

SELF”: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF,
PAGES 53-63

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PSYCHOLOGICAL

• This chapter outlines the Psychological theories

• Consistent with Carl Rogers’s theory of the self,

 Refers to the self that knows who he or

 Reflects the soul of a person or the

 The empirical self which refers to the

subcategories and material possessions that contributes to

2. refers to who a person is and how he or she acts

3. refers to the most intimate and important part of

- James believes that the path to understanding the spiritual

The Real Self and Ideal Self

• Most likely, adolescents show their

• The function of false self is to hide the true self.

Intentionally Forethought Self-reactiveness Self-reflectiveness

• refers to social roles that individuals present to others.

• refers to the repressed thoughts that are socially unacceptable.

• anima is the feminine side of the male psyche

According to Erikson, child will develop

If the child is not well-cared for,

Autonomy means independence of thought and confidence to think and

Children begin to assert their independence of thought during this

If children are overly protected, they may become overly dependent on

Erikson believes that this stage has important implications in the

During this period, developing a

During this stage, children face the task of

Children who receive little or no encouragement

At this stage, adolescents face the task of finding

If they are not adequately supported, they will

Erikson believes it is vital that people develop

Those who are successful in this stage will likely

Inability to develop intimate relationships during

Generativity involves a person's desire to

Those who fail to attain this generativity will feel

Focused on self-reflection in one's life

At this stage, individuals reflect on the important events of

If they are satisfied and proud of their accomplishments,

• Refers to the component of the personality

• Refers to the “conscience” and “moral judge”

Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

GO-MONILLA & RAMIREZ (2018). “UNDERSTANDING THE

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