Upper and Lower Extremity Bones Ribs Vertebral Column Ok

Özlem Kirazlı PhD
Marmara University School of Medicine

Department of Anatomy
UPPER& LOWER EXTREMITY
RIBS
 VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Human Skeleton
 Axial Skeleton
 Appendicular Skeleton
AXIAL SKELETON
COLUMNA THORACIC
CRANIUM
VERTEBRALIS SKELETON
SPLANCHNOCRANIUM
NEUROCRANIUM
(VISCEROCRANIUM)
Appendicular
Skeleton
Upper Extremity Bones Lower Extremity Bones

Upper extremity bones
(OSSA MEMBRI SUPERIORS)
Upper limb consist of four segments ;
 Pectoral girdle
 Clavicle
 Scapula
 Arm
 Humerus
 Forearm
 Radius-ulna
 Hand
 Carpal
 Metacarpal
 phalanx
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle.
 Doubly curved long bone which
connects the upper limb to the
trunk.
 Sternal end is enlarged and

triangular where it articulates with
the manibrium of the sternum at
the sternoclavicular joint
 Acromial end is flat where it

articulates with the acromion at
the acromio clavicular joint .
 S shape
CLAVICLE
Acromial end (Lat) Sternal end (Med)
Subclavian groove
(Subclavian artery)
1st rib Manubrium Sternum

Scapula
 The sacapula is a triangular flat
bone that lies on the
posterolateral aspect of the
thorax (2nd -7th ribs).
 The bony surfaces of

Subscapular , supraspinatus and
infraspinatus fossae provide
attachments for muscles .
 The spine of the scapula , a

thick projecting ridge of bone
continues laterally as the flat
expanded acromion .
 The lateral surface of the

scapula forms the glenoid cavity,
which articulates with the head
of humerus
SCAPULA
Lat angle
Sup border Sup angle
Medial border
Lat border
Inf angle
SCAPULA Corocoid process
suprascapular
notch (scapular
notch)
Humerus
 Proximal
(head , neck , greater & lesser tubercle)
 Body
(Deltoid tuberosity,radial groove)
 Distal
(epicondyles, trochlea, capitulum,
olecranon fossa coronoid fossa,
radial fossa)
Greater and lesser tubercle:serve as
the attachment site for rotator cuff
muscle
Intertubercular sulcus,the tendon

of the long head of biceps brachii
passes through the sulcus
Deltoid tuberosity ,deltoid muscle

inserts on the humerus
Surgical neck , the axillary nerve and

posterior circumflex humeral artery
pass in to deltoid region
Radial groove: radial nerve and deep

brachial artery lie into this groove
HUMERUS
Ant surface
Pos surface
Radial fossa
Coronoid
Olecranon fossa
fossa
Capitulum
Trochlea
Trochlea
groove for ulnar nerve

 Forearm
 Ulna is the medial and longer of

the two forearm bones.
 Radius is the lateral and shorter of

the two forearm bones.
 Ulna is the major component of the

elbow joint (ulna-humerus)
 Radius is the major component of

the wrist joint (Radius-carpal
bones)
 HAND
 It’s composed from 27 bones and divided three groups ;
 Carpal phalanges
 Os scaphoideum
 Os lunatum
 Os triquetrum
 Os pisiforme
 Os trapezium
 Os trapezoideum
 Os capitatum
 Os hamatum
 Metacarpal (5)
 Phalanges (14)
carpal metacarpal
Lower Extremity Bones
(OSSA MEMBRI INFERIOR)
 The lower limb is
specialized to support
body weight and
locomotion
 the ability to move
from one place to
another
 maintain equilibrium
 the condition of being
balanced .
Lower limb has four parts ;
 Hip ,which connects the skeleton

of the lower limb to the vertebral column
 Thigh Which connects the hip and knee
 Leg The part between the knee and ankle
 Foot The distal part containing the tarsal

metatarsal, phalanges
Hip Bone
 İlium , ischium , pubis
 İlium is the largest part and
contributes the superior part
of acetebulum .
 Ischium composes the
posteroinferiror part of the
hip bone.
 Pubis composes
anteromedial part of the hip
bone and contributes the
anterior part of the
acetabulum
 ACETABULUM
All three parts of hip bone join

to form acetabulum .
Which articulates with the head

of femur to form hip joint
Ball-socket Type Joint
 Femur (proximal)
 The longest and heaviest bone in the body .
 The superior end of femur consist s of head , neck and two
trochanters (trochanter major/minor )
Trochanter major
head
neck
Trochanter minor
Femur (Distal)
Inferior end of femur divides into medial

and lateral epicondyles.
The femoral condyles articulate with the

tibial condyles to form the knee joint.
 LEG
 Tibia: Its located anteromedial
side of leg. Except for the femur,
its the largest bone in the body .
 Fibula : İt doesn’t transmit body

weight . İts mainly for the
attachment of muscles, but its
lateral malleoulus helps hold the
talus in the socket.
 Patella :a thick, circular-

triangular bone which articulates
with the femur and covers and
protects the anterior articular
surface of the knee joint. .
FOOT
 Three groups of bones ; Tarsal bones,Metatarsal bones,
Phalanges
 Talus ;the most superior bone of the foot
 Calcaneus; the largest of tarsal bones , sits under and support
talus
.
Vertebral Column
 Protects the spinal cord and
spinal nerves
 Supports the weight of the
body
 Provides a partly rigid and
flexible axis for the body and
a pivot for the head
 Plays an important role in
posture and locomotion –
movement from one place to
another .
 33 vertebrae
 7 cervical
 12 thorasic
 5 lumbar
 5 sacral (fuse into a single bonny elementthe sacrum)
 4 cocygeal (fuse into a single coccyx)
 Spinal cord lies with in a bony canal formed by adjacents
vertebrae and soft tissue elements(the vertebral canal )
 With in the vertebral canal ,the spinal cord is surrounded by a

series of three connective tissue membranes (=meninges)
Foramen Vertebrale
 Thorasic Cage
The skeletal elements
of the thorasic wall consist of
the thorasic vertebrae (12
thorasic vertebrae),
intervertebral discs,
ribs(12 pairs of ribs) and
sternum
Thank you for your attention

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Özlem Kirazlı PhD

Marmara University School of Medicine

Upper Extremity Bones Lower Extremity Bones

 Sternal end is enlarged and

 Acromial end is flat where it

1st rib Manubrium Sternum

 The bony surfaces of

 The spine of the scapula , a

 The lateral surface of the

Intertubercular sulcus,the tendon

Deltoid tuberosity ,deltoid muscle

Surgical neck , the axillary nerve and

Radial groove: radial nerve and deep

groove for ulnar nerve

 Ulna is the medial and longer of

 Radius is the lateral and shorter of

 Ulna is the major component of the

 Radius is the major component of

 Hip ,which connects the skeleton

 Thigh Which connects the hip and knee

 Leg The part between the knee and ankle

 Foot The distal part containing the tarsal

All three parts of hip bone join

Which articulates with the head

Inferior end of femur divides into medial

The femoral condyles articulate with the

 Fibula : İt doesn’t transmit body

 Patella :a thick, circular-

 With in the vertebral canal ,the spinal cord is surrounded by a

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