INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

By
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
(Faculty of Science & Technology and Environment,
IIT Delhi, Author of Mc Graw Hill)
 Topics of Discussion
1. E-Governance
2. National e-governance Programme
State Data Centre
e-district
Mobile governance
Rapid application initiative
E-Bharat
Meghraj
Dial governance
e-Taal
National Optical fiber Network
Pragati, m-krishi, Adhar, Digital locker,
JAM – Trinity
E-Learning : Swayam , Saransh
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
E-governance: Concept and significance

Since 1990s, constant efforts are being made to improve the

systems of public service delivery in order to reinvent
governments worldwide.

As per Ministry of Information and Technology, the role of e-

governance goes far beyond mere computerization of stand-alone
back office operation.

It leads to fundamental changes in government operations; and

new set of responsibilities for the legislature, executive, judiciary and
citizens.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

National e-Governance Plan

The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), is a multi-stakeholder program,

primarily focusing on making critical public services available, thereby
promoting rural entrepreneurship.

Various ministries and departments has been implemented 44 Mission

Mode Projects (MMPs) under NeGP.

NeGP is aimed to transform traditional processes and service delivery

mechanisms. It contributes to citizen-centric environment to make easier,
effective and transparent interaction with the Government.

So far, progress the projects being implemented by DeitY (Department of

Electronics and Information Technology) under NeGP.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

A mission mode project (MMP) is an individual project within the National e-
Governance Plan (NeGP) that focuses on one aspect of electronic governance, such
as banking, land records or commercial taxes etc.

Within NeGP 2.0, "mission mode" implies that projects have clearly defined
objectives, scopes, and implementation timelines and milestones, as well as
measurable outcomes and service levels.

Status of Mission Mode Projects

NeGP comprises of 44 Mission Mode Projects encompassing 15 central MMPs, 17
state MMPs and 12 integrated MMPs.

MMPs are owned and spearheaded by various line ministries. State Governments
are responsible for implementing State MMPs, under the overall guidance of
respective Line Ministries in cases where Central Assistance is also required.

MeitY acts as the facilitator and catalyst for the implementation of NeGP and
provides technical assistance to various Ministries / Departments and State
Governments.
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
1. State Data Centers (SDCs): It is proposed to establish Data centers in all the
states/ union territories to host state level e-Governance applications/ data via
common and secure IT infrastructure.

This will enable seamless delivery of Government to Government (G2G),

Government to Citizen (G2C) and Government to Business (G2B) services duly
supported by State Wide Area Network (SWAN) and Common Service Centers
(CSC) which are established at the village level.

State-wide Area Networks (SWANs): SWAN acts as converged backbone network

for data, voice and video communications throughout a state/ union territory. It
is expected to handle the information communication requirements of all the
departments.

Common Services Centers (CSCs): The CSCs are ICT enabled kiosks with broadband
connectivity to enable various Government, private and social services at the
doorstep of the citizen. Government aims to create 1,00,000 CSCs across 600,000
rural and remote locations of India.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

2. e-District: The implementation of the e-District project approved in 2011. The
e-District project was conceptualized to improve Government-to-Consumer or
G2C interaction. This, as a result will enhance the efficiencies of the various
Departments at the district-level to enable seamless service delivery to the
citizen.
The Common Services Centre’s (CSCs) will take care of establishment of the
village-level front-ends for delivery of services.

3. Mobile Governance: In 2012, the framework for Mobile governance had been
developed and notified by the DeitY.
The Mobile Services Delivery Gateway (MSDG) was operationalised in 2011 and
contributes to the core infrastructure that enables the availability of public
services through mobile devices. A mobile Applications Store has also been
created and made operational in 2012.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

4. E-Bharat: The World Bank provided a loan to the GOI towards programme
management and financial support for the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP).
The project is envisaged to support NeGP’s countrywide plans of increasing the
availability of online services for citizens in their locality. It is aimed to improve the
quality of basic governance in areas that concern the common man.

5. MeghRaj: DeitY has initiated a project called ‘MeghRaj’ with a view to harness
the benefits of cloud technology. This project aims to create the Government of
India cloud (Gl Cloud) based computing environment at the national level.

This initiative primarily focuses to evolve a Strategy and implement various

components including governance mechanism, thereby ensuring proliferation of
Cloud in government.

Meghraj’s role will be a common receptacle of cloud-based infrastructure resources

and applications available on demand.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

6. Dial. Gov.: The dial.gov.in portal was launched in December 2012. Dial.
Gov. has been implemented as a common man’s interface for providing
comprehensive information on eligibility of various benefits under
different social sector schemes those are operational across the country.

The information is being provided through web-based portal, Call Centre

and Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS), Dial. Gov. will eventually
encompass all welfare schemes across the central and State departments
and provide the related information in a convenient manner.

7. e-Taal: Electronic Transactions Aggregation and Analysis Layer (e-Taal) is

a web portal developed by NIC (National Informatics Centre) for
aggregation and analysis of e-transaction statistics of central and state
level e-governance projects which also includes Mission Mode Projects.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

8. National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN)

The National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) is approved to be established as per

Government of India with primary objective to provide connectivity to all 2,50,000
Panchayats in the country.

The vision of NOFN is to provide 100 Mbps broadband connectivity to all

Panchayats.

Further applications involve, to provide B2B Services in a non-discriminatory

manner; to facilitate proliferation of G2C, B2C and P3P Broadband services in rural
areas and to act as catalysts for increasing broadband penetration and usage.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation):

· It is a multi-purpose and multi-modal governance platform.

· A unique integrating and interactive platform, PRAGATI is aimed to address

common man’s grievances, and at the same time, monitor and review important
programs and projects of the GOI and projects flagged by State Governments.

The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles three latest technologies:

1. Digital data management,

2. Video-conferencing and
3. Geo-spatial technology.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

· It is an innovative arm of e-governance and good
governance.

· It provides a common platform to the Secretaries of

Government of India and the Chief Secretaries of the
States and hence provides a unique combination
towards cooperative federalism.

· The Prime Minister can discuss the issues with the

concerned Central and State officials with entire details
and latest visuals of the ground level situation.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Key features of the PRAGATI application are:

1. The PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries

of the States, constitute PRAGATI application and hence it’s a three-
tier system.

2. To interact with the Government of India Secretaries and Chief

Secretaries, the Prime Minister will hold a monthly program once in
every month on Fourth Wednesday at 3.30 PM.

This program (to be known as PRAGATI Day) is held through Video-

conferencing enabled by data and geo-informatics visuals

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

m-Krishi Mobile App for Aquaculture Operations

· This is a pilot project launched under the digital India program

on experimental basis in Gujarat and will be extended all across
India.

· A huge amount of data is to be captured; analyzed and dynamic

decisions are to be made for the complex sets of activities involved in
Aquaculture of shrimp.

· Currently the records are manually maintained by the farmers on

a sheet of paper, and hence lack in terms of growth and trend of the
aquaculture operations.

·
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
It is an Android mobile application, which has been developed by
Hence, MPEDA (Marine Products Export Development Authority)
and TCS Innovation Lab, Mumbai (part of its CSR initiative),
developed m-Krishi Mobile App which is an android mobile
application.

· It serves as an easy tool for book keeping, advisory services and

weather information.

· To access and get benefited from this app, the farmer will require an
android mobile handset (post 2013 models) with a data/GPRS
connection (2G, 3G or Wi-Fi).

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Aadhaar

· A revolutionary step in terms of digitalization in terms of proof of identity came in the

form of Aadhaar. It is a 12-digit individual identification number issued by the Unique
Identification Authority of India on behalf of the Government of India.

· This number will serve as a proof of identity and address, anywhere in India. Aadhaar letter
can be received via India Post, in form of e-Aadhaar downloaded from UIDAI website, both
being equally valid.

· No matter how what’s your age or gender, you can enroll for Aadhaar, being a resident of
India and satisfying the verification process laid down by the UIDAI.

· Single enrollment is required and that’s free of cost.

· Each Aadhaar number is unique to an individual with lifelong validity. In due course of
time, it is expected that via Aadhaar number you can access services like banking, mobile
phone connections and other Govt. and Non-Govt services.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Digital Locker

The Government of India launched "digital locker" services on February 2015 to

provide a secure dedicated personal electronic space for storing the documents
like PAN card, passport, mark sheets and degree certificates. It is linked to the
Aadhar number.

This locker maybe linked to one’s Aadhaar number. 10MB of space is offered which
can be further extended to 1GB space for all the documents free of cost. Website
will store digital information, in place of physical assets.

On September 7, 2016, Union Road Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari, launched the
integration of DigiLocker with the Driving License and Vehicle Registration system of
the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has issued mark sheets to
class XII students in digital format along with hard copies for the students in
their digital lockers.

It is one of the key initiatives under the Digital India Programme.

MahaOnline Ltd, the joint venture between Maharashtra government and
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) developed and maintains this website.

Dig locker minimizes the usage of physical documents, thereby enabling

sharing of e-documents across agencies. It will reduce the administrative
overhead of government departments and agencies created due to paper
work.

On top of this, it will make it easy for the residents to receive services by
saving time and effort since the documents will now be available anytime,
anywhere and can be shared electronically.
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
JAM Trinity

· JAM stands for three things- The Jan Dhan Yojana, the Aadhaar
initiative of UIDAI and Mobile number. These three things are now
often called the Trinity of reforms in India.

· The JAM Trinity holds the key to implement large scale,

technology enabled real time direct benefit transfer (DBT’s) to
improve the economic condition of the India’s poor.

· First variety of JAM PAHAL scheme of transferring LPG subsidies

via DBT reduced leakages by 24%. Though riddled with challenges of
beneficiary identification, distributor-opposition and beneficiary
financial inclusion, JAM trinity is expected to reduce leakages and
provide more financial space to the government.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

E-learning (EDUCATION AND INTERNET
TECHNOLOGY)

· The Internet and its www have captured the

imagination and interests of millions around the world
leading to use of terms like web-based learning, online
learning, etc.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

SWAYAM

Study Webs of Active –Learning for Young Aspiring Minds programme

of Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.
Professors of centrally funded institutions like IITs, IIMs, central
universities will offer online courses to citizens of India.

SWAYAM is an instrument for self-actualisation providing

opportunities for a life-long learning. Here learner can choose from
hundreds of courses, that is taught at the university / college /
school level with the help of best teachers in India and elsewhere.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

In the first phase, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kanpur, IIT Guwahati,
University of Delhi, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, IGNOU, IIM
Bangalore, IIM Calcutta, Banaras Hindu University, alone as well as
with the help of faculty from foreign universities will be offering
courses in areas of engineering education, social science, energy,
management, basic sciences.

At least one crore students are expected to benefit in 2 to 3 years

through this initiative.

Swayam Prabha: New

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Saransh

The schools identify areas of improvement in students, teachers and

curriculum to facilitate and implement change via Saransh tool.

Currently, this platform is available for classes 9th to 12th.

Saransh is a web portal launched for Central

Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), with the primary aim of promoting
information and communication technologies in schools.

The Human Resource Development Ministry launched the portal on 07th

November, 2015. Saransh is a self-review tool for all CBSE affiliated
schools and parents to enhance communication between schools as well
as parents. It offers a data-driven decision support system to aid parents
in evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of children, which, in turn
would assist in taking informed decisions for children’s future.
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
Objectives

This tool aims at bringing transparency to the educational system in

India. It is considered to be a novel step towards the progress of the
Digital India campaign. It intends to provide e-books of all standards
and subjects, thereby encouraging sustainable development.

This portal offers a one-to-one interaction platform between

teachers and parents. Besides, information regarding competitions
and attendance can now be directly shared with parents by using
this tool.

Schools can use this tool for analysing subject performance of all
students as a whole which would aid in identifying fields of
improvement.
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
Portal is equipped with 3 preceding years’ data of all schools. Hence,
a comparative year-on-year study can be done to recognise the
well-performed areas and fields that still needs improvement.

A comparative study about the performance of various schools

within a region, state or nation is now available at fingers reach.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 UMANG
Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance:
for mobile governance in India
- MeitY (Ministry of electronics and information
technology)+ NeGD (National e governance division)
- Single platform

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 Topics of Discussion

SPECTRUM POLICY
- 2-G SPECTRUM SCAM
- ANTRIX-DEVAS DEAL
BROADBAND POLICY
ENCRYPTION
NATGRID
BIOMETRICS
DIGITAL SIGNATURE
VR and AR
TKDL (Traditional Knowledge Digital Library)
Digital India Initiative
Poject Nilgiri
Project Loon

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 SPECTRUM POLICY

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 BROADBAND POLICY

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 ENCRYPTION
The most effective way for providing data security is encryption.
Encrypted data represents a coded text. You must have a secret key or
password which can enable you to decrypt it, thus helping to read an
encrypted file. On the contrary, an unencrypted data represents a plain
text.

It is a very effective tool for the security of important data by excluding

the unauthorised access. It can be done through providing the decryption
code only to the authorised persons.

Military and governments have been using encryption since long, in

order to facilitate secret communication. In recent times, it is more
commonly used in protecting information.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 NATGRID (National Intelligence Grid)
NATGRID is the integrated intelligence grid which connected
databases of core security agencies of the Government of India.

This enables collection of comprehensive patterns of intelligence

that the intelligence agencies can readily access. Soon after the
attack of 26/11 in 2008, the requirement of such agency was
realised, and hence it was first proposed.

Although, the American Lashkar operative David Coleman Headley

had visited India many times, before the attack of 26/11 and
performed a comprehensive study of the places that later became
victim of the attack.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

NATGRID is an intelligence sharing network. It combines data from the
standalone databases of different agencies and ministries of the Indian
government.

It acts as an efficient counter terrorism measure as it collects and combines

a host of information from government databases. Such databases include
tax and bank account details, credit card transactions, visa and immigration
records and itineraries of rail and air travel.

The 11 central agencies that can take advantage of this network include:
Research and Analysis Wing, the Intelligence, Central Bureau of
Investigation, Financial intelligence unit, Central Board of Direct Taxes,
Enforcement Directorate, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Narcotics
Control Bureau, Central Board of Excise, NIA and Customs and the
Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence.

NATGRID was opposed on grounds of possible violations of privacy and

leakage of confidential personal information.
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
 BIOMETRICS

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 DIGITAL SIGNATURE
A digital signature means an electronic signature useful to
authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the signer
of an electronic document. This ensures that the original content
of the document is not changed.
Digital signatures are advantageous in the sense that they are
easily transportable, cannot be imitated by someone else, and can
be automatically time-stamped.

The sender cannot easily repudiate it later, which ensures that the
original signed message is received.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Certain types of encryption make digital signa- ture effective to
ensure authentication. Encryption takes all the data that one
computer is sending to another and encodes it into a form that only
the other computer will be able to decode.

Authentication verifies that information is coming from a trusted

source. These two processes work hand in hand for digital signatures.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual reality or is also called as immersive multimedia or computer- simulated

reality. It is a computer technology replicating an environment, real or imagined,
wherein, a user’s physical presence and environment are simultaneous which
allows user interaction.

VIRTUAL REALITY artificially create sensory experience including sight, touch,

hearing and smell.

Either a computer screen or a special virtual reality headset (head-mounted

display), display most up-to-date virtual realities. Some simulations include
additional sensory information and focus on real sound through speakers or
headphones targeted towards VR users.
Some advance haptic systems now include tactile information. It is usually known
as force feedback in medical, gaming and military applications.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

AUGMENTED REALITY

AR is a live of direct or indirect view of a physical and real-world

environment. The elements of AR are augmented (or supplemented)
by computer-generated sensory input like sound, video, graphics or
GPS data.

It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality, in

which modification is done by computer as a view of reality.
Consequently, the technology enhances one’s current perception of
reality. Contrary to this, virtual reality replaces the real world with a
simulated one.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE DIGITAL LIBRARY (TKDL)

• TKDL is an Indian digital knowledge repository of traditional

knowledge, especially dealing with medicinal plants and their
formulations used in Indian systems of medicine.

• TKDL was established with the collaboration of the Council of

Scientific and Industrial Research and Department of Ayurveda,
Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy Ministry
of in 2001.

• It aims at protecting the ancient and traditional knowledge of the

country from being exploited through bio-piracy and unethical
patents, by documenting it electronically and classifying it as per
international patent classification systems.
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
DIGITAL INDIA INITIATIVE

Government of India launched Digital India campaign so that Government services

are made available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure
and by increasing Internet connectivity. It also aims at making the country digitally
empowered in the field of technology.

DeitY or Department of Electronics and Information Technology is umbrella

organisation which cooperates and coordinates implementation of this
programme. All the digital initiatives that domestic manufacturing policy are
integrated and brought under this initiative.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Digital India on 1 July 2015. The initiative
involves plans to connect rural areas with high-speed Internet networks. Its three
core components are:

1. Creating digital infrastructure

2. Service delivery in digital manner
3. Digital literacy
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari
Through this, Government of India expects
growth on multiple fronts. Specifically, the nine ‘Pillars of the Digital
India as identified and targeted by GOI are—

1. Broadband Highways
2. Universal access to Internet
3. Public internet access programme
4. E-Governance reforming through technology
5. Ekranti-electronic delivery of services
6. Information for all
7. Early harvest programme
8. IT for jobs
9. Electronic manufacturing

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 Its primary aim is to create a truly participatory democracy
with the application of digital technology.

Other targets include connecting more than 120-crore

Indians with their Government so that they could avail
services and benefits of government services in real time and
also quick grievance redressed.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

The Vision of Digital India:
1. Infrastructure development
2. Governance and online services
3. Digital empowerment of citizen

PROJECT NILGIRI
The Indian Railways RailTel and Google under the name of ‘Project Nilgiri’
which in phase 1 are setting up Wi-Fi hotspots at 400 stations across India
under the name of ‘RailWire’. Wi-fi connectivity is being made available for
free to passengers after mobile number verification through a one-time
pass- word sent over SMS.

Google in phase 2 expansion plans to provide Wi-fi on board moving trains

Pan India using cutting edge technology. It will use Google’s fibre
technology to provide high speed Internet service.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

PROJECT LOON
It is a research and developed project by X (Google X) with a
network of balloons travelling on the edge of space. It is
designed for connecting people in rural and remote areas, thus
enabling to fill cover- age gaps, and bring people back online
post disasters.

The balloons floats in the stratosphere approximately 20 Km

above the earth surface that is twice as high as airplanes and
the weather. Stratosphere has many layers of wind, and each
layer of wind varies in terms of direction and speed. Loon
balloons move rising or descending into a layer of wind blowing
in the desired direction of travel, when needed.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

The balloons can be arranged to form one large communications
network with moving wind, then the signal is passed across the
balloon network and back down to the global Internet on Earth and
ultimately connected to the balloon network directly from the
phones and other LTE-enabled devices.

In june 2013, Project loon began with an experimental pilot project in

New Zealand, where this technology was tested. Improvement in the
technology in preparation for the next stages of the project as
consequences of the pilot test, and subsequent tests in New Zealand,
California’s Central Valley and in Northeast Brazil.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Data Protection Bill

A committee chaired by ex- Supreme Court Judge BN Srikrishna just

submitted its recommendations to the government as a draft law
named as Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018.

This was a 10-member committee which was set up in July 2017 to

recommend a framework for securing personal data in the digital
world.
There are two different outcome documents submitted to the
electronics and information technology ministry that will supervise
a legislative effort and describe the legal boundaries of the personal
data usage.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Data Protection Authority of India (DPA): It recommended setting
up of a DPA, an self- governing regulatory body responsible for the
enforcement and implementation of the law in an effective manner
by having a chairperson and six full-time members.
In case of any plea against the DPA order , there should be an
establishment of an appellate tribunal or an existing appellate
tribunal should be given powers for hearing and disposing of any
appeal.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Data localization
Data localization is the act of storing data on any device that is physically
present within the borders of a specific country where the data was
generated.

Why data localization is necessary for India?

• For securing citizen’s data, data privacy, data sovereignty, national security,
and economic development of the country.

• Recommendations by the RBI, the committee of experts led by Justice BN

Srikrishna, the draft ecommerce policy and the draft report of the cloud
policy panel show signs of data localisation.

The extensive data collection by technology companies, has allowed them to

process and monetize Indian users’ data outside the country. Therefore, to
curtail the perils of unregulated and arbitrary use of personal data, data
localization is necessary.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Digital technologies like machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence
(AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) can generate tremendous value out
of various data. It can turn disastrous if not contained within certain
boundaries.
With the advent of cloud computing, Indian users’ data is outside the
country’s boundaries, leading to a conflict of jurisdiction in case of any
dispute.
Data localization is an opportunity for Indian technology companies
to evolve an outlook from services to products. International
companies will also be looking at the Indian market, and this will
benefit the growth of the local ecosystem.
More data centres in India could mean new, power-hungry customers
for India’s renewable energy market. That means Data localisation
could boost India’s renewable energy.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Policies that imply data localization
The Srikrishna Committee wants to localise data for law enforcement to
have easy access to data, to prevent foreign surveillance, to build an
artificial intelligence ecosystem in India, and because undersea cables
through which data transfers take place are vulnerable to attacks.

Reserve Bank of India has also imposed a hard data localisation mandate
on payment systems providers to store payment systems data only in India.

Barring limited exceptions, telecom service providers are not allowed to

transfer user information and accounting information outside India.
Goals set in the Draft National Digital Communications Policy 2018, and the
Guidelines for Government Departments for Contractual Terms related to
Cloud Storage 2017, draft e-commerce policy and the draft report of the
cloud policy panel show signs of data localization.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

Space Internet

SpaceX, the world’s leading private company in space technology, has

launched 60 satellites into the low earth orbit, under the Starlink
network project.

What is it?
• The Starlink network is one of several ongoing efforts to start
beaming data signals from space.
• Under the project, the company intends to evolve into a
constellation of nearly 12,000 satellites.
• The aim is to provide low-cost and reliable space- based Internet
services to the world. • The project announced in 2015, has now 122
satellites in the orbit.

Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari

 THANK YOU

Best book in India for Science & Technology and

Environment published by Mc Graw Hill
Dr. Ravi P. Agrahari