Smart Contract Based Land Registration System Using Blockchain

Abstract - The process of land registration in any Blockchain-based land registry schemes use the same
country is known to be a multistep process, since it functionalities as sound land registry systems have. At the
entails the engagement of all stakeholders who will same time, blockchain knows that these assets are owned
have a direct or indirect stake in the registration. The by that person and also at what time a particular
currently used land record title storage system raises transaction took place. The intuition behind building this
major issues about data fraud, the security of highly was to make the process of land registration resilient and
sensitive data, and the risk of system failure due to decrease the cases of fraud in the process. Using the
natural disasters, such as the server used for data system, validation of the lands is also possible as
immutable transactions are being stored in the public
storage going down. Compared to the current
ledger.
approaches and procedures for land title management
and data storage, blockchain is a cutting-edge LITERATURE SURVEY
technology and database that has the ability to [1] This paper highlights issues related to manual land
completely address the problems that plague current registrations processes such as transparency,
systems. The basic and most important aspect of centralization, authenticity, reliability, etc and proposes a
blockchain technology is that it is a decentralised better method to overcome these problems using
network in which all data supplied by a single node Blockchain Technology for the people in Bangladesh.The
are confirmed by all other available nodes, and only introduction of Blockchain to the current land registration
after a consensus is made can then the shared data be system will bring transparency in ownership evaluation
saved to the blockchain.There are various platforms and prevent illegal Transactions.
being used for the creation of reliable, decentralised, [2] This paper proposes a framework for secure data
transparent, immutable, and secure blockchain-based storage of land registration using Blockchain as it is
land registration and management systems. Smart decentralised, transparent and fast compared to the
contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain are traditional software approach. For the validation of the
gaining traction among these systems. Being a public proposed framework, it compares the proposed and
blockchain platform, it allows anyone to participate in existing methods.The aim of this paper is to develop a
the blockchain ecosystem . land registry system using Blockchain with a detailed and
Key Words: Blockchain, Ethereum, Smart user-friendly feature with high reliability and good
Contracts, Ganache, Metamask, Ganache, Truffle. interface. It mainly focuses to cover the rules and
procedures stated by the Indian government regarding
1.INTRODUCTION
the land registration.
Blockchain was developed from a bitcoin paper [3] This paper discusses the transparent nature of the
published by Nakamoto in 2008. It is a peer-to-peer blockchain and how it will make it possible to trace the
network where all participants (peers) serve as a property’s hands. The immutable,auditable and traceable
node and all the nodes hold the same information . features of blockchain entices government around the
Blockchain is a ledger dispersed publicly above a world to implement decentralised technology within the
network that registers transactions associated with process of land Registration.
other network applicants . Instead of relying on the
single authority such as administrators that can
forge the database, blockchain technology offers a
decentralised environment that offers robustness
and security as well.Untrustworthy administrators
can abuse this power.
 The system uses blockchain with the FLOW DIAGRAM
employment of hyperledger. This gives rise to a
system that is more evolved and features all the
activities like buying and selling in an efficient and
reliable way. Blockchain technology made this system
secure and faster
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problem statement for land registration
using blockchain technology is how to design and
implement a system that can overcome the limitations
and challenges of the existing land registration
system, provide secure property rights, ensure
compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks,
and build trust and community acceptance. This
requires addressing technical, legal, and social
challenges and developing a sustainable, scalable, and
interoperable system that can be adopted by different
countries and communities.
It is a complex process that often involves
multiple intermediaries, paper-based documentation,
and high transaction costs. The current land
registration system is vulnerable to fraud, corruption,
and inefficiency, which can lead to disputes over
property ownership, impede economic development,
and deprive vulnerable groups of their property
rights.

Hence, there is a need for a more secure,

transparent, and efficient land registration system that
can prevent fraud, reduce disputes, and promote
sustainable land management. Blockchain technology
has the potential to address these challenges by
providing a decentralized, tamper-proof, and
transparent system for land registration. Building trust
and community acceptance is crucial for the adoption
and sustainability of a blockchain-based land
registration system.
• Users can now add their lands. They can add all the When a seller uploads the documents for the land to be
details of land, land document and user can also sold, the Inspector gets notified. The inspector then
draw their land on map as we can see below verifies the details of the land and approves it to be listed
image. on the platform. Once it is listed on the platform, buyers
can view it and buy the property. When the buyer buys a
land, a smart contract is executed such that the ownership
details are changed and now the deed is in the name of the
buyer. Another part of the smart contract is that, it
www.ijcrt.org © 2022 IJCRT | Volume 10, Issue 6 June
2022 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRTS020025 International
Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT)
www.ijcrt.org 201 automatically sends a certain amount
which contains the tax, GST and other legal fees to the
government account.

System Components
Fig: Drawing land on map User Interface (Front End):
• After land adding, only the Land inspector can This is where the interaction between the user and the
verify it. proposed system is going to happen. This servers as an
• After land has been verified by the land inspector, interface between the user and the underlying
user i.e., blockchain.This component has mainly 4 users
owner of that land can make it on sell.
• Once it is on sale, all other users can see all the  Seller
lands in the land Gallery option. Here they can
 Buyer
see all land details, area on the map and can send
request to buy the land.  Inspector
• Owner of land can see all received requests and  Higher official ( Government)
can reject or accept the request.

1.1 IMPLEMENTATION This component is going to be developed using React JS

System Design 2.DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING
Crypto wallet
In the system we propose we will create a platform The wallet chosen for this project is Meta mask however
in which the user will be given an option to register it is possible to use other crypto wallets as well It lets user
as – Buyer or seller. The user can later change their to transfer money to other user via Ethereum BlockChain
role if they want, by incurring a minimal fee. This It lets user to maintain crypto wallet address and enables
fee is sought to cover the fees of the miner to frontend to detect the crypto wallet address
validate the change. There will be a special user
role called as Inspector which will be assigned to
certain people by the Government.
Smart contract
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The program is going to be implemented using solidity
which enables the developer to create smart contracts Login Page - On the front screen, one can login as a
on the ethereum blockchain Ethereum blockchain user, land inspector, or contract owner. The contract
provides the essential framework for this project owner can add a land inspector and see all the added
development such as money transfer etc Ethereum land inspectors. The land inspector's dashboard
Network The application is going to be implemented on consists of the functionality to verify user, verify land
one of Ethereum test network (Rinkeby-Network)
and transfer ownership. If we login as the user, we
which lets the user to check the overall application This
have the options of adding lands, land details, seeing
www.ijcrt.org © 2022 IJCRT | Volume 10, Issue 6 June
2022 | ISSN: 2320-2882 IJCRTS020025 International all lands, sending and receiving land requests.
Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT)
www.ijcrt.org 202 network also provides essential
blockchain miners which can be used to verify the
authenticity of a particular transaction

Fig1: Login
page

Fig2: User
profile
Working - First user adds his land details which are
verified by the land inspector. To buy or sell land,
user must send a request to land inspector. After the
request has been 26 accepted by land inspector the
users can make the transactions. The transaction is
verified by the land inspector. After the transaction is
verified, the ownership is transferred.
4. CONCLUSIONS
A land registry combined with blockchain
technology has the potential to truly revolutionise
governance. After identifying the necessary
components, we developed a framework based on
fundamental notions that have been employed in both
classical and new record keeping systems. Land
record storage, like today, has a centralised origin. As
a result, this centralised storage can be hacked, forged,
or misappropriated, while in our framework, we used
entirely decentralised blockchain-based solutions.
We have also highlighted privacy as a fair
consideration. Some of the nodes in the framework
are required as part of the decentralised system’s
characteristics. Only those who are permitted to
interact, such as a block generator or a government
official or officer, can interact in this system. In terms
of methodology, we www.ijcrt.org © 2022 IJCRT |
Volume 10, Issue 6 June 2022 | ISSN: 2320-2882
IJCRTS020025 International Journal of Creative
Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 203
gathered primary data directly from the stakeholders,
including government offices and officers, village
officers, and the general public who use this system.
REFERENCES
1. Blockchain based land registry system using
Ethereum Blockchain Journal of Xi'an University of
Architecture & Technology – Rijhwan Khan, Shadab
Ansari, Sneha Jain, Saksham Sachdeva
2. Blockchain-Based Land Registration System: A
Conceptual Framework Hindawi - Applied Iqbal,
Ahmad Alturki, Saddam Hussain,Amerah
Alabrah ,and Syed Sajid Ullah
3. Land Registry Using Blockchain - A Survey of
existing systems and proposing a feasible solution -
IEEE Published in: 2019 5th International
Conference On Computing, Communication, Control
And Automation (ICCUBEA) Disha Shinde; Snehal
Padekar; Siddharth Raut; Abdul Wasay; S. S.
Sambhare