A

PROJECT REPORT ON
“Comparing features of Realtime Operating system,
Distributed operating system”

SUBMITTED BY
Mr. PREM CHUNIYAN [237]

Under the guidance of

Prof . Mr.G.N.Jorvekar

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

SANJIVANI K.B.P POLYTECHNIC

KOPARGAON : 423603,DIST: AHMEDNAGAR

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 CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project report entitled
“Comparing features of Realtime Operating system,
Distributed operating system”

SUBMITTED BY
Mr. Prem Chuniyan [237]

Of Fifth semester of Diploma in ‘Computer Technology’ institute of Sanjivani

K.B.P Polytechnic Kopargaon has submitted the Micro-project satisfactorily in
subject “OSY” for academic year 2023 to 2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: - Kopargaon

Date: ----------------

Subject Teacher HOD Principal

(G.N.Jorvekar) (G.N.Jorvekar) (A.R.Mirkar)

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 INTRODUCTION

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and

computer Hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all
the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process
management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers. Some popular Operating Systems include
Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX,
z/OS, etc.

Real-time Operating System:

A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to

process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating
system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses
specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is
achieved. Such an event-driven system switches between tasks based on their
priorities or external events, whereas time-sharing operating systems switch
tasks based on clock interrupts

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 Distributed Operating System:

A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked

computers and makes them appear to be a single computer, as all
computations are distributed (divided amongst the constituent computers).

Following are the popular types of Operating System:

• Batch Operating System

• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS

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Features of Operating System

• Protected and supervisor mode

• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking
Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection

Functions of Operating system

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1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete
processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and
communication among processes.

2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task

of allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of
this resources.

3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as

organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices.

This module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It
also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.

5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the
peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.

6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage

which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage.
Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a
running program can reference it.

7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a

computer system against malware threat and authorized access.

8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by

the and acting system resources to process that commands.

9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not

share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate
with one another through the network.

10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and
users.

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 11.Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers,
interpreters, and another software resource of the various users of the computer
systems.

Advantages of Operating System:

• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction

• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the computer system
convenient to use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the
hardware components
• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware’s and software’s of the
system

Disadvantages of Operating System:

• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been
stored in your system
• Operating system’s software is quite expensive for small size organization
which adds burden on them. Example Windows
• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time

➢ Real Time Operating System

Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system intended to serve real

time application that process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer delay.
The full form of RTOS is Real time operating system.
In a RTOS, Processing time requirement are calculated in tenths of seconds
increments of time. It is time-bound system that can be defined as fixed time
constraints. In this type of system, processing must be done inside the specified
constraints. Otherwise, the system will fail.

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Types of Real time operating system

1.Hard Real Time:

In Hard RTOS, the deadline is handled very strictly which means that given task
must start executing on specified scheduled time, and must be completed within
the assigned time duration.

Example: Medical critical care system, Aircraft systems, etc.

2.Firm Real time:

These type of RTOS also need to follow the deadlines. However, missing a
deadline may not have big impact but could cause undesired affects, like a huge
reduction in quality of a product.

Example: Various types of Multimedia applications.

3.Soft Real Time:

Soft Real time RTOS, accepts some delays by the Operating system. In this type
of RTOS, there is a deadline assigned for a specific job, but a delay for a small
amount of time is acceptable. So, deadlines are handled softly by this type of
RTOS.

Example: Online Transaction system and Livestock price quotation System.

Terms used in Real time operating system

• Task – A set of related tasks that are jointly able to provide some system
functionality.
• Job – A job is a small piece of work that can be assigned to a processor,
and that may or may not require resources.
• Release time of a job – It’s a time of a job at which job becomes ready for
execution.
• Execution time of a job: It is time taken by job to finish its execution.
• Deadline of a job: It’s time by which a job should finish its execution.

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 • Processors: They are also known as active resources. They are important
for the execution of a job.
• Maximum It is the allowable response time of a job is called its relative
deadline.
• Response time of a job: It is a length of time from the release time of a job
when the instant finishes.
• Absolute deadline: This is the relative deadline, which also includes its
release time.

Features of Real time operating system :

• Occupy very less memory

• Consume fewer resources
• Response times are highly predictable
• Unpredictable environment
• The Kernel saves the state of the interrupted task ad then determines
which task it should run next.
• The Kernel restores the state of the task and passes control of the CPU for
that task.

Applications of Real Time Operating System:

• Airlines reservation system.

• Air traffic control system.
• Systems that provide immediate updating.
• Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information on
stock prices.
• Defense application systems like RADAR.
• Networked Multimedia Systems
• Command Control Systems
• Internet Telephony
• Anti-lock Brake Systems
• Heart Pacemaker

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Components of RTOS:

1. The Scheduler: This component of RTOS tells that in which order, the
tasks can be executed which is generally based on the priority.
2. Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP): It is a number of multiple different
tasks that can be handled by the RTOS so that parallel processing can be
done.
3. Function Library: It is an important element of RTOS that acts as an
interface that helps you to connect kernel and application code. This
application allows you to send the requests to the Kernel using a function
library so that the application can give the desired results.
4. Memory Management: this element is needed in the system to allocate
memory to every program, which is the most important element of the
RTOS.
5. Fast dispatch latency: It is an interval between the termination of the task
that can be identified by the OS and the actual time taken by the thread,
which is in the ready queue, that has started processing.
6. User-defined data objects and classes: RTOS system makes use of
programming languages like C or C++, which should be organized
according to their operation.

Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems

• Priority Based Scheduling.
• Abstracting Timing Information.
• Maintainability/Extensibility.
• Modularity.
• Promotes Team Development.
• Easier Testing.
• Code Reuse.
• Improved Efficiency.

Disadvantages of Real time operating system :

• RTOS system can run minimal tasks together, and it concentrates only on
those applications which contain an error so that it can avoid them.

• RTOS is the system that concentrates on a few tasks. Therefore, it is really

hard for these systems to do multi-tasking.

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 ➢ Distributed Operating System:

In this article, we will fully explain distributed operating system. Distributed

operating system allows distributing of entire systems on the couples of center
processors, and it serves on the multiple real time products as well as multiple
users. Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed applications
are running on multiple computers linked by communications. A distributed
operating system is an extension of the network operating system that supports
higher levels of communication and integration of the machines on the network.
This system looks to its users like an ordinary centralized operating system but
runs on multiple, independent central processing units (CPUs).

Types Of Distributed Operating System:

➢ Client-Server Systems
Client-Server Systems is known as “Tightly Coupled Operating System”. This
system is designed mostly for multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputer.
Client-Server Systems works as a centralized server because it provides the
approval to all requests, which are generated by client systems side.

Server systems can be divided into two segments:

1.Computer Server System
This system allows the interface, and then client sends own all requests for
executing as action. Finally it sends to back response after executing action, and
transfer result to client.

2.File Server System

It allows the file system interface for clients because their clients can be
performed various tasks such as creation, updating, deletion files, and more.
Objective – Hide and manage hardware resources.

➢ Peer-to-Peer System

Peer-to-Peer System is known as a “Loosely Couple System”. This concept is

implemented in the computer network application because it contains the bunch

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of processors, and they are not shareable memories or clocks as well. Every
processors consist own local memory, and these processors make
communication with each other through various communication medium such as
high speed buses or telephone lines. Objective – It provides local services to
remote clients.

➢ Middleware

Middleware allows the interoperability in the between of all applications, which

are running on other operating systems. With using these services those
applications are capable for transferring all data each other.
Objective – It allows the distribution transparency

Terms Used In Distributed Operating System:

1.Concurrency:-
Concurrency is a big-picture word describing what happens when we break
down activities into smaller tasks that run together
2.Tasks & Threads:-
A Task is an abstraction for a small unit of work, when you break it down.
Hammering a nail is a task. Watering plants and picking up take-out are also
tasks. Ordering an airline ticket is a task, and so is an airline company updating
its ticket prices. In computer terms a task is a Thread.
3.Process:-
A Process is at the operating-system level, independent and may include
multiple threads running in the same memory space.
4.Synchronized:-
Synchronized code can only be run / accessed by a single thread at a time, which
means one program cannot access it while another is updating. Code
synchronization is more like a queue, where threads wait their turn before going
through the activity and each thread may execute the activity separately.

Features of distributed Operating System:

• Resource sharing.
• Openess.
• Concurrency.
• Scalability.

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 • Fault Tolerance.
• Transparency.

Application of distributed Operating System:

• Air Traffic Control System
• Automated Banking System
• Multiplayer online gaming
• Airplane Control Towers System
• Scientific Computing System
• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
• Data rendering
• Wireless sensor N/W System

Advantages of distributed Operating System:

• All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other..
• More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be
scaled as required.
• Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed
system.

Disadvantages of Distributed Systems:

• It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because

the nodes as well as the connections need to be secured.
• Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from
one node to another.

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Difference between RTOS AND DOS:

Real time operating System Distributed Operating System

1.Distributed Operating System is a 1. The time interval required to
model where distributed applications process and respond to inputs is very
are running on multiple computers small. This time interval is called
linked by communications. response time.
2.Real time Operating System are 2.Distributed operating System are
used in large organizations. most common in middle and large
organization.
3. Distributed system a system in 3. A real-time system is any
which components are distributed information processing system which
across multiple locations and has to respond to externally generated
computer- network. input stimuli within a finite and
specified period
4. These are referred to as loosely 4. Real-time systems are used when
coupled systems or distributed there are time requirements that are
systems. very strict like missile systems, air
traffic control systems, robots, etc.
5.Types of Real time operating 5.Types of Real time operating
system:-hard real time, firm real time system:-Client sever system, peer to
and soft real time peer and middleware

Conclusion:

• Without operating system the computer cannot run the application and we
cannot do work in the computer, therefore operating system is very
important in computer.
• As operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware
among the various uses, we can say that it plays a very important role in
the computer system.
• An operating system is needed in order to use various application on your
computer and wireless devices

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