ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN

SLENDER COLUMNS

Prof. Dr. ASAD ULLAH QAZI

Dr. USMAN AKMAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
LAHORE
CONTENTS

 Design Procedure of slender

columns

 Design Example

2
Design Procedure of
Slender Columns

3
Design Procedure of Slender Columns

Step 1: Perform first order frame analysis for gravity loads and
lateral loads separately using reduced element stiffness, as defined
in ACI 6.6.3.1.1

Step 2: Combine the results for various critical load patterns and
combinations. Find the factored loads and moments in the
columns. Further, evaluate the lateral story drifts.

Step 3: Select a trial column section to carry the factored axial

load Pu and larger end moment Mu assuming short column
behavior.

4
Design Procedure of Slender Columns
Step 4: Find the unsupported length 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 and the effective length
factor k using the approximate values as under:

r ≈ 0.3 h for rectangular columns

k ≈ 1.0 for stocky columns restrained
by flat slabs (no sway)
k ≈ 0.9for beam column frames (no sway)

Step 5: Check whether the column is slender by using the

following criteria:
Sway Columns:
k 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 / r > 22 means that the column is slender.
No-Sway Columns:
k 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 / r > 34 + 12 (M1 / M2) and k 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 / r > 40 column is
slender
5
Design Procedure of Slender Columns
Step 6: If the slenderness is tentatively found to be important,
refine the calculation of k based on the alignment charts.
Flexural rigidity of 0.70EcIg for the columns and 0.35 EcIg (0.70
EcIg for web portion in T-beams) for the beams may be used in
place of more accurate cracked transformed sections.

Step 7: It shall be permitted to analyze columns and stories in

structures as nonsway frames if (a) or (b) is satisfied (6.6.4.3):
(a) The increase in column end moments due to second-order
effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first-order end moments
(b) Q in accordance with 6.6.4.4.1 does not exceed 0.05

6
Design Procedure of Slender Columns

∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ∆°
𝑄𝑄 = (6.6.4.4.1)
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐
where ΣPu and Vus are the total factored vertical load and
horizontal story shear, respectively, in the story being evaluated,
and Δo is the first-order relative lateral deflection between the
top and the bottom of that story due to Vus.

Step 8: Compute sway magnification factor, δs, as follows:

1
𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 = ≥ 1.0 if Q ≥ 0.05
1−𝑄𝑄

7
Design Procedure of Slender Columns
If 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 calculated by the previous formula is greater than 1.5, use
the formula given below:
1
𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 = ≥ 1.0
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢
1−
0.75 ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐

𝜋𝜋 2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
(𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 )2
For columns, (EI)eff shall be calculated in accordance with (a),
(b), or (c):
0.4𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 (0.2𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )
𝑎𝑎 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑏𝑏 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼
𝑐𝑐 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠

8
Design Procedure of Slender Columns
I in Eq. (6.6.4.4.4c) is calculated according to Table 6.6.3.1.1(b)
for columns and walls.
Step 9: Calculate the magnified moment as follows:
𝑀𝑀1 = 𝑀𝑀1𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀1𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑀2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀2𝑠𝑠
Step 10: Calculate δns individually for each column.
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 𝜋𝜋 2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 = ≥ 1.0 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 (𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 ) 2
1−
0.75𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
For columns, (EI)eff shall be calculated in accordance with (a), (b), or (c):
0.4𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 (0.2𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )
𝑎𝑎 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑏𝑏 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼
𝑐𝑐 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠

9
Design Procedure of Slender Columns
I in Eq. (6.6.4.4.4c) is calculated according to Table 6.6.3.1.1(b)
for columns and walls.

𝑀𝑀1
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.6 + 0.4
𝑀𝑀2

where M1/M2 is negative if the column is bent in single

curvature, and positive if bent in double curvature. M1
corresponds to the end moment with the lesser absolute value.

For columns with transverse loads applied between supports use

𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 1.0.

10
Design Procedure of Slender Columns
Step 11: Check for minimum moment and eccentricity
using ACI 6.6.4.5.4

Mmin =Pu (15 + 0.03h) about each axis separately

If M2min exceeds M2, Cm shall be taken equal to 1.0 or calculated

based on the ratio of the calculated end moments M1/M2, using
Eq. (6.6.4.5.3a).

Step 12: Calculate final values of M1 and M2 as follows:

𝑀𝑀1 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑀𝑀1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 )
𝑀𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑀𝑀2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 )

11
Design Procedure of Slender Columns
Step 13: Calculate final design values of Mc1 and Mc2 as
follows:
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀1
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐2 = 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀2

Step 14: For column design ACI 318 requires the second-order
moment to first-order moment ratios should not exceed 1.40. If
this value is exceeded, the column design needs to be revised.
ACI 318-19 (6.2.5.3)

Step 15: Check the adequacy of the column to resist axial load
Pu and magnified moment Mc using the procedure for a short
column. Revise the column section and reinforcement, if
necessary.

12
Slender Column Design Example 15.7
Problem: Design a rectangular tied column that is subjected to
uniaxial bending in a wind load combination with ratio of its two
sides close to 1.4. The center-to-center height is 6 m, clear height
is 5.5 m and the column is not braced against side-sway. fc’ = 20
Mpa, fy = 280 Mpa, and assume γ = 0.75. The longitudinal steel
centroid is located at 65 mm from the outer edge. The analysis
results are as under:

Axial Force M1 M2
Load Curvature
(kN) (kN-m) (kN-m)

Dead 1200 80 100 Single

Live 800 45 50 single
Wind 200 55 60 Reverse

13
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
Other information
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Story shear (V) 400 kN 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0.3
𝜓𝜓𝐴𝐴 0.8 𝜓𝜓𝐵𝐵 1.5
Side sway (Δ) 30 mm No. of Columns 6
Load Combination 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑W
For no-sway loads
𝑃𝑃𝑈𝑈 = 1.2𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷 + 1.0𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 × 1200 + 1.0 × 800 = 2240 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑀𝑀1𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1.2𝑀𝑀1𝐷𝐷 + 1.0𝑀𝑀1𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 × 80 + 1.0 × 45 = 141 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1.2𝑀𝑀2𝐷𝐷 + 1.0𝑀𝑀2𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 × 100 + 1.0 × 50 = 170 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − m
For sway loads
𝑃𝑃𝑈𝑈 = 1.3𝑃𝑃𝑊𝑊 = 1.3 × 200 = 260 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑀𝑀1𝑠𝑠 = 1.3𝑀𝑀1𝑊𝑊 = 1.3 × 55 = 71.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀2𝑠𝑠 = 1.3𝑀𝑀2𝑊𝑊 = 1.3 × 60 = 78 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

14
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
Trial Column Size
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 [ 2240 + 260 + 2 170 + 78 ] × 1000
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = ′ =
0.43𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 0.008𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 0.43 × 20 + 0.008 × 280
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 276384 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
1.4𝑥𝑥 2 = 276384 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 ⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = 445 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ⟹ 𝑦𝑦 = 1.4𝑥𝑥 = 623 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Let trial size = 450 × 600 mm
To check slenderness is present or not
For no-sway loadings
𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1.0 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑟𝑟 = 0.3ℎ = 0.3 × 600 = 180 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ℓ𝑢𝑢 1 × 5500
= = 30.6
𝑟𝑟 180
34 + 12 (M1 / M2) =34 - 12( 141/170) = 24.0
𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ℓ𝑢𝑢
> 34 + 12 (M1 / M2)⟹Slender w.r.t. nosway loading
𝑟𝑟

15
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
For sway loadings
𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 = 1.33
𝑟𝑟 = 0.3ℎ = 0.3 × 600 = 180 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 ℓ𝑢𝑢 1.33 × 5500
= = 40.6
𝑟𝑟 180
𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 ℓ𝑢𝑢
> 22⟹Slender w.r.t. sway loading
𝑟𝑟
To check stability index for wind load combination
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 ∆°
𝑄𝑄 =
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐
∆° = 1.3∆= 1.3 × 30 = 39 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 1.3𝑉𝑉 = 1.3 × 400 = 520 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℓ𝑐𝑐 = 6000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 6 × 2240 + 260 = 15000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
15000 × 39
𝑄𝑄 = = 0.1875 > 0.05 ⟹ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
520 × 6000
16
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
Determine second order effects for PΔ, sway
𝑀𝑀1 = 𝑀𝑀1𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀1𝑠𝑠
𝑀𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑀2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀2𝑠𝑠
1 1
𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 = = = 1.23 > 1.0 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
1 − 𝑄𝑄 1 − 0.1875
1 𝜋𝜋2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 0.4𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 = ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
1− (𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 ) 1+𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0.75 ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐

𝐸𝐸 = 4700 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 4700 20 = 21019 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

450 × 6003
𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 = = 8.1 × 109 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
12
0.4×21019×8.1×109
(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = 68.102 × 1012 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
1+0
𝜋𝜋 2 × 68.102 × 1012 1
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 2
× = 12561 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(1.33 × 5500) 1000

17
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
1 1
𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 = = = 1.361 > 1 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 6 × 2240 + 260
1− 1−
0.75 ∑ 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 6 × 12561
𝑀𝑀1 = 141 + 1.361 × 71.5 = 238.3 kN − m
𝑀𝑀2 = 170 + 1.361 × 78 = 276.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
Determine second order effects for Pδ, nonsway
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀1
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐2 = 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑀𝑀2
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 𝜋𝜋2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 0.4𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔
𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
1− 𝑢𝑢 (𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑢 )2 1+𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠
0.75𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
0.4×21019×8.1×109
(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = 52.386 × 1012 𝑁𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
1+0.3
𝜋𝜋 2 × 52.386 × 1012 1
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = × = 17092 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(1.0 × 5500)2 1000

18
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
𝑀𝑀1
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.6 + 0.4
𝑀𝑀2
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 15 + 0.03ℎ = 2500 15 + 0.03 × 600 = 82.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀1 = 238.3 kN − m > 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀2 = 276.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
238.3
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 = 0.255
276.2
0.255
𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 = 2500 = 0.317 ≥ 1.0 ⟹ 𝛿𝛿𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 = 1.0
1−
0.75×17092
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1.0 × 238.3 = 238.3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1.0 × 276.2 = 276.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
Check for column structural stability
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
≤ 1.4
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
238.8
For 𝑀𝑀1 ⟹ = 1.122 ≤ 1.4 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
141+71.5
276.2
For 𝑀𝑀2 ⟹ = 1.114 ≤ 1.4 𝑶𝑶𝑶𝑶
170+78 19
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
Calculations for longitudinal reinforcement
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 2500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 276.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 2500 × 1000

= = 9.3 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 450 × 600
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 276.2 × 106
= = 1.7 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 ℎ (450 × 600) × 600

For 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 20 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 280 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛾𝛾 = 0.75

𝜌𝜌 ≈ 0.02 ⟹ 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 0.02 × 450 × 600 = 5400 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Use 12-#25 Bars

20
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
Column Interaction
Curve

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 20 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀,
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 300 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝛾𝛾 = 0.75

21
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
Calculations for transverse reinforcement
Clear spacing of main bars along h
600−2×65−3×25
= = 131.7 mm < 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3
Clear spacing of main bars along b
450−2×65−3×25
= = 81.7 mm < 150 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3
Dia of tie bar = 10 mm (For No. 32 or smaller longitudinal bars)
c/c Spacing of ties = Smaller of
1. 16𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 of longitudinal bar = 16 × 25 = 400 mm
2. 48𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 of tie bar = 48 × 10 = 480 mm
3. Smallest dimension of member = 450 mm
4. 300 mm
⟹ c/c Spacing of ties = 300 mm
Use #10 @ 300 c/c
22
Slender Column Design Example 15.7 (cont.)
Final sketch
600
12-#25
450

#10@300c/c

23