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    Unit 1 - Sea Transport

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    Corina Sand
    The document summarizes the history of sea transport from ancient times to the present. It describes how early boats developed from simple logs and reed bundles into dugout canoes and skin-covered boats used for fishing and river travel. Major trade routes formed by 5000 BC in India and Pakistan and during Roman times in the Mediterranean. The age of sail began around 3500 BC in Egypt and advanced sailing technologies like square and lateen sails were developed. Steam power was introduced in the late 1700s, allowing ships to travel against the wind, and iron ships with steam engines expanded global trade networks in the 19th century. Today container ships dominate world trade.

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    Unit 1 - Sea Transport

    Uploaded by

    Corina Sand
    3 views5 pages
    The document summarizes the history of sea transport from ancient times to the present. It describes how early boats developed from simple logs and reed bundles into dugout canoes and skin-covered boats used for fishing and river travel. Major trade routes formed by 5000 BC in India and Pakistan and during Roman times in the Mediterranean. The age of sail began around 3500 BC in Egypt and advanced sailing technologies like square and lateen sails were developed. Steam power was introduced in the late 1700s, allowing ships to travel against the wind, and iron ships with steam engines expanded global trade networks in the 19th century. Today container ships dominate world trade.

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    The document summarizes the history of sea transport from ancient times to the present. It describes how early boats developed from simple logs and reed bundles into dugout canoes and skin-covered boats used for fishing and river travel. Major trade routes formed by 5000 BC in India and Pakistan and during Roman times in the Mediterranean. The age of sail began around 3500 BC in Egypt and advanced sailing technologies like square and lateen sails were developed. Steam power was introduced in the late 1700s, allowing ships to travel against the wind, and iron ships with steam engines expanded global trade networks in the 19th century. Today container ships dominate world trade.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views5 pages

    Unit 1 - Sea Transport

    Uploaded by

    Corina Sand
    The document summarizes the history of sea transport from ancient times to the present. It describes how early boats developed from simple logs and reed bundles into dugout canoes and skin-covered boats used for fishing and river travel. Major trade routes formed by 5000 BC in India and Pakistan and during Roman times in the Mediterranean. The age of sail began around 3500 BC in Egypt and advanced sailing technologies like square and lateen sails were developed. Steam power was introduced in the late 1700s, allowing ships to travel against the wind, and iron ships with steam engines expanded global trade networks in the 19th century. Today container ships dominate world trade.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Unit 1.

    Sea Transport

    Historical perspective: The first boats


    Since the beginning of time, people have used water to help them transport cargo from one place
    to another. The first craft were probably extremely simple - a log, an inflated animal skin, or a
    bundle of reeds tied together. People discovered that craft like these could help them to cross a
    stretch of water more easily. These craft probably developed into early simple boats, such as
    dug-out canoes and skin-covered boats, in which a person could sit while fishing or travelling
    along a river. This is how the first merchant “vessels” appeared, as single logs that small cargo
    was attached to and floated down river for trade. Eventually, logs were tied together to carry
    bigger cargos.
    About 5,000 years ago, the first major trade routes were formed between modern-day
    India and Pakistan along the Arabian Sea. During the same the time, the Romans were
    developing fleets that could cross the Mediterranean Sea in about a month. They carried low-
    value goods such as grain and construction materials. It was much cheaper to transport these
    good by sea than by land. Romans soon expanded their trade routes to travel over the Indian
    Ocean.

    The age of sail


    Sails capture the wind and use it to push ships and boats along. Sails first appeared on the river
    Nile in about 3500BC. These ships had one simple square sail on a single mast. They were only
    useful when the wind was blowing in the same direction as intended by the crew. Viking boats in
    the AD600s used square sails to sail the coasts of Scandinavia. In the Middle Ages, the lateen
    (triangular) sail allowed ships to be sailed with the wind from the side. This type of sail was
    invented by the Chinese and Arabs. From the 1100s, European sailors began building fully
    rigged ships with a combination of square and lateen sails. Sails changed from a large
    square canvas suspended from a single yard to complex arrangements intended to pivot on the
    mast depending on the direction and force of the wind. This allowed them to make the maximum
    use of the wind. Instead of being driven only by the wind direction, ships could “sail into the
    wind”.
    As multiple masts were added, the hull was elongated; keels were often two and a half
    times as long as the ship’s beam (width). With time, greater attention was paid to the
    specialization of ships for trade. Trading ships sought to carry as much tonnage of goods as
    possible with as small a crew as practicable.

    From its modest origins as Egyptian coastal and river sailing ships around 3,200 BC,
    maritime transportation has always been the dominant support of global trade. By the 10th
    century, Chinese merchants frequented the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, establishing
    regional trade networks. During the 7th – the 13th centuries, the Arab Empire began developing
    trade routes through Asia, Africa, and Europe, using advanced vessels, called qaribs, which
    greatly reduced the amount of time it took to transport goods.
    During the Age of Discovery in the 15th – the 19th centuries, advances in navigation and
    shipbuilding allowed Europeans to voyage across the Atlantic. This opened up trade routes to
    Virginia and Maryland for tobacco and Mexico and Peru for silver.

    Steam power
    The first steam engines were developed in the early 1700s for pumping water out of the mines.
    By the end of the century they had become small and engineers began to use them in trains and
    ships. Steam power meant that a ship could keep going even if the wind was blowing in the
    wrong direction. Early steamships used paddles, but propellers gradually proved to be more
    efficient. After the 1850s, shipbuilders began to use iron instead of wood. The superior strength
    of iron meant that much larger ships could be built, which could also be fitted with more
    powerful steam engines.
    With the development of the steam engine in the mid 19th century, trade networks
    expanded considerably. The opening of the Suez and Panama Canals, during the 19th and 20th
    centuries, lead to the intensification of maritime trade.

    Ship Power
    There are many different ways of propelling boats and ships through the water. The most basic,
    such as rowing and paddling, are human- powered. Today they are only used in small vessels.
    Sails harness the natural power of the wind to propel a boat or a ship. Engines convert the energy
    stored in fuel into the movement of a propeller. As the propeller spins, its blades force water to
    rush backwards, which thrusts the boat or ship forwards. Most engines used in boats and ships
    are diesel engines. Other types of marine engine are petrol engines, gas turbine engines and
    steam turbine engines. Other craft, such as hovercraft, have aircraft-like propellers.

    After 1900, there was a general division between the use of steam turbines in passenger
    liners and diesel engines in freighters. Europeans favoured the diesel internal-combustion engine,
    with its more economical fuel consumption, whereas American shipping companies tended to
    favour steam turbines because their labour costs were usually lower. The rapid rise in the cost
    of petroleum fuel after 1973 led to increased diesel-engine construction.
    In the 20th century, maritime transport grew exponentially as changes in international
    trade and seaborne trade became interrelated. In the late 20th century, container shipping
    developed, leading to the shipping industry we see today.

    Exercise 1. Match the pictures (A-G) with the appropriate terms. Arrange them in
    chronological order, from oldest to newest, according to the table below.

    Order I II III IV V VI VII


    Picture D
    Name dug-out
    canoe
    PICTURES TERMS

    A LATEEN SAILS

    B EGYPTIAN BOAT

    C DUG-OUT CANOE

    D CONTAINER SHIP

    E FULLY-RIGGED SHIP

    F STEAM SHIP

    VIKING SHIP
    G
    Fill in the following sentences with a suitable word from the list below:

    1. The first _________ were probably extremely simple - a a. fully-rigged


    log, an inflated animal skin, or a bundle of reeds tied
    together. b. maritime
    2. The first merchant “vessels” appeared, as single logs that
    small cargo was attached to and _________ down river for c. shipbuilding
    trade.
    3. The first major _________ routes were formed between d. steam
    modern-day India and Pakistan.
    4. _________capture the wind and use it to push ships and e. propellers
    boats along.
    5. The first sailing ships had one simple square sail on a single f. diesel
    _________.
    6. In the Middle Ages, the _________ (triangular) sail allowed g. craft
    ships to be sailed with the wind from the side.
    7. Both square and lateen sails are found on _________ships. h. sails
    8. _________ transportation has always been the dominant
    support of global trade. i. mast
    9. In the 15th – the 19th centuries, advances in navigation and
    _________ allowed Europeans to voyage across the j. floated
    Atlantic.
    10. The first _________ engines were developed in the early k. trade
    1700s for pumping water out of the mines.
    11. Early steamships used paddles, but _________ gradually l. lateen
    proved to be more efficient.
    12. Most engines used in boats and ships are _________
    engines.
    Sea Transport
    1

    3 4

    8 9

    10 11

    12

    Across Down
    3. catarg 1. ambarcaţiune
    6. vapor cu abur 2. a traversa (i.e. o întindere de apă)
    7. cu velatură (despre nave) 4. rută navigabilă
    8. a impinge, a propulsa 5. a se roti
    10. elice 6. panza de corabie, velă
    12. pală de elice,paletă de turbina 9. corpul, coca navei
    11. zbat, padelă

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