International Conference on Human Completion 2014

Maum Meditation: Happiness,

Peace, and Coexistence

Date Saturday, May 3, 2014 (09:30~17:00) Sponsor Center for Korean Studies, UCLA
Venue Humanities Bldg. A51, URL http://2014.humancompletion.org
University of California, Los Angeles

Academic Society for Human Completion

program

2014 2nd International Conference on 11:40~12:20 Special Lecture: Human Completion for Happiness, Peace, and
Human Completion Coexistence
Michael Treacy (Director, Las Vegas Maum Meditation Center)
Theme Maum Meditation: Happiness, Peace, and Coexistence
Date Saturday, May 3, 2014 (09:30~17:00)
Venue Humanities Bldg. A51, University of California, Los Angeles
Session Ⅲ Poster Presentations and Lunch Break 12:20~14:00
Host Academic Society for Human Completion
Sponsor Center for Korean Studies, UCLA

Session Ⅳ Invited Speeches & Research Presentations

14:00~14:30 Classical Mindfulness-Based CBT Protocol for Test Anxiety

Lobsang Rapgay (Research Psychologist, Study on Sustained Attention, Working
Memory and Metacognition in Anxiety Disorders and Learning, Department of
Psychiatry, UCLA)
Session Ⅰ Opening Ceremony
14:30~14:50 The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on the Breast Cancer Survivors'
09:30~10:00 Registration Psychological Well-Being
Mi Ra Yun (Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul
10:00~10:20 Opening Address and Congratulatory Speech: National University), Misoon Song[Professor, College of Nursing, Seoul
A video message from Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Distinguished Professor of National University], Kyung-Jae Lee[Director, Institute of Human Completion]
Psychology and Management; Founding Co-Director, Quality of Life Research
Center, Claremont Graduate University 14:50~15:00 Break

15:00~15:30 Teaching Mindfulness to High-Risk Youth

SessionⅡ Keynote Speeches & Special Lecture Sam Himelstein (Director of Program and Research at the Mind Body
Awareness[MBA] Project)
10:20~10:40 [Keynote Speech 1] Maum Meditation: A Holistic Education Perspective for
Complete Human Beings 15:30~15:50 The Effects of Maum Meditation on Depression, Social Anxiety, Aggression,
Chong-Bum Lee (President of Academic Society for Human Completion; and Salivary Cortisol Levels of Elementary School Students
Professor Emeritus at Korea University) Duck-Joo Lee (Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST),
Namin Shin (Professor, Department of Education, Dongguk University),
10:40~11:30 [Keynote Speech 2] When the Sum Is Greater than the Parts: Combined Boas Yu (Professor, School of Nursing and Allied Health Professions,
Strengths Build Youth Subjective Well-Being Holy Family University), Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National
Michael Furlong (Professor, Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School University), Ju Yeon Park (Teacher, Baeul Elementary School), Mi Ra Yun
Psychology, UCSB) (Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National
University), In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea National University of Transportation)
11:30~11:40 [Keynote Speech 3] Peace as a Break between Wars and Preparation for
New Wars
Charles Mercieca (President, International Association of Educators for World Session Ⅴ Adjournment and Committee Meeting 15:50~17:00
Peace; Professor Emeritus, Alabama A&M University)
Poster Presentations ■ A Study on Positive Attitudes and Behavioral Changes in Maladaptive Students
Through the Mind-Subtraction method of Maum Meditation: Focusing on a College
■ The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on Juveniles’ Beliefs on Internet Usage and Preparatory School
Self-Control Moo Shin Kim (Teacher, Busan Shinjeong High School)
Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National University), Mi Ra Yun (Researcher, The
Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University), Eun Hi Choi (Doctoral ■ The Effect of Maum Meditation Camp Program for Children on Stress, Ego-Resilience,
student, The Catholic University of Korea), Mihan Kim (Professor, Kyungil University) and Happiness
Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National University)
■ A Narrative Inquiry on Organizational Leaders’ Transformative Learning Experiences
Through Maum Meditation Program ■ COEXIST Program at the Korean Ministry of Safety and Public Administration
Mijin Kim (Team Manager, Institute of Human Completion) Kyung-jae Lee (Director, Institute of Human Completion)

■ The Effects of Maum Meditation on Happiness, Self-esteem, and Mindfulness of ■ The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on the Brain Function of University Students
Teachers Duck-Joo Lee (Professor, KAIST), Yun-kyung Yu (Graduate student, Seoul Buddhist
Soon-Ja Seo (Graduate student, Kkottongnae University), Sang-gyu Park (Professor, University), Ji-sook Yi (Teacher, Mansoo Middle School), In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea
Kkottongnae University) National University of Transportation)

■ The Effects of Maum Meditation on Ego-resiliency, Forgiveness, and Satisfaction with ■ The Success of 2012 Maum Meditation Training for Happy Teachers During Winter
Life Among High School Students Recess
In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea National University of Transportation), Pilsun Park (Teacher, Oh-nam Lee (Teacher, Seobu Elementary School)
Changwon Cheongwang School), Chul Ho Cho (MD. Instituto di Dr.CHO, Genova, Italy),
Namin Shin (Professor, Dongguk University) ■ The Effect of ‘Happiness-Improving’ Program on Teachers’ Brain Functions and
Happiness: Focusing on the Mind-Subtraction
■ Maum Meditation: A Brief Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea National University of Transportation), Yun-kyung Yu
Grayson Scheiner (Undergraduate student, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCSD) (Graduate student, Seoul Buddhist University), Ji-sook Yi (Teacher, Mansoo Middle
School), Duck-Joo Lee (Professor, KAIST)

■ The Effects of Maum Meditation on the Decrease in Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
List of 2013 Paper Response of Adults
Eun Hi Choi (Doctoral student, The Catholic University of Korea), Yang Gyeong Yoo
■ The Effects of Maum Meditation program on their School Life in the Lower Grades in (Professor, Kunsan National University), Kyoung Ah Kim (Family Medicine Doctor,
Primary School Children Daejung Care Hospital), Mi Ra Yun (Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing
Eun Jin Lee (Director, Jeonju Art Therapy Education Center), Kwang Young Jung (Teacher, Science, Seoul National University)
Seoul Haneul Elementary School), Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National
University)

■ The Effects of Maum Meditation program on the Mental Health and Happiness of the
Undergraduates
Mihan Kim (Professor, Kyungil University), In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea National
University of Transportation), Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National University)
Contents

Soon-Ja Seo (Graduate student, Kkottongnae University), Sang-gyu Park (Professor,

Kkottongnae University)

009 Maum Meditation: A Holistic Education Perspective for Complete Human Beings 111 The Effects of Maum Meditation on Ego-resiliency, Forgiveness, and Satisfaction with
Chong-Bum Lee (President of Academic Society for Human Completion; Professor Emeritus at Life among High School Students In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea National University of
Korea University) Transportation), Pilsun Park (Teacher, Changwon Cheongwang School), Chul Ho Cho (MD.
Instituto di Dr.CHO, Genova, Italy), Namin Shin (Professor, Dongguk University)
017 When the Sum Is Greater than the Parts: Combined Strengths Build Youth Subjective
Well-Being Michael Furlong (Professor, Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School 113 Maum Meditation: A Brief Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
Psychology, UCSB) Grayson Scheiner (Undergraduate student, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCSD)

057 Peace as a Break Between Wars and Preparation for New Wars 117 The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on Their School Life in the Lower Grades in
Charles Mercieca (President, International Association of Educators for World Peace; Professor Primary School Children Eun Jin Lee (Director, Jeonju Art Therapy Education Center), Kwang
Emeritus, Alabama A&M University) Young Jung (Teacher, Seoul Haneul Elementary School), Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan
National University)
061 Human Completion for Happiness, Peace, and Coexistence
Michael Treacy (Director, Las Vegas Maum Meditation Center) 121 The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on the Mental Health and Happiness of the
Undergraduates Mihan Kim (Professor, Kyungil University), In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea
063 Classical Mindfulness-Based CBT Protocol for Test Anxiety National University of Transportation), Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National
Lobsang Rapgay (Research Psychologist, Study on Sustained Attention, Working Memory and University)
Metacognition in Anxiety Disorders and Learning, Department of Psychiatry, UCLA)
125 A Study on Positive Attitudes and Behavioral Changes in Maladaptive Students Through the
069 The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on the Breast Cancer Survivors’ Psychological Mind-Subtraction Method of Maum Meditation: Focusing on a College Preparatory School
Well-being Mi Ra Yun (Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul Moo Shin Kim (Teacher, Busan Shinjeong High School)
National University), Misoon Song [Professor, College of Nursing, Seoul National University],
Kyung-Jae Lee [Director, Institute of Human Completion] 129 The Effect of Maum Meditation Camp Program for Children on Stress, Ego-Resilience, and
Happiness Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National University)
085 Teaching Mindfulness to High-Risk Youth
Sam Himelstein (Director of Program and Research at the Mind Body Awareness[MBA] Project) 133 COEXIST Program at the Korean Ministry of Safety and Public Administration
Kyung-jae Lee (Director, Institute of Human Completion)
091 The Effects of Maum Meditation on Depression, Social Anxiety, Aggression, and Salivary
Cortisol Levels of Elementary School Students 137 The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on the Brain Function of University Students
Duck-Joo Lee (Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST), Namin Shin Duck-Joo Lee (Professor, KAIST), Yun-kyung Yu (Graduate student, Seoul Buddhist University),
(Professor, Department of Education, Dongguk University), Boas Yu (Professor, School of Ji-sook Yi (Teacher, Mansoo Middle School), In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea National University
Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Holy Family University), Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, of Transportation)
Kunsan National University), Ju Yeon Park (Teacher, Baeul Elementary School), Mi Ra Yun 141 The Success of 2012 Maum Meditation Training for Happy Teachers During Winter Recess
(Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University), In-Soo Lee Oh-nam Lee (Teacher, Seobu Elementary School)
(Professor, Korea National University of Transportation)
145 The Effect of ‘Happiness-Improving’ Program on Teachers’ Brain Functions and Happiness:
101 The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on Juveniles’ Beliefs on Internet Usage and Self- Focusing on the Mind-Subtraction In-Soo Lee (Professor, Korea National University of
Control Yang Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National University), Mi Ra Yun (Researcher, Transportation), Yun-kyung Yu (Graduate student, Seoul Buddhist University), Ji-sook Yi
The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University), Eun Hi Choi (Doctoral (Teacher, Mansoo Middle School), Duck-Joo Lee (Professor, KAIST)
student, The Catholic University of Korea), Mihan Kim (Professor, Kyungil University)
149 The Effects of Maum Meditation on the Decrease in Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
105 A Narrative Inquiry on Organizational Leaders’ Transformative Learning Experiences Response of Adults Eun Hi Choi (Doctoral student, The Catholic University of Korea), Yang
Through Maum Meditation Program Gyeong Yoo (Professor, Kunsan National University), Kyoung Ah Kim (Family Medicine Doctor,
Mijin Kim (Team Manager, Institute of Human Completion) Daejung Care Hospital), Mi Ra Yun (Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science,
109 The Effects of Maum Meditation on Happiness, Self-esteem, and Mindfulness of Teachers Seoul National University)
 GREETINGS

The Academic Society for Human Completion (ASHC) invites you to the 2014 Interna-
tional Conference of Human Completion to be held in UCLA (University of California, Los
Angeles) on Saturday, May 3, 2014.

The theme of this conference is “Maum Meditation: Happiness, Peace, and Coexis-
tence.” In order to achieve happiness, peace, and coexistence, most people attempt “add-
ing” to their minds such as trying to internalize moral codes, or substitute one state of mind
(anger) for another (cool off). These attempts often are unsuccessful and may only provide
temporary fixes because they mainly rely on accumulations of false minds.

Only solution to accomplish the state of happiness, peace, and coexistence is through
enlightenment of the original mind by cleansing or subtracting the false mind. Based on
this principle of subtraction, the ASHC organized the International Conference in which
discussions will ensue on new ideas of Maum Meditation as possible alternatives to achieve
happiness, peace, and coexistence.

Maum Meditation is “a practice for men to change false human minds into the true
Universe mind through subtraction, and to eternally enjoy happy, peaceful life, and beau-
tiful coexistence with others.” This International Conference will introduce basic theory,
intervention effects of the Maum Meditation and its practice resulting in transformational
changes in psychological well-being, depression, aggressiveness, anxiety, etc.

We cordially invite you and your creative ideas and discussions, which could facilitate
authentic happiness, peace, and coexistence in becoming a reality for everyone.

Dr. Chong-Bum Lee

General Chairman,
International Conference on Human Completion 2014

8
 Maum Meditation:
A Holistic Education Perspective for
Complete Human Beings
Chong-Bum Lee
President of Academic Society for Human Completion;
Professor Emeritus at Korea University

People are starting to truly understand what is most important. It is no longer about
materialistic possessions, social positions, and other achievements. The most fundamen-
tal aspiration of human life, as many would agree, has to do with personal achievement
of inner peace and happiness. Of these two, happiness is especially pondered about and
paid attention to. Without happiness, there would be no inner peace; and without peace,
there will not be a true coexistence with others. To arrive at such desired state of peace,
happiness, and coexistence, many are seeking meditation practices and related modalities.
Instead of looking outside of ourselves, we are finding that looking within is much more
valuable and priceless. By emptying our minds, we could indeed gain something amazing.

The concept of human completion

According to Woo Myung (2012), the founder of Maum Meditation, a human being is
incomplete due to his self-created mind world that is self-centered. Because he is incomplete
and imperfect, he is limited. One can become complete and perfect by cleansing his human
mind that is full of stress, greed, regrets, wants, inferiority, and inadequacy. “Rather than
learning how to possess more….learning how not to possess is the way to become complete
and live a better life…..a mind full of greed is always anguished; and a life lived following
one’s anguish is without action; it is a life with thoughts leading only to more thoughts.”
(Woo, 2012, p.79).

9
 When one has succeeded over one’s self by discarding and cleansing his own human reported attaining enlightenment and increased self-reflection; 83.1% stated their health
mind, then he becomes a complete being. The human completion can be achieved by ap- status improved; 92.1% reported their minds seemed to be empty; 93% felt relieved from
plying the method to cleanse oneself; one need to discover and become his original self, worries and anxiety; and, 91.9% reported diminished anger and irritation.
or True Self, in order to fulfill his human potential. This method to the True Self is self- Significant improvements were noted in depression, stress, anxiety, and self-esteem
confirmatory; when the method is followed, anyone can be enlightened to the Truth. Woo scores in college students (Kim, 2009) who participated in the Maum program. Similarly,
Myung (2012) defines human completion: a randomized study on breast cancer survivors (Yun, 2013) also showed vast improve-
ments in depression, anxiety, stress, quality of life and sleep, and post-traumatic personal
Human completion is becoming God’s mind by subtracting all of one’s own minds. One growth with the Maum program. Yun, Yoo, Choi, and Kim (2012) examined the effect of
will then be able to live well for he will have wisdom and his mind that is the Soul and Maum Meditation on 58 adults with mental illness diagnoses and found that following the
Spirit will live eternally. Subtracting all human mind – all of the mind one has, that he has meditation classes, 88.3% were reporting lessening of such symptoms as depression, ten-
“eaten” – is completion. (p.80). sion, anger, and anxiety; and increasing of positive emotions, such as satisfaction, interper-
sonal relationships, and happiness. Interestingly, 38.2% reported requiring less psychiatric
Through timely development of this method, this era is established as the time when medications and 44.1% reported requiring no psychiatric medications as a result of this
all people can become complete beings; thus bringing forth the era of human completion, meditation program.
where elevation of the human mind to a much higher level of existence, the level of the
divinity, could occur. The concept of a complete person is a whole person; when oneness Effectiveness in school curricular settings
with the Truth occurs, one will gain wisdom of the Truth and fully understand the ways Yoo and Lee (2013) reported statistically significant improvement on 50 children’s self-
of the world. esteem and school adjustment in primary school setting when applying the Maum method
to the school curriculum. Lee (2010) studied self-esteem of middle and high school students
Research studies on the Maum Meditation taking the Maum Meditation classes as a part of the Maum youth camp; and the investiga-
tor found a significant increase in self-esteem scores as well as positive changes in interper-
Maum Meditation, founded in 1996, is increasingly gaining more attention worldwide sonal relations, appreciation, self-identity, and self-reflection.
due to its effectiveness in attainment of happiness and peace, as well as promotion of spiri- Kim (2012) examined changes in depression, anxiety, and self-esteem scores of 467 chil-
tual transformation. Many research works on the Maum Meditation had been presented dren and the juveniles who participated in the Maum Meditation program. After the pro-
recently, with their findings pointing to its possible utilization as a scientifically feasible gram, the scores of depression and anxiety in the children were significantly decreased; and
strategy for reducing stress and related ailments, such as depression, and anxiety. the scores of self-esteem were significantly increased. Particularly, after the program, the
depression scores in the middle school students were significantly decreased and the scores
Improvements on psychosocial aspects of self-esteem of the middle and high school students were increased.
Many research studies to date have examined the effect of the Maum method on differ- Lee (2009) reported reduction in aggression in 41 middle school students who par-
ent variables, such as wellbeing and stress. Korea Association of Statistics and Information ticipated in Maum Meditation classes as a part of school curricular activities. Kim, Yoo,
(2008) surveyed 473 students in the third and fourth level of the Maum Meditation which Lee, and Son (2013) also found aggression scores were decreased and scores of autonomy
showed 97.7% respondents reporting reduction in stress; 94% reported feeling happier, increased in the experimental group as compared to the control group in a total of 31 chil-
with their minds at ease; 93.4% stated their relationship with others improved; 94.2% dren and juveniles. The authors recommended the Maum Meditation program could be

10 11
effective in lessening aggression and enhancing autonomy in children and juveniles. Kim Conclusion
(2010) examined friendship and awareness of necessity of the meditation in 30 elementary
school students who participated in bibliotherapy as well as the Maum Meditation classes. To attain a state of peace, happiness, and coexistence, many are seeking meditation or
There was a significant increase in the awareness of necessity of the Maum Meditation and related modalities. The Maum Meditation proposes a mind-subtraction method to achieve
also a slight increase in the friendship scores. this state of peace, happiness, and coexistence by cleansing one’s mind to become the True
Self.
Beneficial effects on teachers Human beings tend to be more impacted by negative memories more than positive mem-
Lee (2010) examined the effect of Maum Meditation on stress, depression, and quality ories. The Maum Meditation regards these lived experiences as pictures of the mind. The
of life for 108 teachers who participated in the meditation program for teachers. The re- Maum Meditation method of eliminating such pictures of the mind is explicit and cogni-
searcher found statistically significant decrease in stress and depression scores, and increase tively scientific process, achieved through repetitive self-reflection, and based on premises
in quality of life scores. In another study, anxiety, self-esteem, and self-actualization for of genuine encounter with inner self. The meditation program is very fundamental and
108 teachers participating in the Maum Meditation program were explored (Lee and Kim, holistic which effectively transforms one’s life. Each individual’s recovery of original self
2011). The investigators found statistically significant results where the scores for anxiety and subsequent contented state naturally leads to increased empathy and compassion for
decreased and the scores for the self-esteem and self-actualization were much improved others. This definitely can lead to peace and coexistence to occur as a way of life in a col-
after the meditation program. Lee (2012) examined the mental health status (anxiety, de- lective sense, one person at a time.
pression, fear, and others) in 149 teachers who participated in the Maum program for When people are complete by cleansing their minds, the world also will be complete.
teachers in South Korea. She also found some significant improvements; and recommended This world becomes a paradise, a world of complete beings where inner peace and happi-
the Maum method as an effective way to promote mental health. ness exist in everyone’s minds. Coexistence, in its true sense of the word, could occur when
peace and happiness exist inside everyone. The ultimate goal of the Maum Meditation is a
Maum Meditation programs in university settings full realization of such happiness and peace in people, through which love, acceptance, and
Yu, Hayes, and Eggleston (2012, unpublished presentation) examined the effect of the coexistence without conflict in the world are possible.
Maum Meditation program on power and wellbeing in faculty, students, and staff (N=99)
of a catholic university in Philadelphia, PA. The researchers reported the scores of wellbe-
ing and power for the experimental group were significantly improved after 8 weeks of the
meditation sessions given at the university meditation program in the United States. Kim
(2012) and Kim (2009) also conducted studies using college students and noted a signifi-
cant decrease in the stress scores and concluded the meditation could be beneficial in stress
management for the college students.
Many findings of research studies on the Maum Meditation seemed to speak to its effec-
tiveness and benefits of the meditation when utilized in various educational settings, such
as colleges, universities, and other curricular programs.

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 Francisco, CA; October 2012 https://apha.confex.com/apha/140am/webprogram/Paper263450.html
References
Yun, M. R., Yoo, Y. G., Choi, E. H., & Kim, K. A. (2012). The effects of Maum Meditation to mental health
Kim, J. K. (2010). Development of the Maum Meditation program applying bibliotherapy and the effect of of adults with mental illness. Journal of Human Completion, 4, 103-134.
the program. Journal of Human Completion, 2, 187-221. Woo, M. (2005). World beyond world (English ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham Publishing.
Kim, M. H. (2009). The effects of the Maum Meditation program on depression, stress, anxiety and self- Woo, M. (2009). The way to become a person in heaven while living (English ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham
esteem in college students. Journal of Human Completion, 1, 93-112. Publishing.
Kim, M. H. (2012). Comparison of the Effect of Maum Meditation Program on the Depression, Anxiety and Woo, M. (2012). Nature’s flow (English ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham Publishing.
Self-esteem of the Children and the Juveniles. Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 12(4), Woo, M. (2012). Mind (English ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham Publishing.
338-348. Woo, M. (2012). Where you become true is the place of truth (English ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham Publishing.
Kim, M. H. (2012). The effect of Maum Meditation program on the clinical stress of the nursing college Woo, M. (2012). Stop living in this land. Go to the everlasting world of happiness. Live there forever (Eng-
student. Journal of Human Completion, 4, 59-81. lish ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham Publishing.
Kim, M. H., Yoo, Y. G., Lee, E. J., & Son, M. K. (2013). The Effect of Maum Meditation Program on the Woo, M. (2013). Heaven’s formula to save the world (English ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham Publishing.
Aggression and Autonomy of the Children and the Juveniles. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Woo, M. (2013). The living eternal world (English ed.). Seoul, Korea: Cham Publishing.
Disorders. 29(1), 145-171.
Korea Association of Statistics and Information (2008). Survey of the Maum Meditation. Korea Associa-
tion of Statistics and Information.
Lee, E. S. (2009). The reduction of aggression through the practice of Maum Meditation. Journal of Human
Completion, 1, 113-142.
Lee, I. S. (2010). The effects of Maum Meditation on stress, depression and quality of life for teachers.
Journal of Human Completion, 2, 49-72.
Lee, I. S. (2012). The effects of Maum Meditation levels on mental health. Journal of Human Completion,
4, 5-27.
Lee, I. S. & Kim, J. H. (2011). The effect of Maum Meditation on anxiety, self-esteem and self-actualiza-
tion in teachers. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 12(12), 5722-5730.
Lee, S. K. (2010). A study in the effects of Maum Meditation program on self-esteem of students in middle
and high schools - focusing on the Maum meditation youth camp. Journal of Human Completion,
2, 87-126.
Yoo, Y. G. & Lee, I. S. (2013). The effect of school-based Maum Meditation program on self-esteem and
school adjustment in primary school students. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(4), 14-27.
Yun, M. R. (2014) The effects of Maum Meditation on breast cancer survivors’ psychological well-being.
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Yu, B., Hayes, K. & Eggleston, B. (2012, unpublished presentation). The effect of Maum Meditation on
power and wellbeing; presented at American Public Health Association (APHA) Conference, San

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 When the Sum Is Greater than the Parts:
Combined Strengths Build
Youth Subjective Well-Being
Michael Furlong
Professor, Department of Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, UCSB

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 Peace as a Break Between Wars and
Preparation for New Wars
Charles Mercieca
Ph.D., President
International Association of Educators for World Peace
Dedicated to United Nations Goals of Peace Education,
Environmental Protection, Human Rights & Disarmament
Professor Emeritus, Alabama A&M University

Over the past recorded history of 6,000 years we notice that many nations tended to
solve their differences through the waging of one war after another. Needless to say, in-
between wars we also observe a period of peace. As far as the people were concerned they
enjoyed such periods and often hoped they would continue forever. However, as far as gov-
ernment officials were concerned that always proved to be a different story. As the Italians
say, tra il dire e il fare c’e’ in mezzo il mare – between saying and doing there is an ocean,
that is, an abyss.

Eventual Purpose of Wars

Of course, there should be a reason why wars continue to take place, especially when
the population as a whole never wants to experience the tragedies of such events by all
means. Scholastic philosophers tell us, quidquid contingens est causam habet -- whatever
exists there must be a cause, that is, a source. And another famous dictum runs as follows,
ex nihilo nihilo fit, -- nothing happens out of nothing.

Hence, wars do not pop up from the midst of nowhere. There must be a plan of some
sort that would make it easier to instigate and promote wars. What is curious in our study
of the nature of wars lies here. Such devices were never used to promote peace and har-
mony, love and compassion. On the contrary, wars often tended to stem out of jealousy

57
and hatred and they always inflicted pain revealed mostly in the destruction of the infra- However, since the US government as a whole views the strength of the nation merely
structure of cities. in military capabilities, it explains why such a nation puts top priority on the continued
manufacture of weapons and military equipment. It explains why the United States, in spite
Moreover, such pain is also seen in the killing and maiming of tens of thousands of in- of the fact that it was advised otherwise, chose to become involved in more than 30 wars
nocent people, in particular women, children, the elderly and the sick. In every era of his- following World War II. The most recent ones, all of which proved to be a disaster may be
tory, every government, regardless of its nature, always claimed the responsibility to look enlisted as Vietnam, Afghanistan and Iraq.
after the welfare of the people, which is revealed in providing them with a good health care
system, adequate housing facilities and good education. But as long as government officials In each of such wars, thousands of young Americans lost their lives or became maimed
in general continue to be addicted with wars, such goals cannot be easily reached. for life, not to mention those that committed suicide. All these tragedies occurred literally
needlessly. Besides, the United States was responsible for the destruction of the infrastruc-
If we were to study the military powers that emerged in this world over the last two to ture of many cities which included not only the destruction of people’s homes but also the
three hundred years alone, we will soon find out something which is fully in common. The annihilation of many schools, churches and other vital sources. Besides, we may add the
governments that attached priority in piling up weapons and in promoting more and more millions that became refugees and who led very miserable lives afterwards.
wars, ended up neglecting their people who suffered immensely as a result. Just a study of
the Portuguese, Spanish, British and American empires makes us realize that the more they Every nation that views its strength in military terms and not in people’s health and
concentrated on the invasion of other countries and the promotion of wars, the more their education always ends up punishing itself severely. The US economy today is in a state of
respective native population suffered all kinds of deprivation. collapse because of its continued wars. The Iraqi war alone cost the USA $2 trillion dollars
in debt, money that could have been used to give Americans adequate home facilities, good
Sources of Destruction health care, and excellent education. A substantial number of government officials, mostly
republicans, had the guts to propose the solution of the debt problem by cutting money
Nowadays, we all know that the manufacture of weapons and the military industrial from the vital needs of the American people, like health care, education and social security.
complex have emerged into becoming a very lucrative business. To turn an insult into inju-
ry, the United States’ big corporations take the initiative to finance the elections of various Deception at Work
politicians. They want to make sure that after election such politicians would do anything
to boost their products, regardless of how lethal and detrimental they may prove to be to Ironically, a number of these same government officials when they talk on radio or
society. In the USA all the major news media are now being controlled by big corporations. television, they sound like they are concerned with the welfare of the American people in
general. But, as the Italians say, parole si, fatti no – words year, facts no. This means their
The corruption that emerged in the US government as a result has become virtually out apparent concern for the welfare of the American people as a whole is merely bla, bla, bla.
of control. It explains why millions of people do not have enough food to eat, are deprived The US government officials must follow the example of President Truman when he set the
of adequate home facilities, and do not have easy access to vital medical needs. From a US President’s office for two terms of four years each.
careful study of history we learn that a nation could be termed to be strong when its people
are healthy and highly educated, in addition to having adequate home facilities. When this The US Senators’ term must also be set for two terms of five years each, while the US
takes place then such a nation is fully self-sufficient since all the vital needs are fully there. Congressmen’s terms should also be limited for five terms of two years each. We have many

58 59
young brilliant people in the USA but their chances of serving the nation in a governmental
office is not that easy as long as the big corporations continued to finance their governmen-
tal buddies to remain in office for ever. Moreover, all news media must give a substantial
percentage of time to cover all those running for office free-of-charge.

As the preamble of UNESCO states: Since wars begin in the minds of men it is in the
Human Completion for
minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed. As we may all know, this Happiness, Peace, and Coexistence
acronym stands for United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Michael Treacy
The eventual implementation of this preamble is of paramount importance. It enables us to Director, Las Vegas Maum Meditation Center
understand the wisdom of having periodical changes of individuals in the government. This
way we may take care of the traditional saying: You cannot teach an old dog new tricks.

When individuals serve a long time in a governmental position, their mind-set about
anything becomes so deeply trenched that it may need a miracle like that of raising Lazarus The purpose of studying Maum Meditation is to change from the human mind to the
from the dead to make them see things better and into a truer perspective. In view of what infinite universe mind in order to achieve human completion.
has been stated, we still have hope of not having to spend another 6,000 years of recorded The human mind is an accumulation of pictures that I have taken of the world and
history going through one war after another. The human nature is subject to corruption at stored in my brain. My thoughts, feelings and emotions are trapped within these pictures,
one time or another. Our job is to take the first steps toward providing a better future for so my consciousness is confined within my own “picture world” This picture world is the
posterity root of all mental unrest including non-stop thinking, stress, worry, and depression. The
Maum Meditation method is to subtract the world of pictures in my brain and my negative
“self” which is confined in that picture world. The result of subtraction is to become free
of any mental distress through expanding the consciousness. When our mind returns to the
original mind of the infinite universe, that is the human completion.
When we achieve the human completion, we are never again subject to any mental dis-
tress, conflicts, or doubts. Life becomes more savory as we are able to live within nature’s
flow and thereby be completely present and focused. Relationships improve because we no
longer harbor past biases or judgments, so we naturally become more compassionate and
empathetic. Health improves because stress is no longer a factor in the body functioning.
One can live life with a peaceful, positive, and liberated mind in any condition. Maum
Meditation is an experiential study that is best approached with patience and diligence.

60 61
 Classical Mindfulness-Based
CBT Protocol for Test Anxiety

Lobsang Rapgay
Ph.D., Research Psychologist, Study on Sustained Attention,
Working Memory and Metacognition in Anxiety Disorders and Learning,
Department of Psychiatry, UCLA

63
64 65
66 67
 The Effects of Maum Meditation Program
on the Breast Cancer Survivors’
Psychological Well-being

Mi Ra Yun 1, Misoon Song 2, Kyung-Jae Lee 3

Background

1. Increase in cancer survivors and social cost

There had been a very rapid increase in numbers of cancer survivors. According to
National Cancer Information Center (2014), cancer survival rate in South Korea is increas-
ing every year with 5 year survival increase to 66.3% (2007-2011) from 25.1% (1993-
1995). The increase in cancer survivors is one of a major influential component affecting
overall well-being in the nation; it has become a medical issue and is linked to decrease in
work productivity, and lowered economic status of families and individuals. Currently, the
American Cancer Society (ACS) reported cancer as the most financially impacting disease
in the world. In South Korea, a study (Rhee et al., 2008) found a very high stress and pres-
sure levels in South Korean cancer survivor families; with 67% of cancer survivors’ families
reporting symptoms of depression with 35% of these families experiencing moderate levels
of depression.

1 Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University

(Corresponding Author: mirayun21@naver.com)
2 Professor, College of Nursing, Seoul National University
3 Director, Institute of Human Completion

69
2. Issues faced by cancer survivors Figure 1. 5 year survivor rate in all cancers
The increase in national and social attention for cancer survivorship is due to chronic (from National Cancer Information Center: Korea [2014]. Cancer Statistics)

physical and psychological aftermaths the survivors typically experience after their cancer
´93~´95 ´96~´00 ´01~´05 ´07~´11
treatments. The most problematic is their psychological symptoms; in South Korean can- 100

cer survivors, 41.8% reported depression, 40.9% reported insomnia, and 28.7% reported
80 75.2
anxiety (National Cancer Information Center, 2009). In comparison to non-cancer popula- 66.3 64.0
60 57.6 53.455.3
tion, the report indicated increase of 3.3 times for depression, 10.4 times for anxiety, and 44.0
53.8
45.2
41.2
double the rate of suicide in cancer survivors. These psychological issues negatively impact 40 35.3
31.7

not only the survivors but also their families, which can lower overall national happiness 20

index in the population. Thusly, there is a definite need to develop health improvement
0
service programs focusing on psychological health for the cancer survivors. Overall Males Females

3. The importance of psychological and spiritual health in cancer survivors

According to the United States National Cancer Institute (2014), in order to heal and Figure 2. Economic Value of Disability due to High Mortality Disease Worldwide
treat overall difficulties faced by cancer survivors, spirituality and mental health are impor- (from American Cancer Society [2010]. The global economic cost of cancer)

tant components. Spiritual well-being decreases anxiety and hostility in patients and fami-
lies, and increases quality of life. Higher the levels of inner peace and spiritual well-being, Economic Loss from the Top 15 Global Causes of Death

there is a higher tendency for increased capacity to enjoy life and lowered depression. It is
Cancer 895.2
therefore recommended that healthcare providers properly assess and refer those in need Heart diseases 753.2

for spiritual care and treatments (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Cerebrovascular disease 298.2
Diabetes mellitus 204.4
The modern advances in medicine have freed the humanity from most diseases, but there
Road traffic accidents 204.4
still are limitations in comprehending physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 203.1

of human beings (Healthchosun, 2007). Most diseases of today are now examined not HIV/AIDS 193.3
Perinatal conditions 192.8
only in physical causes of the diseases, but also in relation to psychological, emotional, and
Suicides 140.8
spiritual causes. As Korean Cancer Association (2013) stated, holistic medical treatments Lower respiritory infections 125.8

incorporating psychological and spiritual health measures, as well as prevention and man- Cirrhosis of the liver 92.8
Diarrhoeal diseases 70.1
agements of the diseases, are important in true improvements of health.
Tuberculosis 45.4
Malaria 24.8
4. The increase in utilization of supportive therapies for cancer survivors Measles 8.1

In South Korea (Healthchosun, 2007), the utilization of supportive therapies for cancer 0 200 400 600 800 1000

survivors has steadily increased to 75%, with other countries also showing similar trends Economic Value of DALYs’ Lost(US$ billion) in 2008
↑Disability-adjusted Life Year
(European countries such as Germany, Netherland, and France with 50-70% and the Unit-
ed States with 30-40%). The National Institute of Health (2013) of the United States has

70 71
established National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) in non-existent at this time, with many cancer survivors not being able to gain access to these
order to fully support research activities in alternative therapies due to these trends. Cur- programs.
rently, most of medical schools instruct on the complementary and alternative therapies;
and many health insurance companies reimburse for these therapies, such as acupuncture Research method and design
and meditation, which are known to effective with low side effects.
The safe and effective complementary and alternative therapies can contribute to im- This present research is a randomized experimental study examining psychological well-
proving quality of life for patients with cancer and other chronic diseases (Korean Can- being effects of Maum meditation on breast cancer survivors (30 to 65 years of age) with
cer Association, 2014). Meditation is a method to control the mind to improve physical post-treatment time ranges up to 2 years and 6 months after cancer surgery or chemo-
regulation and function which can be utilized as one of psychological therapies (NCCAM, therapy. The participants included 54 cancer survivors recruited in a medical center of
2014); and has a high utilization value in improvement of health for cancer survivors and Seoul city, who were randomly assigned to groups consisting of a meditation group and a
chronic disease patients. self-management group. The research length was 8 weeks between July and September of
2013 and the location was at a seminar room in a medical center. The research study was
5. The effect of meditation and psychological health of cancer survivors approved by Seoul National University and Seoul Asan Hospital.
Meditation decreases anxiety, depression, and stress in cancer survivors (Lengacher, John-
son-Mallard, Post-White, Moscoso, & Jacobesen, 2009; Tacon, Caldera, & Ronaghan, Data Analyses
2004) and improves quality of sleep (Carlson & Garland, 2005), and quality of life (Carl-
son et al., 2003; Witek-Januseke et al., 2008). It also is effective in improving psychologi- The data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0. The homogeneity testing of
cal and spiritual health, increasing the activities of natural killer cells, and reducing serum the groups were analyzed using Chi-square test and t-test. Repeated measures ANOVA
cortisol (Witek-Janusek et al., 2008), as well as decreasing systolic blood pressures, heart was used to evaluate changes in variables pre-test, post-4 weeks, and post-8 weeks in the
rates, and the level of Th1 cytokines, which is an inflammatory factor which can lead to experimental and control groups. By using the ANOVA, Mauchly test verification of the
diseases (Carlson, Speca, Patel, & Goodey, 2003; Carlson, Speca, Faris, & Patel, 2007). subordinate variables were examined. Levene test was used to examine and verify homoge-
In South Korea, meditation research studies have only begun on cancer survivors (Kang, neity in phase error variation. The analysis also included univariate analysis and Epsilon
2010; Jung, 2011; Kim et al., 2013). correlations with p<0.05.

6. Inadequacy in psychological health enhancement programs for South Korean cancer sur- Research results
vivors
The current reality of South Korean medical system emphasizes mainly cancer diag- 1. Baseline characteristics of the sample
nosis and its emergent and follow- up treatments. The demand for overall quality of life The average age of the participants were 48.44 (±8.16) with educational levels (89.2%
and health improvement for well-being of cancer survivors is steadily rising. To meet were above high school), economic status (87.0% were middle to high levels), and mar-
such demand, South Korean medical centers and hospitals have increasingly started to riage status (80.4% married). Most participants were Catholics (30.4%), protestants
develop cancer survivor programs such as counseling, stress management, and medita- (28.3%), Buddihist (17.4 %), and no identified religion (23.9%). At the initial breast
tion programs; and such trend is on the rise. But these programs are primarily offered by cancer diagnosis, the identified cancer stages were stage I (41.3%) and stage II (58.7%).
larger scale centers and hospitals. Smaller scale or mid-size centers’ programs are nearly Most (84.8%) received adjuvant chemotherapy post-surgery or post-treatment for average

72 73
of 9.34 months. Figure 3. Reduction in depression symptoms(CES-D) before and after the Maum meditation: A com-
When the participants of both groups were compared, other than uniqueness of each parison with other breast cancer survivors and non-cancer population
individuals, there was a homogeneity in groups. Pre-test variables of depression, anxiety,
BCS: Breast Cancer Survivors
perceived stress, quality of life, quality of sleep, life satisfaction, and posttraumatic growth 17.94 MM: Maum Meditation
16.36
were shown to be relatively equal. 13.37

2. Negative emotions: depression, anxiety, and stress 7.27

The present research results showed significant reduction in depression for the Maum
meditation group in comparison to the self-management group. The significant effects
were shown particularly past 4 weeks; depression scores had rapidly decreased at 8 weeks.
This was because both groups were receiving self-management program the first 4 weeks Other BCS BCS in MM Non-cancer BCS in MM
and the Maum meditation group did not fully receive the meditation session until after 4 Group(Before) women Group(After)

weeks.
When examining the reduction in depression, the scores before the meditation program Many research studies reported on effectiveness of the Maum meditation in improving
were 16.36 on average which decreased significantly to 7.27 after the meditation program. depression for children, teenagers, college students, and adult populations (Kim, 2012; Lee,
Comparing to other studies (Würtzen et al., 2013; Dobkin, 2008; Matousek & Dobkin, Oh, & Kwon, 2013; Kim, 2009; Kim & Cha, 2011). Also, other adults with depression,
2010; Lengacher et al., 2011), this difference is much larger in its effect; with depression various phobias, and mental disorders were given intense Maum meditation sessions for
scores before the meditation (which were in probable depression range), returning to nor- one week (Yun, Choi, Kim & Yoo, 2013) which resulted in reduction of depression scores
mal range after the meditation. This reduction in depression scores were even lower than from moderate depression (BDI score of 20.72) to mild depression (BDI score of 11.49).
the average scores reported in non-cancer female population. Considering this, the Maum In another study, a post-survey after a Maum meditation program on participants with
meditation seemed to be very effective in improving depression symptoms. mental health history resulted in 38.2% requiring less prescriptions and 44.1% requiring
In comparison to non-cancer population, the cancer survivors report 41.8% of depres- no more prescriptions for depression, anxiety, and other conditions (Yoon, Yoo, Choi &
sion symptoms, which is 3.3 times higher than normal (National Cancer Center, 2009). Kim, 2012). Kim (2009) reported a comparison study of pharmacological, psychological,
The average scores of depression in cancer survivors are 16.67 to 29.01 (Byun & Kim, and behavioral interventions with the Maum meditation intervention on 5 participants. As
2012; Ha et al., 2008; Ha et al., 2011; Choi, 2000), which is much higher than for non- the participants continued with the Maum meditation program, all five participants did not
cancer female population with a report of 11.10 to 15.63 (Cho et al., 1998; Kim et al., require any more pharmacological, psychological, and behavioral interventions. This sug-
2005). Since depression prevalence in cancer survivors can increase death rates, and impact gested the effectiveness in reducing periods of treatments as well as reductions in treatment
survival rates, aftereffects, and quality of life (Satin, Linden & Phillips, 2009; Giese-Davis costs when using the meditation with other medical interventions; because of this reason,
et al., 2011; Andritsch et al., 2007), this beneficial results shown can be meaningful when the author recommended using the Maum meditation as a complementary therapy in treat-
considering treatment options on psychological health, quality of life, survival longevity, ing depression patients.
and reduction in death rates. As it was shown in these studies, there is a definite feasibility in utilizing the Maum medi-
tation to improve depression in cancer and non-cancer population. In this present study,
however, there is a limitation due to small number of participants. In the future related

74 75
studies, it is recommended to include larger numbers of participants to better analyze the rate in breast cancer survivors (Andersen, Yang, Farrar, Golden-Kreutz, Emery, Thornton,
effectiveness. Anxiety and perceived stress were also shown to decrease significantly after Young, & Carson III, 2008). These studies confirm the important necessity of psychologi-
8 weeks of the meditation program as opposed to the self-management program. Other re- cal interventions for the breast cancer survivors.
lated research studies also reported similar results of reduction in anxiety and stress (Brän-
ström et al., 2010; Lengacher et al., 2009; Speca et al., 2000; Tacon et al., 2004; Würtzen Figure 4. Improvements in quality of life(FACT-B) before and after the Maum Meditation: a compari-
et al., 2013; Jang, 2010; Kim et al., 2013). However, it is important to point out that son with self-management education group
this present study used the control group which received a high quality self-management
120 110.72
program as opposed to having a control group without any treatments at all. Therefore,
110
it is noteworthy that the Maum meditation group still showed substantially significant
100 89.04 95.58
improvements in anxiety, depression, stress, and other negative psychological symptoms 86.05
90
despite the control group receiving such high-quality self-management program. Also, the
80
findings of other Maum meditation research studies examining anxiety and stress in chil-
70
dren, teenagers, and adults also concur with this result of the present study (Lee & Kim,
60
2011; Ahn, 2006; Kim, 2012; Chun, 2004; Yoon, Choi, Kim & Yoo, 2013).
50
Base line 8wks later

3. Positive emotion: quality of life, life satisfaction, and posttraumatic growth Maum Meditation Self-Management Education

Improvements in positive emotions will be explored and discussed. FACT-B instru-

ment was used to measure quality of life in both groups. The meditation group showed Scores of life satisfaction in the meditation group also increased in comparison to the
significant improvements after 4th week and 8th week, with more significant effects seen self-management group. At 8th week, it rose to 26.4 from 20.4 (4th week). The instru-
after the 8th week. Examining differences in improvements, the meditation group’s pretest ment used to measure life satisfaction was a subjective survey (Diener et al., 1985); having
score (86.95) went up to 94.45 after 4th week; and after 8th week, this score increased to positive emotions with high life satisfaction is seen as a high level of subjective well-being
110.72, which was statistically significant. (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999).
This result of increased quality life in breast cancer survivors is also similar to other After 8 weeks, measurements for posttraumatic growth showed a very significant im-
studies examining meditation or other psychological interventions (Carlson et al., 2003; provement for the meditation group. The posttraumatic growth refers to perceived chang-
Henderson et al., 2012; Moadel et al., 1999; Tacon & McComb, 2009; Witek-Janusek et es in self, changed sense of relationships with others, and changes in philosophy of life
al., 2008; Jang, 2010; Kim et al., 2013). But when comparing with other studies on scoring (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). Through overcoming trauma, a person can discover inner
differences and statistical significance after the intervention, this study demonstrated much emotions leading to increased sense of self-trust with enhanced empathy with others. As
significantly higher increase in scores. Considering reported mean average of 88.92-96.56 relationships with others improve, gratitude about life would develop; and perspective,
of South Korean breast cancer survivors, the meditation group’s improvement was much priority, and focus on life start to change. Even though the life circumstances did not
superior. change, the scores of life satisfaction and posttraumatic growth very much increased with
The quality of life in breast cancer survivors seemed to be related to cancer recurrence the meditation group which was statistically significant. Through the 8 weeks of medita-
and survival rate (Epplein, Zheng, Zheng, Chen, Gu, Penson, Lu, & Shu, 2011), with other tion, subjective life satisfaction and well-being were enhanced; and also gratitude about life
studies reporting success of psychological interventions in reducing recurrence and death and positive emotions had increased. This could mean that their capacity to accept breast

76 77
cancer as a growth opportunity had become possible. This transformation was also noted Figure 5. Improvements in quality of sleep(PSQI) before and after the Maum Meditation: a compari-
in comments given by the meditation participants. son with the self-management education
Through the meditation, most participants were able to self-reflect on self-centeredness
of their lives, felt gratitude and regret for their families and others, and also expressed 100%
Good Sleeper
9.1%
16.7% Bad Sleeper
their intentions to live positively by throwing away their negative minds. These changes of 29.2%
80% 45.5%
their attitudes and perspectives further led to resolving conflicts with others and deepening
60%
90.9%
their relationships positively. Also, the quality of life was improved as they became more 83.4%
40% 70.9%
freed from pressures and a sense of inferiority related to identifying self with the cancer 54.5%
20%
diagnoses. As the changes occurred in relationships with self and others, and attitudes and
0
perspectives about life and health, they were able to increase their hopes for happy life. Base line 8wks later Base line 8wks later
Maum Meditation Self-Management
Group Education Group
4. Quality of sleep: improvement in insomnia
The Maum meditation was also effective in improving insomnia which is one of most sets to transform to positive; and through the elimination of negative mindsets, changes in
difficult symptoms for breast cancer survivors. Before the meditation program, 90.9% of perspectives occur. The mind-subtraction method is able to pinpoint and define the suffer-
the meditation group (20 participants) reported poor quality of sleep with only 9.1% (2 ing mind to self-reflect and eliminate such mind. With the meditation program completion
participants) with no sleep problems. After the meditation, 45.5% of the group (10 partici- rate of 81.5% and individual meditation attendance rate of 83%, this study was able to
pants) reported improvement in sleep and there was a reduction to 12 participants (54.5%) confirm feasibility of the Maum meditation program for breast cancer survivors (with 2
who reported poor sleep. In contrast, 70.9% (17 participants) of the self-management years and 6 months duration after surgery or chemotherapy) as psychological intervention.
group had reported poor sleep pretest and this increased to 83.4% (20 participants) post- Many research studies have limitations where the effectiveness of meditation methods
test. The improvement seen in the meditation group was much superior to other studies; alone cannot be evaluated, due to other extraneous factors (such as group interactions,
with mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), 91% of poor sleepers decreased to 79% psychological supports, interest, and counseling effects) which may influence dependent
(Carlson & Garland, 2005) and no sleep quality differences were noted (Shapiro, Bootzin, variables (Lengacher et al., 2009; Würtzen et al., 2013). So in order to measure the effects
Figueredo, Lopez & Schwartz, 2003). of meditation alone, it is recommended to choose dissimilar interventions for a control
group, as opposed to an experimental group (Würtzen et al., 2013; Shapiro et al., 2006).
Discussion Also, it is recommended to have a control group without any interventions, to discourage
any influencing factors which may occur due to a natural progression of time (Garland,
Based on these results from this present study, the meditation program was able to re- Carlson, Cook, Lansdell, & Speca, 2007). But due to many realistic and moral challenges
duce negative emotional aspects such as depression, anxiety, and stress; and also was able present in feasibility of and controlling for extraneous variables and circumstances, re-
to improve sleep and positive emotional aspects such as quality of life, life satisfaction, and search studies often are initiated and conducted with some limitations.
posttraumatic growth. Through the 8 weeks of meditation program, the survivors with de- In order to overcome these limitations, this present study applied a high quality self-
pression, anxiety, and stress, as well as insomnia, low quality of life and life dissatisfaction management education program to the control group. Also, to minimize other extraneous
were able to be free of these negative aspects, which were very amazing results. This indi- factors in the meditation group, the participants were limited in participating in other ac-
cates effectiveness of the Maum meditation which aids in throwing away of negative mind- tivities which could increase psychological support to enhance well-being. But since there

78 79
was no control group without interventions and both groups received interventions of
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 The Effects of Maum Meditation on Depression,
Social Anxiety, Aggression, and Salivary Cortisol
Levels of Elementary School Students
Duck-Joo Lee 1, Namin Shin 2, Boas Yu 3,
Yang Gyeong Yoo 4, Ju Yeon Park 5, Mi Ra Yun 6, In-Soo Lee 7

Background

With rapid changes in today’s modern society, stress levels in elementary school students
are increasing due to school performance pressures and competitions, peer relationship,
and family issues. These risk factors are linked to anxiety, depression, suicidal ideations
and attempts, and other mental health problems (Byrne, & Mazanov, 2003; Bae, Park, &
Yang, 2012; Lee, 2011). According to recent South Korean health report (National Youth
Policy Institute, 2012), children and youths with mental issues are on the rise. The report
also indicated that many of these children are not able to receive appropriate care within
the present health care system.
Due to this, schools are exploring feasible strategies to satisfy such social, emotional,
behavioral as well as academic demands of their students. As a part of these strategies,
diverse meditation programs are being introduced in school settings (Wisner, Jones, &

1 Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering, KAIST

2 Professor, Department of Education, Dongguk University (Presenter)
3 Professor, School of Nursing and Allied Health Professions, Holy Family University
4 Professor, Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University
5 Teacher, Baeul Elementary School
6 Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University
7 Professor, Department of Paramedic Science, Korea National University of Transportation
(Corresponding Author: islee@ut.ac.kr)

91
Gwin, 2010). Generally, meditation programs are shown to be effective in reduction of 2) Is the Maum Meditation effective in social anxiety reduction for elementary school
negative emotions and can lead to maturity in youths through self-development (Kim, Yoo, students?
Lee, & Son, 2013). Various meditation research studies on children and youths also have 3) Is the Maum Meditation effective in aggression reduction for elementary school stu-
demonstrated effectiveness in academic performance as well as reductions in anxiety, im- dents?
provements in independence and self-esteem (Barnes, Bauza, & Treiber, 2003; Beauchemin, 4) Is the Maum Meditation effective in stress reduction for elementary school students?
Hutchins, & Patterson, 2008; Benson, Kornhaber, Kornhaber, LeChanu, Zuttermeister,
Myers, & Friedman, 1994; Rosaen, & Benn, 2006; So, & Orme-Johnson, 2001; Wisner, Method
2008). School-based meditation programs especially were shown to be helpful in creating
positive school ambience or environment (Wisner, 2008). 1. Participants of the research
Meditation had been receiving much attention as possible strategy to overcome the The participants on the study consisted of 5th graders elementary students in a city of
limitation of modern materialistic society. In reality, many schools are incorporating medi- South Korea, which included 23 in an experimental group and 19 in a control group.
tation methods in their curricular programs to help prevent and heal psychological and
emotional problems which impede learning (Fisher, 2006). This present study focuses on 2. Research design
utilization of the Maum Meditation which had been gaining attention worldwide, includ- This study used a nonequivalent group comparison with pretest and posttest design to
ing South Korea (Lee, 2012). Because the Maum Meditation clearly defines the human examine the effects of a school-based Maum Meditation program on depression, social
mind and method is systematic and specific, its applicability in younger age groups is easier anxiety, aggression, and salivary cortisol levels of elementary school students. The experi-
(Lee, 2009). The Maum Meditation is an assertive method of self-reflection to eliminate a mental group was given the Maum Meditation program sessions by their instructor four
false human mind (Woo, 2011). Previous studies in the Maum Meditation showed effective times a week with 30 minutes per session, for a total of 8 weeks. The control group were
reductions in anxiety, depression, stress, and aggression in youths, college students, and given reading sessions with same frequencies as the experimental group: four times a week
educators (Jeong, 2005; Kim, 2010; Kim, 2012; Kim, Yoo, Lee, & Son, 2013; Lee, 2010). with 30 minutes per session, for a total of 8 weeks.
But these studies had examined the effectiveness of the Maum Meditation only as camp
programs during school breaks. There was a need to examine school-based Maum Medita- 3. Evaluative tools
tion practice as a curricular program, which is applied consistently during school semesters. Questionnaires for depression, social anxiety, and aggression as well as salivary cortisol
Therefore, this present study explored possible changes in psychological problems, such levels for stress level testing were completed in this study.
as depression, anxiety, aggression, and stress, in a school-based Maum Meditation pro-
gram where the meditation practice was a part of school curriculum. Specifically, this A. Depression
study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the school-based meditation program Depression was measured using Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) developed by
on depression, social anxiety, aggression, and salivary cortisol levels, which is a measure of Kovacs (1981) which were translated into Korean by Han (1993). This measuring tool
physiological stress level. Through the evaluation and verification, we hope to contribute consisted of 27 items with higher score signifying severity of depression. The research by
to possible approaches for psychological and emotional enhancement in elementary school Han (1993) indicated Cronbach’s α as 0.81 and for this study Cronbach’s α was 0.810
students. The following questions were posed: (pretest) and 0.898 (posttest).
1) Is the Maum Meditation effective in depression reduction for elementary school stu-
dents? B. Social anxiety

92 93
 To measure the elementary school students’ social anxiety, Social Anxiety Scale for Chil- 3) after each mind-subtraction activities, the students were given opportunities to pres-
dren – Revised (SASC-R) developed by LaCreca and Stone (1993), which was translated ent to their peers and also express their impressions through writings or drawings;
into Korean version by Moon and Oh (2002), was used. It included a total of 18 items on and,
a 5 point scale; higher scores indicate severity of social anxiety. Moon and Oh (2002) stated 4) the meditation sessions were given in a group setting. For students who had a diffi-
Cronbach’s α as 0.87 and in this study it was 0.858 (pretest) and 0.937 (posttest). culty understanding instruction on the meditation, the instructor spent time with the
individual students to practice subtraction by using more specific examples.
C. Aggression
A Korean version (Park, 2007) of Aggression Questionnaires developed by Buss and 5. Data collection
Perry (1992) was used to measure aggression levels of the students. This tool consisted of The data collection started after the researchers explained the purpose and method of
a total of 21 items on a 5 point scale. Higher scores signified more levels of aggression. In data collection to the instructor. The pretest data were collected from the experimental and
the study by Park (2007), Cronbach’s α as 0.91 and in this study it was 0.858 (pretest) and control groups on the first day of the program in the first week. The posttest data were
0.888 (posttest). collected from the groups on the same last day of the program. All data collections were
accomplished in an equal manner consistently by the same researchers.
D. Salivary cortisol testing
To evaluate the stress levels, physiological measurements of salivary cortisol were col- 6. Data analysis
lected. To minimize the diurnal variations and fluctuations in cortisol secretions, the cor- SPSS software was used for all data analysis. Through ANCOVA, pretest and post-
tisol collection was accomplished during the afternoon hours of 2 to 4, when there is a test comparisons of depression, social anxiety, aggression, and salivary cortisol levels were
steady concentration of cortisol. The laboratory used Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent As- completed.
say (ELISA) to analyze the salivary cortisol. Increased levels of cortisol indicate an increase
in physical stress level. Results of the research

4. Maum Meditation The following were hypotheses testing based on the research questions raised:
The mediating program used in this research, the Maum Meditation, was given for a Hypothesis 1: The experimental group which received the school-based meditation pro-
total of 8 weeks from October 28th to December 20th in 2013; it was given 4 times a gram will have a decrease in depression scores in comparison to the control group.
week, with 30 minutes each session, during morning class hours. This program was taught The effect of the school-based meditation program on students’ depression is shown in
by a certified instructor who completed a full 8 levels of Maum Meditation program. The Table 1. Before the program, depression mean score for the experimental group was 5.91;
experimental group was instructed on first level of the program, which was appropriately for the control group was 12.42. The experimental group’s scores were low, which was
modified to the age level in instructions and meditation sessions. The program progression statistically significant. After the program, the experimental group was lower (4.52) than
was as follows: the control group (12.39). Analyzing by ANCOVA to control for the previous scores, the
1) first of four sessions per week involved using the subtraction method to perceive false experimental group was still lower (7.34) than the control group (8.79), but it was not sta-
vs. true mind; tistically significant. These changes in scores may be analyzed as occurring due to pretest
2) to further verify the contents of subtraction, the students were instructed to express average score differences, not due to the meditation program. Therefore, the hypothesis 1
about false mind within themselves through writings or drawings; was rejected.

94 95
 Hypothesis 2: The experimental group which received the school-based meditation pro- Table 1. The effect of school-based Maum Meditation on students’ depression, social anxiety, aggres-
sion, and salivary cortisol.
gram will have a decrease in social anxiety scores in comparison to the control group.
Table 1 shows analyzed results of social anxiety pretest and posttest. Mean pretest Pretest Posttest Adjusted Mean
Group
score for the experimental group was 31.18; and for the control group was 36.22, which M (SD) t M (SD) T M (SE) F
Exp. 5.91(3.46) -4.201*** 4.52(4.79) -4.075*** 7.34(.92) .907(.347)
showed no significance difference in social anxiety. After the program, the social anxi-
Depression Cont. 12.42(5.98) 12.39(7.53) 8.79(1.06)
ety mean scores for the experimental group were lower (30.44) than the control group Total 8.86(5.73) 7.98(7.23)
(46.29), which was statistically significant. With ANCOVA to control for the previous pre- Exp. 31.18(8.84) -1.597 30.44(8.81) -3.815** 31.08(2.30) 13.014**
Social
test scores, the experimental group was lower (31.08) than the control group (44.20). This Cont. 36.22(11.14) 46.29(15.38) 44.2(2.71)
anxiety
Total 33.45(10.13) 37.18(14.28)
analysis demonstrated effectiveness of the school-based meditation program in reducing
Exp. 36.36(7.78) -2.719* 30.74(8.17) -4.515*** 32.42(2.00) 12.493**
social anxiety, regardless of the pretest scoring on social anxiety. Therefore, the second Aggression Cont. 46.35(13.52) 45.94(11.61) 44.12(2.46)
hypothesis was accepted. Total 40.72(11.64) 36.97(12.22)
Exp. .052(.024) -2.407* .046(.021) -4.074*** .049(.004) 9.869**
Hypothesis 3: The experimental group which received the school-based meditation pro- Salivary
Cont. .080(.046) .073(.021) .070(.005)
gram will have a decrease in aggression scores in comparison to the control group. cortisol
Total .064(.038) .058(.025)
The analyzed effect on aggression (see Table 1) demonstrates pretest aggression mean Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001
scores for the experimental group was lower (36.36) than the control group (46.35), which
was statistically significant. After the program, the experimental group was lower (30.74)
than the control group (45.94). Through an analysis using ANCOVA to control for the Conclusion
previous pretest scores, the experimental group was still lower (32.42) than the control
group (44.12). This shows effectiveness of the meditation program on reducing aggression, This study was able to witness improvements in social anxiety, aggression, and stress in
regardless of the pretest scores. Therefore, the hypothesis 3 was accepted. elementary school students receiving the school-based Maum Meditation program. By rec-
Hypothesis 4: The experimental group which received the school-based meditation pro- ognizing negative aspects of emotions (stress, social anxiety, and aggression) through reflec-
gram will have a decrease in salivary cortisol levels in comparison to the control group. tion and eliminating them, the meditation program was effective in transforming negative
The result of analysis on cortisol levels in listed on Table 1. Before the program, the mindset to positive. Because these positive effects of the meditation program were possible
experimental group’s mean score was 0.052 and the control group was 0.080, which was with a short duration of meditation sessions offered during the school year, this suggests
statistically significant. After the program, the experimental group mean score was lower practicality and usefulness of such program.
(0.046) than the control group (0.073). Using ANCOVA to control for the pretest scores, it
was shown that the experimental group was lower (0.049) than the control group (0.070).
Regardless of the pretest scores, the program was shown to be effective in lowering cortisol
levels in the elementary school students. Therefore, the hypothesis 4 was accepted.

96 97
 Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica,
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 Abstract

The Effects of Maum Meditation Program on

Juveniles’ Beliefs on
Internet Usage and Self-Control
Yang Gyeong Yoo 1, Mi Ra Yun 2, Eun Hi Choi 3, Mihan Kim 4

Introduction

In Korea, where the world’s best and speediest internet connections occur, there had been
increase in social issues regarding juvenile’s internet addictions. Various debates are cur-
rently ensuing focused on protection of our juveniles from internet.
Over-exposure to internet usage or addiction could be manifested as poor school perfor-
mances and school maladaptation, as well as personality changes, identity confusions, and
losing touch with reality. Health problems and physical symptoms such as scoliosis and
spinal disc disorders, and underdevelopment of language skills can also occur (Cho, 2008).
Many advanced research studies suggested self-control as a moderator variable for inter-
net addiction. Fundamental cause of internet addiction is known to be a lack of self-control
(Davis, 2001). There are needs for empirical studies to examine prevention and treatment
for internet addiction via improving self-control (Cho, 2010).
This study explored the effect of camp program utilizing Maum Meditation principles,
on juvenile’s beliefs on internet usage and self-control.

1 Professor, Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University

2 Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University
3 Doctoral student, School of Public Health, The Catholic University of Korea
4 Professor, Department of Nursing, Kyungil University (Corresponding Author: mhkim@kiu.ac.kr)

101
Methods Results

The research design of this study was one-group pretest and posttest quasi-experimental Table 1. Demographics of the subjects
design. The subjects were 238 students who participated in Maum Meditation juvenile
elementary school middle and high school total
camp program for 18 nights and 19 days from January 5, 2014 (meditation levels from 1 Charac-
Categories students (127persons) students (111persons) (238 persons)
teristics
to 3). Experimental setting was the principles of mind-subtraction from the Maum Medita- n(%) or M ± SD n(%) or M ± SD n(%) or M ± SD

tion levels 1 to 3 were utilized in the juvenile camp. Age 12.10 ± 1.51 16.25 ± 1.27 14.04 ± 2.50

Male 85(66.9) 84(75.7) 169(71.0)

Gender
Research tools: Female 42(33.1) 27(24.3) 69(29.0)

First grader or 7th grader 8(6.3) 37(33.4) 8(3.4)/37(15.5)

- Measuring Korean self-reported internet addiction, simplified (KS-II): To evaluate in-
Second grader or 8th grader 13(10.2) 33(29.7) 13(5.5)/33(13.9)
ternet addiction level, KS-II developed by National Information Society Agency (2011) was
Grade Third grader or 9th grader 21(16.5) 15(13.5) 21(8.8)/15(6.3)
used. The scale consisted of 15 questions using 5 point likert scale. It is able to differentiate
Fourth grader or 10th grader 25(19.7) 17(15.3) 25(10.5)/17(7.1)
between high risk, borderline risk, and average internet users with Cronbach’s alpha of
Fifth grader or 11th grader 33(26.0) 6(5.4) 33(13.9)/6(2.5)
0.85.
Sixth grader or 12th grader 27(21.3) 3(2.7) 27(11.3)/3(1.2)
- Measuring perceived internet usage: ‘Belief on usage of materials’ developed by Beck,
High risk group 101(79.5) 91(82.0) 192(80.7)
Wright, Newman, and Nies (1993) and adapted by Information Culture Center of Korea Level of
internet Potential risk group 11(8.7) 12(10.8) 23(9.6)
(2002) was used. The adapted scale eliminated 4 questions which were difficult for the usage General user group 5(3.9) 4(3.6) 9(3.8)
subjects to understand, from a total of 20 original questions. Using 5 point likert scale, No response 10(7.9) 4(3.6) 14(5.9)
high score from 16 questions in the scale implies unrealistic beliefs on internet usage with Daily average internet usage time
93.61 ± 112.76 152.10 ± 131.26 120.89 ± 124.94
Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94. (in minutes, including internet games)

- Measuring self-control: Self-Control Rating Scale (SCRS) adapted by Nam (1999) to

evaluate juveniles was used. This adaptation was based on previous modifications by Kim Table 2. Comparison of beliefs on internet usage and self-control before and after the program
(1997), Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), and Kendall and Wilcox (1979). It consisted of
pre-test post-test
20 questions using 5 point likert scale. High score implies high ability of self-control with Grade Dependent variables paired-t p
M ± SD M ± SD
Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84. beliefs on internet usage 1.78 ± 0.83 1.62 ± 0.74 3.14 .002
Elementary school
Paired t-test was utilized to analyze the effect of the Maum Meditation program on be- students (127persons) self-control 3.53 ± 0.62 3.61 ± 0.69 -1.66 .099
liefs on internet usage and self-control. beliefs on internet usage 2.15 ± 0.73 1.68 ± 0.64 8.17 <.001
Middle and high school
students (111persons) self-control 3.26 ± 0.46 3.39 ± 0.50 -3.58 .001

Total beliefs on internet usage 1.96 ± 0.80 1.65 ± 0.69 7.84 <.001
(238 persons) self-control 3.40 ± 0.56 3.50 ± 0.61 -3.52 .001

102 103
 Overall, the subjects’ beliefs on internet usage decreased very significantly (t=7.84, Abstract
p<.001); from 1.96 (SD=0.80) before the program to 1.65 (SD=0.69) after the program.
Self-control also significantly increased (t=-3.52, p=.001) from 3.40 (SD=0.56) to 3.50
(SD=0.61).
For the subjects from elementary schools, their beliefs on internet usage decreased sig- A Narrative Inquiry on Organizational Leaders’
nificantly (t=3.14, p=.002); from 1.78 (SD=0.83) before the program to 1.62 (SD=0.74)
Transformative Learning Experiences Through
after the program. Self-control did increase from 3.53 (SD=0.62) to 3.61 (SD=0.69) but
was not statistically significant (t=-1.66, p=.099).
Maum Meditation Program
For the subjects from middle and high schools, their beliefs on internet usage decreased
Mijin Kim 1
very significantly (t=8.17, p<.001) from 2.15 (SD=0.73) before the program to 1.68
(SD=0.46) after the program. Self-control also significantly increased (t=-3.58, p=.001)
from 3.26 (SD=0.46) to 3.39 (SD=0.50).

Conclusions Introduction

The juveniles who participated in the Maum Meditation juvenile camp program were The development of workplace spirituality including the exploration of human nature,
shown to have a significant decrease in the beliefs on internet usage, as well as a significant the meaning and purpose of work, and the meaning of potentiality gets more important
increase in self-control. Though the mind-subtraction program of the Maum Meditation in the circumstances where new paradigm for organizational leaders’ growth and positive
juvenile camp, the adolescents were able to reflect and eliminate false minds formed from changes is required. This study aims to investigate the possibilities of organizational lead-
their lives. The results of the study seemed to reveal eradications of impetuous, impulsive, ers’ positive changes and growth through meditation which is a method of developing the
and negative thoughts (minds) as well as unrealistic thoughts (minds) about internet us- workplace spirituality as well as a way of individual introspection. The subjects for this
age through self-reflections. When examining the results of the study, through the Maum inquiry are the organizational leaders who experienced Maum Meditation program which
Meditation program which eliminates false minds to discover true mind, the adolescents is applied in diverse organizations as a systematic meditation of life.
can increase their self-control. Further, the Maum Meditation can be part of a strategy to The objective of this study is to determine the processes of introspection experienced
possibly decrease development of internet addictions and also treat such addictions. We by the organizational leaders through the Maum Meditation program and to verify the
recommend further research studies on the Maum Meditation on its varied effectiveness in changes in the role performance as leaders through the transformative experiences in the
high risk juveniles for internet addictions. processes. The subjects of this inquiry are as follows: first, what are the processes of inner
introspection of the organizational leaders who experience the Maum Meditation pro-
Key Words: Maum Meditation, Beliefs on Internet Usage, Self-Control, Juvenile gram. Secondly, what are the changes in the role performances for organizational leaders
through the transformative experiences of the Maum Meditation program.

1 Team Manager, Institute of Human Completion

104 105
Methods consciousness and the changes of standpoints as the whole consciousness. The fifth is just
living naturally by nature’s flow accepting all things as they are.
To answer these, this study adopts a narrative inquiry method after selecting five orga- The followings are three theoretical implications from this study. The first implication is
nizational leaders above the position of team manager (at a firm or a school) who experi- that as the result of this study, most of five characteristic changes experienced by organi-
enced eight levels of the Maum Meditation program. Analyzing the transcripts of recorded zational leaders through the Maum Meditation accord with the components of workplace
interviews, the daily records of research, and the literatures of the participants, this study spirituality verified by the previous studies. So we can surmise that transformative learnings
reconstitutes the contents classifying before, during, and after the Maum Meditation pro- occur through the Maum Meditation and the spiritual development follows as a result.
gram. We can also conjecture that spirituality and transformative learning are the factors that
accelerate each other. The second is that transformative learnings are possible through the
Results conversations with inner self, without the rationalist discourse in the process of transfor-
mative learning suggested by Mezirow(1991). The third is that rather than transformative
The results of this research are as follows: first, the inner introspection of the organiza- learning occur with real life dilemma situation or incident, it can occur by the intentional
tional leaders experienced through the Maum Meditation program undergoes the process changes of viewpoint of meaning through the Maum Meditation program.
of ‘changing standpoints, discarding pictures, and being reborn as the true self.’ Through And the followings are three practical implications from this study. First, to introduce
the Maum Meditation program, changing standpoints to the ‘whole consciousness(Universe the Maum Meditation program to an organization, the program should be designed by
consciousness)’ escaping from previous ‘self-centered false ego’ bound by individual con- long-term and systematic approaches, not as one-time and temporary education, to enable
sciousness, they realize that all problems arise from themselves. Based on this enlighten- it to become habitual and consistent. Secondly, the Maum Meditation program should be
ment, they come to know that they have been living in their own ‘false world’ made by applied with the opportunities to interact with the organizational members to make it a
taking pictures with eyes, nose, ears, mouth, and body hitherto. Through the process of ‘transformative experience’ to bring the growth and positive changes to organizational
discarding pictures of false mind, they are reborn as the innate true selves which is the true leaders. And lastly, the development of programs intentionally designed to promote the
mind of great Universe. The processes of inner introspection, from the perspective of trans- transformative learning can help the organizational leaders’ growth and changes.
formative learning, can be interpreted as the transformation of viewpoints(standpoints)
induced from the changes of the ‘frame of reference’ which is recognized as ‘previous self’ Conclusions
resulting from the changes of ‘systems of meaning’ referred to as ‘pictures’. It induces the
changes of ‘structure of meaning’ enabling them to see the ‘true world’ different from the In conclusion, this study shows the possibility that we can promote organizational lead-
previous picture world. ers’ growth and positive changes through the Maum Meditation program in the area of
Second, as the proof of the changes in the role performances as organizational leaders Human Resource Development(HRD). Along with it, this study establishes the role and
from the transformative experiences through the Maum Meditation program, five charac- direction of HRD as the central player to develop workplace spirituality and gives some
teristics are given in this study. The first characteristic is the enlightenment like “Oh, I see.” implications to applying meditations and the theories of transformative learning to the
or the improvement of intuition. The second is the improvement of capacity to embrace development of workplace spirituality.
and understand others like “It is understandable under such circumstances.” The third is
the generation of ability to create and be absorbed in work without the notion of the Key Words: Maum Meditation, Meditation, Transformative Learning, Organizational Leader, Work-
selves. The fourth is the leaders’ ability to be free of themselves through the expansion of place Spirituality, Introspection, Narrative Inquiry

106 107
 Abstract

The Effects of Maum Meditation

on Happiness, Self-esteem,
and Mindfulness of Teachers
Soon-Ja Seo 1, Sang-Gyu Park 2

Students’ happiness level increases as teacher’s happiness grows bigger.

The study explored the theoretical approaches, principles, and special features of the
Maum Meditation; and examined the effects of the Maum Meditation program on teach-
ers’ happiness, self-esteem, and mindfulness. Since the teachers can influence the happiness
of their students, the study aimed to confirm the program’s usefulness as an interventional
strategy.
116 teachers who participated in the program from January 4 to 11, 2014 were par-
ticipants. Happiness, self-esteem, and mindfulness levels were variables measured pretest
and posttest through self-reported questionnaires. Maum Meditation programs are based
on the level 1 that leads to knowing what mind is out of all 8 levels at Maum Meditation.
Programs basically implement theories of Maum Meditation, and every meditation session
holds subjects for each levels.
After implementing the Maum Meditation program for teachers, there were statistically
significant changes in their happiness, self-esteem, and mindfulness levels. This suggested
usefulness of the Maum Meditation program for teachers.

1 Graduate student, Kkottongnae University

2 Professor, Kkottongnae University (Corresponding Author: mountain@kkot.ac.kr)

109
Table 1. Pretest and posttest comparison: paired t-test (n=116)
Abstract

pretest posttest
paired t
M(SD) M(SD)
Happiness 27.28(5.01) 31.21(4.88) -10.98***

Self-esteem 30.31(4.66) 31.93(3.86) -4.05*** The Effects of Maum Meditation

Mindfulness levels 72.60(13.49) 77.46(14.49) -4.63*** on Ego-resiliency, Forgiveness, and Satisfaction
p<.001***
with Life Among High School Students
In-Soo Lee 1, Pilsun Park 2, Chul Ho Cho 3, Namin Shin 4
Figure 1. Change in happiness (40 perfect score) Figure 2. Change in self-esteem (40 perfect score)

Happiness Self-esteem
32 33
31 32
30 Purpose
32
29
31
28
27
31 High school students in South Korea are likely to experience a high level of academic
26 30
pressure in and out of school, which must be detrimental to their overall well-being. Given
25 30
Before After Before After the circumstance, this study investigated if a school-based Maum Meditation program can
contribute to increasing the ego-resiliency, forgiveness, and satisfaction with life, known as
indicators of subjective well-being, with a sample of high school students.
Figure 3. Change in mindfulness levels (105 perfect score)

Mindfulness Methods
78
77
76 Data were garnered by administering a survey targeting 2nd grade students who en-
75
74 rolled in a high school (185 for experimental group) and its neighboring high school (169
73
for control group). These students were 16-19 years old (M=18.0,SD=.24) and 65.2% of
72
71 them were male. A pre and post-test with a quasi experimental design was used with the
70
Before After treatment of the 1st level of Maum Meditation program carried out for 16 weeks (50
mitues per week) for the experimental group; and a career development program executed

Key Words: Maum Meditaton, Mindfulness, Happiness, Self-esteem 1 Professor, Korea National University of Transportation
2 Teacher, Chanwon Cheongwan School
3 MD, Instituto di Dr.CHO, Genova, Italy
4 Professor, Dongguk University (Corresponding Author: naminshin@dgu.edu)

110 111
for the control group during the same period of time. Abstract

Results

A pre-test analysis confirmed that there was no significant differences between the two
groups in the ego-resiliency, forgiveness measured by Transgression Related Interpersonal
Maum Meditation:
Motivation Inventory (TRIM) and Satisfaction With Life Scales (SWLS). A paired t-test
showed, however, the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control
A Brief Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
group in TRIM (t=-3.15, p< .005) and SWLS (t=2.516, p< .05) after the treatment of
Grayson Scheiner 1
Maum Meditation.

Table 1. The Effects of Maum Meditation on Ego-resiliency, Forgiveness and Satisfaciton with Life
Among High School Students (n=185 Exp./169 Cont.)

pre-test post-test Paired t-test Mean Difference independent t-test The brain is composed of giant networks of electrically conductive cells. Communication
Variables
M ± SD M ± SD t p M ± SD t p between brain cells shape perceptions of the physical world and create the human mind.
Exp. 39.72 ± 5.62 40.26 ± 6.99 - .767 .444 0.51 ± 9.01
Ego-resiliency .414 .679 Pictures of past experiences are stored in these networks. Over the course of one’s life, these
Cont. 38.95 ± 5.66 39.10 ± 5.78 - .240 .810 0.14 ± 7.66
Exp. 36.37 ± 9.63 33.16 ± 10.05 3.302 .001 - 3.15 ± 12.98
pictures of past experiences mold the brain, forming pathways that trigger reactive thought
TRIM -3.378 .001
Cont. 37.01 ±10.27 38.54 ± 8.52 -1.524 .129 1.53 ± 13.14 patterns, habitual behaviors, fears, and addictive processes that are not in alignment with
Exp. 18.51 ± 6.33 20.15 ± 5.92 -2.618 .010 1.64 ± 8.51 who we really are. Conflicts between these internal patterns of stored past experiences are
SWLS 2.516 .012
Cont. 19.18 ± 6.38 18.47 ± 5.70 1.105 .312 - 0.70 ± 9.04
what create stress, pain, and anxiety. Because of the enormous demand on the mind, the
circuitry where these pictures are stored is always activated. As a consequence, people find
it impossible to cessate an enormous amount of random thinking. This makes walking
Conclusion around the world seem like stepping through a room covered with mouse traps.
The solution to greatly improve happiness and mental health is not to comply to the
The findings of present study suggest that a school-based Maum Meditation program, thoughts, desires, and habits that are triggered. This only exacerbates the problem, and
although practiced relatively a short period of time, can be an effective way to enhance indeed etches those patterns more deeply into a person’s neural architecture. The true
students’ mental and psychological well-being, particularly regarding forgiveness and life solution is to remove the mental pictures, which are the triggers for these thoughts, at-
satisfaction. tachments, fears, and judgments. In modern neuroscience, this practice is called extinction
learning. Maum Meditation is extinction learning, done on such a massive level, that one
Key Words: Maum Meditaton, Ego-resiliency, Forgiveness, Satisfaction with Life, High School Stu- uncovers their true nature by wiping away their pictures of the past. The infinite universe
dents mind that is uncovered once enough pictures have been removed, is what remains. One also

1 Undergraduate student, Cognitive Neuroscience, UCSD

112 113
learns that their self, before the meditation practice, was simply an emergent property of a
References
massive accumulation of pictures of the past.
In the Maum Meditation’s subtraction method, one recalls memories, which activates Anderson, A. K., P. E. Wais, et al. (2006). Emotion enhances remembrance of neutral events past. 103(5):
brain cells and synaptic pathways where they are stored. During recall, neural pathways 1599-1604.
become malleable as the meditator consciously throws away their pictures. As a result, Association, A. (2007). How Does Stress Affect Us? Psych Central. Retrieved on April 9, 2014, from http://
they fade and eventually disappear completely. Once these hard wired neural pathways psychcentral.com/lib/how-does-stress-affect-us/0001130
fade, there can be more coherence between the hemispheres of the brain, as well as more Burnett, K. & Hardt, J. V. Alpha waves, elevated consciousness, creativity, and mental health. Interview
alpha wave production. In the study, the effect of the mind-subtraction program on brain by Karen Burnett. 27. .
function of college students, the brainwaves of meditators were monitored through the first Lee, D., Lee, I., Yu, Y. and Yi, J. (2012). The effect of the mind-subtraction program on brain function of
16 weeks of meditation practice. The data showed an increase in brain wave coherence, college students.
less theta and beta, and more alpha brain waves. The brain state of the latter correlates to Myers, K. M. and Davis, M. (2007). Mechanisms of fear extinction. Mol Psychiatry 12(2): 120-150.
increased focus, mental relaxation, higher IQ, and presence. Phelps, E. A., M. R. Delgado, et al. (2004). Extinction learning in humans: role of the amygdala and vmPFC.
Memory recall in this unaroused state has a multiplying effect on the synaptic plasticity Neuron 43: 897-905.
related to the extinction of memories. The less arousal the memory generates, the more Woo, M. (2009). The Way to Become a Person in Heaven While Living. Seoul: Cham Publishing.
those synapses lose their strength. Consequently, the method gets easier and more pro-
ductive the more it is done. This means complete freedom from past experiences, a total
remedy for stress, and treatment of numerous other mental disorders that plague earth’s
population. These disorders include but are not limited to ADHD, PTSD, chronic stress,
addictive behaviors, depression, body image and eating disorders, insomnia, OCD, and
aggression. Out of all disorders mentioned on the previous list, stress alone is linked to the
six leading causes of death in America. Without getting a handle on our minds, it is physi-
cally, emotionally, and mentally hazardous to continue to have uncontrollable triggers and
thoughts not properly managed.
The Maum Meditation offers the permanent solution to all of these problems. Yet, the
main purpose of this practice is self realization. Cleansing mind and body, restoring both
to their natural state of inner peace is of the utmost importance to find true happiness. If
the population of the world were to cleanse their minds, there would be no more anxiety
or worry and the world could live as one.

“We can live exciting lives when we know the meaning and value of living for others by
being educated on how to recover our original nature” - Woo Myung

114 115
 Abstract

The Effects of Maum Meditation Program

on Their School Life in the Lower Grades
in Primary School Children
Eun Jin Lee 1, Kwang Young Jung 2, Yang Gyeong Yoo 3

Introduction

Recently, there were much focus on fierce educational pressures and competitions, as
well as the rise in school violence, bullying, class disintegration, and delinquency in chil-
dren (Wisner, Jones, & Gwin, 2010). To counter and strategize against these problems, a
school-based Maum Meditation program was utilized to subtract negative thoughts and
grow ability to transform the negative to positive energy, so that the children can better
relate to one another. This research sought to examine the effect of application of Maum
Meditation program in the school life of first grade elementary school children.

Methods

In 2012, from September to November for 9 weeks, an experimental group included

24 first grade students who were participating in a school-based Maum Meditation pro-
gram in M-gu, Seoul. A comparison group included 26 first graders from a school in S-gu,
Cheonan, Chung-cheong-nam-do, who did not participate in the program. The compari-
son group attended school that is similar to the school of experimental group, in terms of

1 Director, Jeonju Art Therapy Education Center

2 Teacher, Seoul Haneul Elementary School
3 Professor, Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University (Corresponding Author: ygyoo@kunsan.ac.kr)

117
school size, grade, environment, etc.
Depression Anxiety / Conflict Body concerns
Because it would be difficult to rely on self-reporting via questionnaires from first
graders, Kinetic School Drawing (Andrews & Janzen, 1988) was utilized. This tool is a
structured evaluative tool to measure 14 variables such as, depression, isolation/rejection,
anxiety/conflict, aggression, sexual concerns, dominance/power, defensiveness, support/ac-
ceptance, impulsivity, difficulties in school, insecurity/dependence, competition, body con-
cerns, and negative self-concepts. Through this drawing tool, many aspects of the children
in terms of their perspectives of selves in school, and their relationships with teachers and
peers, etc. could be demonstrated (Park & Ahn, 2007). Isolation Negative self-concept Support / Acceptance

Results

* Exp.=Experimental group; Cont.=Control group.

Table 1. Observations from teacher

(Structured domain observations results of before and after the program)
Pretest: Cautious discernment and distance Posttest: Everyone is playing together with no cautious discernment.
shown between teacher and me Note increase of playmates from one to two. Domain Before After
Many children tattletaled on each other
Much decrease in tattletale incidences
Frequent demonstration of anger and conflicts
Negative More helpful with each other
with classmates
self-concept Decrease in demonstration of anger;
Uncooperative with group work
easily laughs and plays well
Refusal to draw or write
There were some children who did not play Became interested in playing with others
Isolation/Rejection
with others and played alone and was helpful to others
Many children were unexpressive or Became active and participated well
Depression
unresponsive in classroom in classroom in front of their peers
Many children were distant and Liked to approach the teacher to do activities
Support/Acceptance
did not verbally approach the teacher together and initiated conversations with the teacher
Without any tension, the classroom felt secure
Anxiety/Conflict Some tension felt in the classroom
and children helped each other
Pretest: Depicts self sitting alone in the last Posttest: Depicts self sitting in the front seat, from last back seat;
back seat and also drew self at 9th attempt. and also drew self at 4th attempt, from previous 9th attempt. Above results were based on the teacher’ direct observations: ‘evaluations of student behavioral development’ and ‘evaluations of
curricular outcome’.

118 119
Conclusions Abstract

The analyzed results show the Maum Meditation program had positive effects with
decrease in depression, isolation/rejection, anxiety/conflict, and negative self-concept; and
increase in support/acceptance in the school life of first grade elementary school children. The Effects of Maum Meditation Program
From the previous uncooperative and tension-filled class, the class became cooperative and
on the Mental Health and Happiness
secure with much increase in concentration and curricular achievement after the program.
It would be very meaningful to utilize the Maum Meditation as a part of curricular pro-
of the Undergraduates
gram in order to support character development of children in school environments.
Mihan Kim 1, In-Soo Lee 2, Yang Gyeong Yoo 3

Key Words: Maum Meditation, School Life, Children

Introduction

The mental health in undergraduate college students seemed to be at a very serious level.
Based on a survey of students at a college (Kim, 2010), 69.0% reported feelings of despair
or sadness in the last year and 72.8% reported thinking about suicide, even if in a short,
fleeting moment. In 2010, Korean Psychological Association, taking into consideration
cultural uniqueness of South Koreans, analyzed happiness score index. The result showed
63.22 out of 100 possible points, which was not a high score. In particular, the college
students were at 56, lowest score in comparison to other age groups (Park, 2012). In this
study, the effects of Maum Meditation on mental health and happiness of college students
was examined to explore its utilization as a nursing strategy for health maintenance and
improvement.

Methods

The research design was one-group pretest and posttest quasi-experimental design. The
subjects were 160 college students who participated in the Maum Meditation Camp Pro-

1 Professor, Department of Nursing, Kyungil University

2 Professor, Department of Paramedic Science, Korea National University of Transportation
3 Professor, Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University (Corresponding Author: ygyoo@kunsan.ac.kr)

120 121
gram for College Students from December 29, 2012 (a total of 7 nights and 8 days). The Table 1. A comparison of mental health, happiness score, and emotional happiness before and after
experimental intervention administered to the college students was first level mind-subtrac- the Maum Meditation Camp Program

tion of the Maum Meditation adapted as a part of the Maum Meditation Camp Program. Dependent pretest posttest
symptom dimensions paired-t p
variables M±SD M±SD
The Brief Symptom Inventory (a brief version of Symptom Checklist-90-Revision: SCL-
Somatization(SOM) 0.67±0.69 0.43±0.52 5.91 <.001
90-R) standardized by Kim et al (1984) based on Multi-dimensional self-report symptom
Obsessive-Compulsive(O-C) 1.65±0.83 1.11±0.71 9.57 <.001
inventory (Derogatis et al, 1976) were used to examine 9 dimensions of symptoms and Interpersonal Sensitivity(I-S) 1.56±0.94 1.06±0.83 6.71 <.001
3 global indexes to evaluate mental health. The happiness score index developed by Chu Depression(DEP) 1.40±0.95 0.65±0.66 10.99 <.001

(2005) based on Rothwell and Cohen (2003) and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Anxiety(ANX) 1.14±0.84 0.70±0.63 8.32 <.001
Hostility(HOS) 1.10±0.87 0.55±0.63 9.84 <.001
(OHQ) developed by Argyle and Hills (2002) were also used.
Mental health Phobic Anxiety(PHOB) 0.63±0.68 0.46±0.59 4.05 <.001
Paired t-test was utilized to analyze the effect of mind-subtraction program on the men- Paranoid Ideation(PAR) 0.95±0.80 0.56±0.62 6.46 <.001
tal health, happiness index, and emotional happiness. Psychoticism(PSY) 1.19±0.84 0.79±0.68 7.24 <.001
Global Severity
1.12±0.69 0.68±0.52 9.95 <.001
Index(GSI)
Results Global
Positive Symptom
30.61±11.77 22.87±13.30 9.14 <.001
Total(PST)
Index
Positive Symptom
1.82±0.58 1.49±0.48 7.73 <.001
Distress Index(PSDI)
The 9 dimensions of symptoms for mental health: the scores were significantly decreased
Happiness score index 56.23±19.07 64.52±20.07 -5.94 <.001
after the program (p<.001) (Table 1, Graph 1). The 3 global indexes for mental health: the Emotional happiness 3.65±0.71 4.22±0.68 -11.13 <.001
scores were significantly decreased after the program (p<.001) (Table 1, Graph 2). Happi-
ness score index showed significant increases (t= -5.94, p<.001): before the program from
56.23 (SD=19.07) to after the program, 64.52 (SD=20.07). Emotional happiness also sig- Graph 1. A comparison of the 9 dimensions of symtoms of mental health before and after the Maum
nificantly increased (t= -11.13, p<.001): before the program from 3.65 (SD=0.71) to after Meditation Camp Program

the program, 4.22 (SD=0.68).

Symptom dimension
1.8

5단계(0~4)평정척도
35
1.6
30
1.4
1.2 25
1.0 20
pretest
0.8
15
0.6 posttest
0.4 10
0.2 5
0
0

al 대인 lsi 증 ) )

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sio S) )
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Pa ic A포 ilit감y (H X) )
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ism( ) )
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on pu 박 SOOMM
ns 민 O -C

es 울 I- S

ob 공 ost대 ANNX

no xie안 HOOSS
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전체

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122 123
Graph 2. A comparison of the 3 global indexes of mental health before and after the Maum Medita-
Abstract
tion Camp Program

Global Index
A Study on Positive Attitudes and Behavioral
35 Changes in Maladaptive Students Through the
Mind-Subtraction Method of Maum Meditation:
30
25
20
Focusing on a College Preparatory School
15
10
5 Moo Shin, Kim 1
0
Global Severity Index
전체심도지수(GSI)
Positive Symptom Total Positive
표출증상합계(PST)
Symptom Distress
표출증상심도지수(PSDI)
(GSI) (PST) Index (PSDI)
pretest posttest

Approximately 68,000 or 1 in every 100 students of primary and secondary level schools
quit or leave schools due to mal-adaptation issues. In particular, 2 out of 100 high school
Conclusions students quit; and for a half of these students, school mal-adaptation was a major reason.
(Seoul-yunhap news, 2013). To improve this school reality, alternative strategies for genu-
This study explored the effects of the Maum Meditation Camp Program (7 nights and ine humanistic education are warranted. As a part of such strategy, Maum Meditation
8 days) using the principles of Maum Meditation; and witnessed increases in emotional utilization can lead to positive attitudes and behavioral changes through scientific and
happiness and improvements in multi-dimensional aspects of mental health in the college specific method of the mind-subtraction, in which students can reflect on inner selves and
student participants. lived experiences.
Therefore, it was noted that the meditation method which adapted the principles of The purpose of the study is to find the inner mind of negativity, self-reflect on one’s lived
Maum Meditation can possibly be utilized as a strategy for positive influences on college life objectively, and seek positive changes in attitudes and behaviors through repeat utiliza-
students’ mental health and psyche. Using such principles of meditation would be recom- tion of the mind-subtraction method of the Maum Meditation. The research participants
mended for developments of elective curricular courses, diverse student associations and were 4 senior students (in 2012), and 130 sophomore students and 10 junior students of
club activities. high school (in 2013). The research method included interviews with the students and par-
ents, observations of the students, and 2013 evaluative resources for faculty development
Key Words: Maum Meditation, Mental health, Happiness index, Happiness, Undergraduate (evaluative instrument).
The mind-subtraction of the Maum Meditation eliminates memorized thoughts and im-
ages from a lived life. In the mind-subtraction method, there are 7 levels of scientific and
methodical approaches leading to the subtraction. Through the mind-subtraction method,

1 Teacher, Busan Shinjeong High School

124 125
past memories are eliminated, liberating those who were tied to their past. As the mind is attitudes toward study and friends improved better than before. Parental comments from
freed from past events, there is a great change in perspectives or points of view, and also in 2013 evaluative resources for faculty development were also positive about their sons and
approaches for coping. From self-centered and individualistic perspectives, consciousness daughters’ behavioral changes.
expands and changes to the holistic, Universe perspective. Through various method of the mind-subtraction, both adaptive and maladaptive stu-
The sequence of the mind-subtraction program is initial counseling, actualization of the dents were able to objectively reflect on their own lives. Following the mind-subtraction
mind-subtraction, and in-depth counseling. Senior students (in 2012) with severe bipolar method to repeatedly throw away the negative pictures led to actual emptying of the mind.
disorder, kleptomania, suicidal tendencies, and excessive somnolence – all participated in The transformations of thoughts and perspectives as well as changes in behaviors were
the mind-subtraction programs at local Maum Meditation centers near their homes. The positive.
results after 2 to 4 months of the mind subtraction were as follows in Table 1. The study found the program has been demonstrated as a humanistic education pro-
gram which can solve various problems that arise in schools. The students can transform
Table 1. Observed changes in the students after the Maum Meditation through this method to self-empty the roots of problems, such as school violence, school
stress, bullying, and emotional and behavioral disorders.
Changes in the - Exhibited increased tendency to laugh,
student with - Teachers seen asking the student, “some good things are happening?” in hallway, Also, the Maum Meditation compulsory training program for teachers can be teach-
bipolar disorder - People comment that the student’s expressions were brighter and improved (comments by parents, class-
mates, and teachers), ers’ strategy for human completion and humanistic education to positively transform the
- Observed increased ability of the student to self-control (anger),
- The student’s father report favorable views on the mind-subtraction method due to his daughter’s posi-
students.
tive changes,
- The student has since entered college and is able to enjoy her college life.
Key Words : Maum Meditation, Mind-Subtraction, Qualitative Research
Changes in the - The student was able to accept his faults,
student with - His eyes seemed more steady,
kleptomania - No more theft incidents occurred,
- The student seen working part time in a restaurant a fter college entrance exam was taken,
- No events related to theft were reported to parents and school, and no more thefts at home,
- The student was able to enter college of his choice and adapting well to the college.

Changes in the - The student became self-aware of his tendencies to sleep to escape whenever things became difficult,
student with ex- - The student strived to stay awake during class, slept less,
cessive somno- - Mother of the student reported his joy at seeing the student conversing with his father, which had not
lence happened before.

Changes in the - Exhibited brighter self- expressions,

student with - The student showed more effort to study,
suicidal tenden- - The student reported her attachments to pictures of her parents in her childhood were gone,
cies - The student was awarded a scholarship to enter school of engineering in Pusan National University,
- Also, spoke words of gratitude during graduation

For sophomore and junior students (in 2013), the program was administered for 5 min-
utes during English class, twice a week during one semester. The program was also admin-
istered for the following: during Healing Club (Changje Club, a peer counseling session),
Wednesdays biweekly every month (16 sessions); and the mind-subtraction for poor per-
forming students– during night self-study hours for two semesters (7 sessions). The stu-
dents’ comments from these 2013 programs were mostly positive, with their mindsets and

126 127
 Abstract

The Effect of Maum Meditation

Camp Program for Children on Stress,
Ego-Resilience, and Happiness
Yang Gyeong Yoo 1

Introduction

According to 2013 happiness index score of South Korean children and teenagers, aver-
age subjective happiness score reported was 72.54, which was the lowest score in 23 OECD
countries five years in a row. In elementary school children, 1 out of 7 reported intent of
suicide or running away from home; as they entered into middle and high school, the risks
were higher. 7 to 8 students out of 10 students (elementary, middle, and high school) re-
ported having had intention to run away from home due to conflicts with parents. 1 in 7
elementary school students reported being bullied in school (Mun-hwa Ilbo, 2013).
The major reason identified for suicide among the teens was school stress due to poor
grades, according to 2012 Gwang-ju study (Jun-nam Ilbo, 2013).
The mental health and happiness in children and teenagers should be examined, not
only from personal perspective but also from perspectives of the whole society. Urgently,
we must develop and utilize programs to improve their mental health and happiness. This
study’s purpose is to examine the effect of camp program based on the principles of Maum
Meditation on stress, ego-resilience, and happiness for children and teenagers.

1 Professor, Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University

129
Methods lying, which is a recent social problem in South Korea; and also in improving the sense of
happiness in children and teens. The utilization of such program could prevent suicide and
In 2013, from January 9 to 27, a total of 455 students were recruited for the study. The running away from home. We recommend consistent systematic deployment of the Maum
students spent 19 days (for levels 1, 2, 3, and 4) and 11 days (for levels 5, 6, and 7) at a Meditation program to be utilized as a curricular course to increase happiness scores of
center located near Mt. Jiri, Nam-won City, Jeolla-buk-do, South Korea. There were 291 children and teens within schools and educational system in South Korea.
elementary school students; 135 middle school students; and 29 high school students in
this study. The camp program utilized 8 levels of the Maum Meditation and its principles Key Words: Maum Meditation, Stress, Ego-Resilience, Subjective Happiness, Children
and concepts.

Results

Elementary school students Middle and high school students Total

Stress

Ego-
Resilience

Happiness

*p<.05

Conclusions

Though there were some slight differences per meditation levels, overall the camp pro-
gram did increase ego-resilience and happiness, and also decrease stress in children and
teenagers who participated in the program. The results do suggest the effectiveness of the
Maum Meditation program in alleviating stress due to school pressures, violence, and bul-

130 131
 Abstract

COEXIST Program
at the Korean Ministry of Safety
and Public Administration
Kyung-jae Lee 1

Background

Up until now, the meditation using the principle of mind-subtraction was mainly prac-
ticed more on the individual level. Recently, there was an increase in adaptation of the
mind-subtraction program within many organizations. These organizations request the
mind-subtraction program in order to assist their employees better cope with stress, self-
manage, and thereby improve their job performance. The program’s effectiveness can also
enhance leadership and increase synergy of oneness within the totality of organization. To
keep pace with such service demands, the Institute of Human Completion developed the
Mind-subtraction_COEXIST Program to meet and fulfill many organizational needs.

1 Director, Institute of Human Completion

133
The distinguishing feature of the Mind-subtraction_COEXIST Program Enlightening to the true mind energy with destined positive changes and transformations
Through subtraction of negative mindset, assist in internalization of attitudes of coexist-
Figure 1. The making of ‘organizational oneness – beautiful coexistence’ ing development through positive changes and holistic consciousness
Learning the mind-subtraction method and doing the subtraction of the stressful and
dogmatism, anger, hatred, inferiority, The true mind of positivity, negative mind of dogmatism, anger, hatred, inferiority, fixed ideas and thoughts, etc.
fixed ideas and thoughts, stress, perceptiveness and acceptance,
negativity, self-interest, crash holistic mindset, attitude of collavorative Knowing the original mind that is the true mind = the one and whole Universe
between reality and idealism problem-solving, insightful resolution
Customized learning through assessment of each participant though individual counsel-

Collaborative
ing
The mind of The mind of making of and Increasing the effectiveness of the program through continuous assessment of partici-
negativity(self- Mind-subtracting positivity(Universe living with
centeredness) consciousness) “beautiful pants’ needs
coexistence”
The participants are assigned to expert instructors and classes which most meet their
needs
reflections on self- entrusting each other,
centeredness, subtracting working together for
negativity, enlightening the benefit and happiness
to the true mind of the organization 4. The effectiveness of the program
Comments from the participants:
- I learned the method to empty out the burdens of mind which provides ability to re-
An exemplar of the program solve and win over the future problems and conflicts.
- I will continue to subtract every day upon my return to work, Thank you.
1. An educational purpose - I really liked that I was able to throw out my habit of constant self-comparison with
To offer the Mind-subtraction COEXIST Program in order to assist initiation of collab- others.
orative team development and self-transformations by internalizing positivity and mutual - It provided me with an opportunity to self-reflect and learn the method of resolving
acceptance in mid-level managers of a public organization. the repressed thoughts and emotions through the mind-subtraction; I will use this in
my family and work life.
2. Details of the program - It helped me reflect on myself.
The program was requested by the Ministry of Safety and Public Administration
Date: November 14 – 16, 2012 (9 sessions for a total of 16 hours)
Program Name: Psychology of Happiness Curriculum
Participants: 107 participants of 12th mid-level managers (public servant 5th ranking)
Location: Yongin Hanhwa Resort

3. Curricular concepts
Assisting self-transformations in the mid-level managers through self-reflection
Reflecting on self-centered lived experiences full of paradox

134 135
5. Specific contents of the program
Abstract

Programs offered Specific contents Method

Knowing about the mind - Definition: the mind Lecture and meditation
and learning the method of - Knowing the true vs. false mind sessions
subtraction - Finding out one’s mindset and style
- Learning and mastering the method of mind-subtraction
The Effects of Maum Meditation Program
Finding the mind to subtract - Who am I? Lecture and meditation
and self-reflection I and II - Reflecting on lived life
- Understanding the stress of work and subtracting
sessions, individual meditation
and counseling
on the Brain Function of University Students

The story about the mind and - Esthetics of throwing away and emptying Lecture and meditation
Duck-Joo Lee 1, Yun-kyung Yu 2, Ji-sook Yi 3, In-Soo Lee 4
the mind-subtraction I, - Emptying is healing sessions, individual meditation
II and III - Knowing the reason and purpose for subtracting the mind and counseling, extra
- The mind that throws away easily/ the mind that doesn’t meditation sessions
throw away easily
- Changes that occur when subtracting
- The need for continuous mind-subtraction

Walking meditation - The subtraction in everyday life Subtracting while walking, Purpose
(subtracting while walking on a woodland path) counseling
- Mastering subtraction in everyday life

Special lectures - Transformed work life and home life after the mind- Lecture
During academic years, university students can suffer from emotional instability, agita-
subtraction tion, and stress as well as strong sense of loneliness, and self-neglecting inferiority. In midst
of such difficulties, they also must perform academically in order to succeed in obtaining a
good job position after graduation. Maum Meditation could be a significant intervention
program for university students to improve their brain function. Therefore this study was
performed to verify the effect of Maum Meditation program for university students on
their brain function through brainwave, the electric signal of the brain.

Methods

We applied one-group, pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design to test the effect of

Maum Meditation on brain function. The participants were 11 students who attended
Maum Meditation University Camp held at Maum Meditation main center in Nonsan on
Dec. 30, 2012. They agreed to take part in this research and had kept on meditating at

1 Professor, KAIST
2 Graduate student, Neuroscience Department, Seoul Buddhist University
3 Teacher, Mansoo Middle School
4 Professor, Korea National University of Transportation (Corresponding Author: islee@ut.ac.kr)

136 137
the same place for four weeks until Jan. 26, 2013. The software program used to measure When we transformed some participants’ brainwave into 3-dimensional graph, we get
the effect of Maum Meditation on students’ brain function was BQ-Test developed by the to know that their brainwaves become stablized after the mind-subtraction<Figure 1, 2>.
Neuro Harmony to analyze the brain function. And we used Neuro Harmony M which
is 2-channel system made by Brain Tech Corp. This study analyzed all the eight major in- Figure 1. The changes in brain waves of I participants
dices to analyze the brain function, which were Basic Rhythm Quotient, Self-Regulation
Before program 4 weeks after the program 16 weeks after the program
Quotient, Attention Quotient, Activation Quotient, Emotional Quotient, Anti-Stress Re-
sistance Quotient, Correlation Quotient, and Brain Quotient.

Results

Maum Meditation Program brought forth the improvement of university students’ brain
function and control ability and the promotion in the stability of overall brain function. Ex-
amining the differences of partial quotients of brain function, we had significant improve- Figure 2. The changes in brain waves of H participants
ments in Attention Quotient Right(z=-2.845, p=0.004) expressing the degree of arousal
Before program 4 weeks after the program 16 weeks after the program
or the power of attention, Anti-Stress Resistance Quotient Right(z=-2.401, p=0.016) ex-
pressing the power of resistance to stress and the response ability to illnesses, and Brain
Quotient(z=-2.578, p=0.010) expressing overall brain function<Table 1>.

Table 1. The effect of the mind-subtraction program on brain function quotient

Brain Function Quotient z p

Lt -1.067 0.286
Basic Rhythm Quotient
Rt -0.8 0.424
Self-Regulation Quotient -0.267 0.79 Conclusion
Lt -1.689 0.091
Attention Quotient
Rt -2.845 .004**
Lt -0.178 0.859 All the results show that Maum Meditation program is very useful to improve university
Activation Quotient
Rt -0.533 0.594 students’ brain function. Because this study was limited to one-group design, the future
Emotional Quotient -1.867 0.062
study should include two-group design including non-attendants to the intervention pro-
Lt -1.867 0.062
Anti-Stress Resistance Quotient gram.
Rt -2.401 .016**
Correlation Quotient -1.156 0.248
Brain Quotient -2.578 .010**

Key Words: Maum Meditaton, University Students, Brain Function

138 139
 Abstract

The Success of 2012

Maum Meditation Training for
Happy Teachers
During Winter Recess
Oh-nam Lee 1

Introduction

The purpose of this training program is to reduce stress and offer crisis management
for teachers through the mind-subtraction, minimize the incidence of crisis development
in teachers, and facilitate healthy educational environment for teachers. This program and
study had been practiced from Jan.7 to 12, 2013. Participants are teachers from all edu-
cational settings of South Korea: elementary(53), middle(35), and high school(32). Evalu-
ative methods are taken in three ways: self-evaluations of before and after the training,
surveys before and after the training(depression, anxiety, and stress), and sharing of the
training experience(testimonials).

Methods

The mind-subtraction of the Maum Meditation eliminates memorized thoughts and im-
ages from a lived life. In the mind-subtraction method, there are 7 levels of scientific and
methodical approaches leading to the subtraction. Through the mind-subtraction method,
past memories are eliminated, liberating those who were tied to their past. As the mind is

1 Teacher, Seobu Elementary School

141
freed from past events, there is a great change in perspectives or points of view, and also ered would be: assured autonomous administration of training period (training offered 12
in approaches for coping. As consciousness expands, there are changes from self-centered, hours a day); the availability of intensive course training (for levels of 2 to 7 in sequential
individualistic perspective to the holistic, universe perspective. order); and the necessity of support for a long-term training as healing program for teach-
ers (for those teachers with high depression, anxiety, and stress scores).
Results
Key Words: Maum Meditation Training, Teachers, Depression, Anxiety, Stress
First, self-evaluation shows that before starting the training, the participants were asked
to record aspects of themselves they wished to eliminate; and after the training, have them
check how much of those identified aspects have disappeared. The scores started with 10
for those aspects they wished to eliminate. As the self-evaluated scores started to decrease,
this represented ‘healing’ occurring with the score of zero indicating depression, anxiety,
and stress were eliminated. In almost all cases, the scores after the training showed below
5, about half of initial scores. Second, measurements of changes in depression, anxiety,
and stress are checked with pretest and posttest. Pretest was taken in the beginning of
the Maum Meditation Training, and posttest was also taken on the last day of it. Mea-
surement tools are Beck Depression Inventory(Beck, 1978), Beck’s Anxiety Index(Beck,
Epstein, Brown & Steer, 1988), Stress Response Inventory(Beck, Epstein, Brown & Steer,
1988), and Stress(Go, Park & Kim, 2000). The results of changes to depression, anxiety,
and stress were all shown to be decreased. Also, the testimonials of teacher participants
depicted the training program as positive, rewarding, and precious to them.

Conclusions

The Maum Meditation training program was effective in reducing stress and managing
crisis for teachers, such as depression, etc. The training minimized the incidences of crisis
development in teachers and was very helpful in facilitating healthy educational environ-
ment for teachers. The training also enhanced the ability of teachers to better understand
from the perspectives of student rather than from teacher-centered perspectives only. In
addition, in accomplishing the discovery of the original self and achievement of human
completion, the training was also very helpful. The results show the need for such intensive
course training on long-term basis with: continued availability of the Maum meditation
training during weekdays (in local centers) and lodging retreats (designated locations as
per Academic Society for Human completion). Other facets of the programs to be consid-

142 143
 Abstract

The Effect of ‘Happiness-Improving’ Program

on Teachers’ Brain Functions and Happiness:
Focusing on the Mind-Subtraction
In-Soo, Lee 1, Yun-kyung Yu 2, Ji-sook Yi 3, Duck-Joo Lee 4

Purpose

Because happiness of teachers plays a key role in impacting quality of education, there
is a need for establishing intervention strategies to promote teachers’ subjective happiness.
Applying the mind subtracting program as the intervention strategy to promote the happi-
ness of teachers, this study is aimed at confirming the effects of the program on subjective
happiness and brain function of the teachers.

Methods

We used descriptive approaches to verify the effect of the program on teachers’ happi-
ness, and we applied one-group, pretest-posttest pre-experimental design to test the effect
on brain function. To measure changes in subjective happiness, 108 teachers consented
to participate in the study after explanation of purpose and method of research were giv-
en. Data were collected from the teachers who attended the Maum Meditation Teachers’
Training Course held at the Maum Meditation main center in Nonsan in January 2013.

1 Professor, Korea National University of Transportation

2 Graduate student, Neuroscience Department, Seoul Buddhist University
3 Teacher, Mansoo Middle School
4 Professor, KAIST(Corresponding Author: djlee@kaist.edu)

145
The intervention for the group was first level of the Maum meditation for one week. To Table 2. The Effect of the Mind-Subtraction Program on Teacher’s Brain Function related to Happiness
verify changes in the brain function related to happiness, 32 teachers were recruited after N=32

explanation of purpose and method of the brainwave test. These participants were a sam- pre-test post-test
Brain Function Quotient t p
ple of teachers who attended the Maum meditation program in January 2013. To verify M±SD M±SD
its effect on the sense of happiness, we measured stress, positive affect, negative affect, and Self-Regulation Quotient 64.15 ± 22.69 67.57 ± 21.95 -0.56 0.583

happiness. To confirm the brain function related with happiness we analyzed four quo- Lt 55.39 ± 13.83 54.43 ± 12.38 0.62 0.539
Activation Quotient
tients out of eight major quotients analyzing brain function, which were Self-Regulation Rt 54.37 ± 14.56 54.68 ± 11.91 -0.17 0.865

Quotient relating with happiness, Activation Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Anti- Emotional Quotient 82.24 ± 5.11 83.04 ± 5.27 -1.27 0.215

Stress Resistance Quotient. Anti-Stress Lt 75.92 ± 8.83 78.38 ± 11.55 -1.41 0.17
Resistance Quotient Rt 73.30 ± 12.35 78.55 ± 11.42 -2.32 0.027

Results

The changes of subjective happiness from Maum Meditation program are as follows. Conclusion
The score of stress significantly decreased from 5.64±2.42(out of 10) to 2.49±2.12(p<.001).
Positive affect significantly increased from 2.55±0.67(out of 5) to 2.75±0.70(p=.011) and The mind-subtraction program decreased stress and negative affect, increased positive
negative affect significantly decreased from 2.15±0.75(out of 5) to 1.68±0.62(p<.001). affect and happiness as well as the resistance to stress. This research studied one-week
Subjective happiness significantly increased from 3.84±0.76(out of 6) to 4.35±(0.73) intervention effect, so there is a need for extended study varying the intervention period.
(p<.001)<Table 1>. In addition to the brainwave, future study would be necessary using various physiological
quotients such as salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin.
Table 1. The Effect of the Mind-Subtraction Program on Teacher’s Happiness N=108
Key Words: Maum Meditaton, Teacher, Happiness, Brain Function
pre-test post-test
Variables t p
M±SD M±SD
Stress 5.64 ± 2.42 2.49 ± 2.12 11.46 <.001

Positive emotion 2.55 ± .67 2.75 ± .70 -2.6 0.011

Negative emotion 2.15 ± .75 1.68 ± .62 6.48 <.001

Happiness 3.84 ± .76 4.35 ± .73 -8.18 <.001

The changes of brain function related with happiness are as follows. Anti-stress quotient
right significantly increased after the program from 73.30±12.35 to 78.55±11.42(p=.027).
But there are no significant changes in self-regulation quotient(p=.583), emotional
quotient(p=.170), and anti-stress quotient left(p=.170) even though there are slight increas-
es after the program<Table 2>.

146 147
 Abstract

The Effects of Maum Meditation

on the Decrease in Depression, Anxiety,
and Stress Response of Adults
Eun-Hi Choi 1, Yang Gyeong Yoo 2, Kyoung Ah Kim 3, Mi Ra Yun 4

Introduction

This study used a one group, pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design to ana-
lyze the differences in depression, anxiety, and stress response for adults who participated
in Maum Meditation program.

Methods

From Sept 8, 2012 to December 29, 2012, 105 adults who registered with the health
management team, participated in an introductory first level of the program held in Maum
Meditation Center, Nonsan, South Korea. 76 of 105 adults agreed to participate this study
and filled out informed consent. These 76 participants were having either self-reported psy-
chological difficulties such as insomnia, or documented psychiatric diagnosis such as de-
pression, agoraphobia, etc. We measured the differences of depression, anxiety, and stress
response using BDI-II(Beck’s Depression Inventory), BAI(Beck’s Anxiety Inventory), and
SRI(Stress Response Inventory), respectively.

1 Doctoral student, Catholic University of Korea

2 Professor, Kunsan National University
3 Family Medicine Doctor, Daejung Care Hospital
4 Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University (Corresponding Author: mirayun21@naver.com)

149
 5- 87.5(P=0.002)
10 - 18.71(P<.001)
0- 0-
pre-test Post-1wk test post-2wks test pre-test Post-1wk test post-2wks test

Results 3. Mean Comparison of Repeated Measured Data

Results show that adults’ depression, anxiety, and stress response were decreased very 25 - 20.20 60 - 53.38 16 -
14 -
14.40

20 - 50 -
significantly after one week of Maum Meditation program, including sub-dimensions of 40 -
12 -

15 - 11.00 31.67 10 - 8.60

stress response such as tension, offensiveness, anger, fatigue, and frustration. Further- 30 - 8-
10 - 6-
20 - 7.00(P<0.04)
more, in case of participants of additional two weeks of Maum Meditation program, it 5-
4-
87.5(P=0.002) 10 - 18.71(P<.001)
2-
shows the more decrease of depression, anxiety, and stress response than one week pro- 0- 0- 0-
pre-test Post-1wk test post-2wks test pre-test Post-1wk test post-2wks test pre-test Post-1wk test post-2wks test
gram participants.
Change of the level of depression Change of the level of stress response Change of the level of anxiety

1. Diagnostic Characteristics of the Subjects

Conclusion
16 - 14.40
60 - 53.38
14 -
50 -
12 -

14.18% Schizophrenia Based on this31.67

40 - study results, we
10 - recommended
8.60 the following: first, due to the increase in

2.3% Major depressive disorder 8-

30 -
mental health issues, an effective
6 - treatment program needs to be implemented in our so-
Bipolaar disonder 20 - 7.00(P<0.04)
4-

33.42%
Obsessive compulsive disorder ciety
10 - and such promising program
18.71(P<.001) 2 - using the Maum Meditation should be developed; and
Panic disorder 0-
Social phobia
secondly,
0-
pre-test
to Post-1wk
gaintestmore scientific evidence
post-2wks test
pre-test on the
Post-1wk effectstest of the Maum Meditation, more
test post-2wks
17.22%
ADHD related research studies examining various biological and medical variables, as well as psy-
Othe mental disorder
Othe disability chiatric interventions comparison and qualitative studies, will need to be done.
No diagnosis
2.3%
2.3% 3.4% 1.1% Key
16 -
Words:
14.40
Maum Meditation, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Response
2.2%
14 -
12 -

2. Mean Comparison of Subjects Pre & Post Results of Variables 10 -

8-
8.60

6-
7.00(P<0.04)
Pre-test Post-1wk test 4-
Variables paired-t ρ 2-
M±SD M±SD
0-
Depression 20.72 ± 11.15 1.49 ± 9.28 6.811 < 0.001 pre-test Post-1wk test post-2wks test

Stress response
50.78 ± 33.98 26.73 ± 24.69 6.811 < 0.001
Total
Tension 7.64 ± 5.56 3.93 ± 4.12 5.553 < 0.001
Aggression 2.59 ± 3.75 1.30 ± 2.53 3.368 < 0.001
Somatization 2.70 ± 2.83 1.19 ± 1.63 4.857 < 0.001
Anger 8.04 ± 5.65 4.41 ± 4.32 5.637 < 0.001
Depression 11.65 ± 8.80 5.51 ± 5.94 5.948 < 0.001
Fatigue 7.83 ± 5.07 5.02 ± 4.08 4.539 < 0.001
Frustration 10.30 ± 7.55 5.39 ± 5.64 5.42 < 0.001
Anxiety 16.00 ± 11.14 8.43 ± 8.30 6.281 < 0.001

150 151
 Sponsorship 2014 Committee

General Chairman
Yong-Jae Lee Kyung-soo Mok Chong-Bum Lee President, Academic Society for Human Completion; Emeritus Professor, Korea University
CEO Executive Managing Director
SEOK MUN Electrical Engineering Co. LTD. LG Chem. Vice General Chairman

Kee-Un Chung President, Suwon Women's University; Former Assistant Minister of The Ministry of Education, ROK
In-deuk Kim Vice President, Namwon Youth Meditation Center

Ji Seok Oh Changbae Park

Oriental Doctor CEO Advisory Committee
Barunmon Oriental Clinic SJ elec Co. LTD.
Chairman
Byung Keun Jin Certified Public Tax Accountant, American Lawyer in JP Law Group, Former Assistant Commissioner
of Korean National Tax Service.

Korean Members
Hee Young Jeong Ji Won Jeong
Byung-Young Ahn Former Deputy Prime Minister, Korea Government
Pharmacist MD, PhD Jae-Hwa Cha Assistant Principal, Sungbook Elementary School, Daegu
Chammaum Onnuri Drugstore Doctorsmi Aesthetic Bum Hee Cho Principal, Heoung Duk Middle School
Yoon-Jae Cho Former Senior Presidential Secretary for Economic Affairs, Korea Government
Dong-Hwan Choi Principal, Kyung-Gi High School
Su Ann Choi Director, Dongchun Elementary School, Kindergarden
Byeong-Yeong Gong Director General, Bureau of General Administration, Seoul National University
Seong-Jong Ha Jaehwan Kim Mi Ja Ha Principal, Dong Women’s High School
Oriental Doctor MD, Department of Psychiatry Ki-Young Jung MD, PhD, Dept. of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital; College of Medicine, Seoul National
HaSeongJong Oriental Clinic Mokpo Jung-Ang Hospital University
Chang Hee Kang Principal, Moonji Elementary School
Chang-Soo Kang President, Foundation for the Support of the Association of Jinri Maum Meditation; Former Presi-
dent, Dong Yang Silicone Co. LTD, DCC Group.
Heoung Sik Kang Principal, Samchun Middle School
Jae-Hwan Kim MD, Psychiatrist, Psychiatry Department, Jung-Ang Hospital, Mokpo
Myeong Won Kim Kwan-Bok Kim PhD, Vice Superintendent, Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education
Saengki Korean Medical Network
MD, Kim Myeong Won Pain Clinic Myeong-Won Kim President, Kim Myeong Won Pain Clinic
Sang Jihn Kim Professor Emeritus, Microbiology, Pukyong National University
Bae-Hee Lee Former Principal, DaeMyung High School
Chang-Shik Lee Former Principal, Moonsung Middle School
Myong-Sim Lee Principal, Joongang Elementary School
Seoung-Yeon Lee Professor, Department of Psychology, Ehwa Women’s University
Ho Kee Baek Seong-Whan Lee Professor, Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University
Dentist Dong-Bun Lim Principal, Maeho Elementary School, Daegu
Baek’s Dental Clinic Hong-Soon Moon Former Director of Financial Supervisory Service; Audit of Shin Han Bank
Baeg-Beom Park Director of Planning & Coordination in the Ministry of Education, Korea

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Sang-Gue Son Former Principal, Gaya Women’s Middle School Organizing Committee
Hee-Soon Suh Principal, Apgujeong Middle School
Yoo-Hun Suh MD, Director of Korea Brain Research Institute Co-Chairperson
Duck-Joo Lee Professor, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
International Members Boas Yu Professor, Holy Family University, U.S.A.
Irene Rojas Acevedo Medical Technologist, Chilenian Army Campaing Hospital
Shari M Afshari Duputy Director, Department of Public Works, Los Angeles County Secretary General
Maria Soledad Faraggi Aguirre Psychologist, Community Development Department at Las Condes Municipality Kyung-jae Lee Director, Institute of Human Completion
Enrique Roberto Arganaraz Professor, Molecular Biology, UNB(University of Brasilia)
Chul Ho Cho MD, Istituto di Dr. CHO, Genoa, Italy Members of Secretariat
Michale A Clemens MD, Phlebologist, Vein & Laser Clinic, USA Myung-shin Kim Institute of Human Completion
Xochitl Cortez-Gonzalez Ph.D., Clinial Pharmacist, Clinical Professor at Skaggs School of Pharmacy at UCSD, USA Lizi Kim Attorney, Kang’s Law Office
Faye R Davis Professor, Eisenhower School, National Defense University, USA Sungbo Yang CPA
John Duncan Professor, Director, Center for Korean Studies, UCLA, USA Ki-jung Joo Teacher, Dongbyun Elementary School
John Endicott President, Woosung University Ami Son Public Servant, Sangjoo City Hall
Patricia Toro Fuenzalida Geologist, Santiago, Chile
Sven Hort Professor, Seoul National University, Korea Program Committee
Jina Kim MD, Family Medicine, International Medical Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA Chairperson: Chang-hee Choi President, Cham Publishing Corp.
Gabriella Kokas Teacher, Deák téri Evangelic High School, Budapest, Hungary Eun-hee Lee Cham Publishing Corp.
Kazem Mahdavi Ph.D., Professor, Ithaca College, Cornell University, USA Jungsoo Kim Cham Publishing Corp.
Michael Lindqvist Lawyer, Danowsky & partners law firm
Murugi Mungai-Kamau Ph.D., President, MNK Rehabilitation & Psychological Services; Former Chief Psychologist Science Committee
Dept. of Public Safety/Correctional Serv., MD, USA Chairperson: Mihan Kim Professor, Kyungil University
Nora Silvia Zaragoza Landeros Professor, Technical Pedagogical Assistant, Juana Ines de Asbaje Elementary School, In-Soo Lee Professor, Korea National University of Transportation
State of Mexico, Mexico Mi Ra Yun Researcher, The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University
Somody Ilona Lászlóné Teacher, Librarian, Baross Gábor Elementary School, Budapest, Hungary Namin Shin Professor, Dongguk University
Gábor Lipi Project Management Professional (PMP), Professional Project Management Institute Szinergia Pte. Ltd., Eun Hi Choi Doctoral student, The Catholic University of Korea
Budapest, Hungary
Rodolfo Sanchez Olivarez Mathematics Professor, High School No. 211, State of Mexico, Mexico Editorial Board
Nicholas G Scotto MD, Psychiatrist, Columbia Addictions Center, USA Editor: Jae-yong Kwak Professor, Jinju National University of Education
Ircania Stylianou Assistant Principal, Louis F. Simeone P.S 7, New York, USA Soon-hee Heo Cham Publishing Corp.
Kevin Swasey Executive Manager, International Lighting Corperation, Boston Yang Gyeong Yoo Professor, Kunsan National University
Nagy Anna Vargáné Conductive Educator, International András Pet Institute of Conductive Education and College
for Conductor Training, Budapest, Hungary External Cooperation Committee
Karin Wennström School Nurse, Råsunda Skola in Solna, Stockholm, Sweden Chairman: Jinwoo Yoo Vice-Director, Institute of Human Completion
Hee-Don Kang Expert Adviser, Korean Council for University Education
Sang-hyun Kim Journalist, Dong-A Ilbo
Jinok Kim Cham Publishing Corp.

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Financial Committee
Chairman: Sang-ryul Lee Professor, Pusan National University
Kyung-soo Mok Executive Managing Director, LG Chem.

Short-Course Lecture Board

Chairperson : Margie Conboy Director, Boston Maum Meditation Center
Yoo-dae Park Adjunct Professor, Dongshin University

Exhibition Board
Joo Yeon Park Teacher, Baeul Elementary School

Videography Board
Hyun-joo Hwang Cham Publishing Corp.

Local Organizing Committee in USA

Committee Chairman: Won K. Baek

Members of Local Organizing Committee in USA

The Media: Jae-deok Jin
Exhibition: Nancy Kim, Hani Lee
Information Booth: Ha-yeon Cho
Protocol Secretary: Ki-seong Byeon, Won-dae Kwon
Videography: Breet Belleau
Public Relations: Mi-yeong Jung

Published Apr. 30, 2014

Academic Society for Human Completion
Publisher: Chong-Bum Lee, President
#3305, Mechanical Engineering Building, KAIST
335, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
Phone: 82-42-350-3716
Fax: 82-42-350-3710
E-Mail: djlee@kaist.ac.kr