7 Quadratics fel a plot We 27 2.1 Sequences You will learn + Generate sequences using quadratic expressions + Find an expression for the nth term of a quadratic sequence. Why learn this? 3 Fluency Sequences and ‘What s the result of patterns occur in + multiplying 1 by 3-and adding 7 ature and + multiplying 2 by 3 and adding 7 scientific + multiplying 3 by 3.and adding 7? experiments, . ‘There are 100 rabbits on an They can be used J island, How many will there be to make predictions. in 6 months’ time? Exercise 2.1 1 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the sequence with nth term a 6n bn-7 © 3nt+2 d 2n-3 2 Work aut the nth term of each sequence. a 5, 10, 15, 20, ... Key point b 5,6,7,8, ‘An nth term that includes n? (and © 25,811 ro higher power of n) generates a en quadratic sequence. d -3,1,5,9,... 3 Decide whether each sequence is arithmetic or quadratic. a 5,9, 13,17, b 1,4,9, 16, ca ae hint \n arithmetic sequence goes up or eases down in equal steps. 32, 28, 24, 20, @ 2,8, 18, 32,... Topic links: Expressions4 Write the next three terms in each sequence. a 2,5,10,17, b 0,3,8, 18... ea Be a © 6, 14, 24, 36, d 1,5, 15,29, cee ee © 2.3.5.8, f -4,-2,1.6, 5 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the quadratic sequence with a T(n) =n? Q5a hint b T(n) = 3n? TA)s?=D © Tn) =-2n2 T2)=2=0 d Tn) 2 6 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the quadratic. sequence with a Tin) = 2ne+4 b TK ¢ Tin) d T(n) = 4n?—5 7 Reasoning Find the 5th and 10th terms of the sequence T(n) = 2n? + 5. Explain why the 10th term is not double the 5th term. 8 a Copy and complete this table for the sequence of square numbers. Termnumber| 1 | 2 | 3 [| 4 | 5 | 6 Term 1/4 [29 /[ Soe Key point Difference va] ian tes sree anv eonetee b What happens to the differences for this sequence? vou ar Mea Ou the aterence) between the diferences. This is ¢ Add another row to your table below the difference row and emamnies @e'eccon heres calculate the second difference. Worked example & Find the nth term of the sequence that begins 3, 6, 11, 18, Work out the differences between each term, Term number 1 2 3° 4 Term Bao at RA Work out the second difference, Difference 93 5 7 ‘Any sequence that has a second difference of LALA 2 is based around r2 2nd difference 2 2 Term number 1 2) 3 5 Term 3 6 1 18 Write the sequence of square numbers (ni). ” Pe o? a 6? Unit 2 Quadratics 2829 9 Find the nth term of each sequence. Key point 13,20, aoe Ifthe second ference is 4, he b -2,1,6,13,. sequence is based around 2 © 5.11.21, 38, Ifthe second diference i 6, the sequence is based around (1, 410 a Write down the first five terms of the sequence with b Write down the first five terms of the sequence with nth term ne+2n+1 ¢ A quadratic sequence and a linear sequence have been added together to give: 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, i What is the quadratic sequence? What is the linear sequence? ill What is the nth term of 3, 8, 15, 24, 36, 14 Find the nth term of each sequence. a 2,6, 12, 20, [OPACh Phan © 3,7, 13,21, .. d -1,3,9, 17, e 3,8, 17, 30, .. Investigation Reasoning / Problem-solving ‘The diagram shows the first 3 triangle numbers. Tees Ts 4 Work out the sum of adjacent pairs of triangle numbers. What do you notice? Use a diagram to help explain why this happens. 2. Use the techniques used in Q8 and 9 above to find an expression for the nth term in the sequence of tangle numbers. 12 Explore There are 100 rabbits on an island, How many will there be in 6 months’ time? Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 13 Reflect Deopak says, A lol of maths is about looking for hidden patterns.’ Which questions in this lesson do you think Deepak was thinking of when he said this? CactiveLeamP) Delta 3, Section 2.1Why learn this? pout concert tickets at for the greatest profit, 2.2 Expanding You will learn to: + Multiply pairs of brackets + Square a linear expression + Use quadratic identities Fluency Expanding brackets + What is 7(3 + 7)? can help promoters + Expand 5(x ~6). ‘work out what price to + Factorise 8x +4, Exercise 2.2 4. Expand and simplify a S(x+2)+ 2x b 6(a-5) +6 © 2z+3)+3(z-5) d 5(3-1)-2(t+ 4) 2 Expand and simplify a Qx(x2 +2) + 3x b 3y(4-y)+y © 2b + bb +3) +3 dd w%(3w — 2) — 2w(w + 3) Worked example & Expand and simplify (x + 2)(x +4). ae (e+ 2064) = 2 & het Det BCG De 4) =P Hae te +8 =e 6x48 Se eee 3. Expand and simplify the double brackets. a (+ 3)(r+2) by +2Qy+3) © (d+ 5\d+2) d(m+3\m+4) — @ (v + 6)(v +3) f (h+6\h+7) Discussion What do you notice about your answers to parts a and b? 4 Expand and simplify the double brackets. a (p+ 3)p-2) b(w-3)w+2) oc (+ 4)(x-2) d (e-3)(e +6) e (s-8)(s-2) f G-5)j-4) 5 Problem-solving / Reasoning Adam and Kari both expand and simplify the quadratic expression (1 ~ 3)(-5 + 2). ‘Adam says the answer is 2? + 21-15. Kari says the answer is x? — 8x + 16. Only one of them is correct. Who is it? What mistakes were made? Explore What isthe area of a rectangle that is (x +2) by (x — 2)? Key point When you expand double brackets, ‘you multiply each term in one set ‘of brackets by each term in the other set of brackets, (a+ dc+d)=ac+ad+ be+ bd Be careful with negative numbers. -8x-2= +16 Unit 2 Quadratics Peon 306 Expand and simplify a (r+)? b (r+ or co @+7P d (r-1)? @ (x4) f @-7F Q7a hint 7 Expand and simplify Tes a (x+8)(x-2)+a(4x-2) —b (n-2)(n-6)- 10(n +4) were 8 Problem-solving/ Reasoning Show that ‘Add them together nin + 8) ~2(n + 5) = (n+ 4)(n—2) + 2(2n-1) Investigation Problem-solving / Reasoning 1. Expand and simplify the double brackets. a (e+ 1)(@-1) b (@+3)(x-3) © @+4\—4) d (+ 5)(a-5) e (x +6)(x~8) f @+7e-7) g (+ 8)(r-8) 2 What do you notice about your answers? '3 Why do you think expressions of the form (x + n)(r~n) are called the diffrence of two squares? eK ® Problem-solving / Modelling A farmer has a square-shaped a field of length a metres. la a Write an expression for the area of his field, b He changes the shape of the field by adding b metres to one pair of opposite sides, and subtracting iy -b b metres from the other pair of opposite sides. Write an expression for the area of this field are © What has been the impact of changing the shape of his field on the area? 40 Expand the double brackets and simplify where possible. 8 (2x + 7)e—8) b Gr 4x ~3) Follow the same rules as you did in © (x + 7)(2x-2) d (3x + 6)(2x-4) Q3, 4,5 and 6. @ (2x ~3)(4x + 5) f (3x-7)(3x-8) 14. Expand and simplify a 3r+7)? b (2r-4)? c (6x +6)? d (4x +9) e (7x-3) f (@x-9? 42 Expand and simplify a (2x + 1)(2x-1) b (x +.4)(3x-4) © (2r—5)(2r + 5) d (c+ ae-@) i 13 Explore What is the area of a rectangle that is (x + 2) by (x - 2)? 3 Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed the lesson? a What further information do you need to be able to answer this? & 14 Reflect Q9 is a pictorial example of the difference of two squares. Can you é think of other examples where a picture helps to explain abstract ideas? at CactiveLeam deta 3, Section 222.3 Factorising You will learn to: + Factorise quadratic expressions into two brackets. Why learn this? The path of a cricket Which pair of numbers: ball can be described * adds up to 7 and using a quadratic ‘multiplies to make 10 ‘expression. It is useful + adds up to 13 and tobe able tofactorise SE ‘multiples to make 30 ‘such expressions in order to find out more about the + adds up to 5 and ball, such as the maximum height reached by the ball, multiplies to make ~242 Exercise 2.3 4 Expand and simplify a (x+4y? b (x-3)2 © (x+y)? d (2+ 4)? e (x-4) f x+y? 2 Expand and simplify the double brackets. a (x + 5)(x-5) b (a+ 7)(a-7) © y+2y-2) d (e+ yle-y) 3 Factorise a 4x? + 12x b 25x°~ 15% or oy d 3x! + 1522 & Only the 2 and 5 add together tomake 7 so these are the ‘numbers that go in the brackets. Worked example Factorise x? + 7x + 10. The factor pairs of 10 are Se ees 1% 10 and 2 x5, Si iret 0 = (e+ Sie +2) 22 + Txt 10 = (x + 5)(x + 2): Check: (x + 2)(x-+ 5) #32 + 5x + 2x +5 «2 4 Factorise each quadratic expression. Check your answers. ax@+7x+12 b at+or+18 ext ors 14 d x24 120427 e x2 3442 f x-7+12 Explore Does 22 + a? factorise? PD Q4F hint Remember that -3 «4 = 12s well as 3* 4 = 12. Unit 2 Quadratics 3233 5 Factorise each quadratic expression. Check your answers. a x2+3r-18 b xtt+4r—12 c a+ 81-33 d - 7-44 e a? 9x-36 f x2-12x-28 6 Match the equivalent expressions. A e+8x+12 i @-De-4) B x+9r+20 (e+ (x= 4) © #-11e+ 28 (x + 2x- 8) D -7r+10 (e+ 4) +5) E 2+ 5x36 ve 4)(e+9) F w+ 4-21 vi (e+ 6)e +2) Key point G sae—12 vii_(x +7) 3) Aperfect square is ofthe form H x= 3x-10 vili_(x = 5){x — 2) (taps et alle ta)ext+ 20x40? 7 Write these as perfect squares. Q7a hint ax+6r+9 Find the value of a in this equation b x4 14r +49 ‘and then substitute itin. c xt 8r +16 s24 20x +a 242+ 649 d a? 12x +36 8 Factorise each quadratic expression. Check your answers. a x2-25 “The middle term has cancelled out b x?-64 ‘when collecting terms. c x?-81 d x?-121 ere 9 Problem-solving The area of a rectangle is x? + 11x + 24. What could the side lengths of the rectangle be? 10 Problem-solving Abrahim adjusts the sides of a rectangle so that its perimeter remains the same and its new area is x® ~ 49, a How did he change the two sides? b Describe the original shape. 11 Explore Does x* + a? factorise? Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 412 Reflect Factorising quadratic expressions often involves ‘trial and error’ Is trial and error simply guesswork, or can you devise a system to make it more efficient? (CActiveLean) Delta 3, Section 2.32.4 Solving quadratic equations You will learn to: * Solve quadratic equations by factorising. Fluency Work out x when Explore Why learn this? How far will @ car travel once the brakes are The police solve quadratic equations to applied? work out how fast cars were travelling before a collision. Exercise 2.4 4 Solve each equation. a x= 36 b 2x?=32 Bx2= 12 d x249=25 2 Factorise each expression. a a? 3x+2 b x21 c a?-2r-35 d x24 10x +25 Panty Worked example Key/point Be ‘You can solve some quadratic Solve x? + 6x = 27. equations by setting them equal to0 2 + 6x=27 Rearrange the equation soit equals 0 and faciorsing. x + 6x—27 1 toon) x#920 0 x=-f x-3=0 0 x= x=—9orx=3 O multiplied by any number is 0. Soeither x+9=0 or r-3=0, Check by substitution: x9 (-9)? + (6 « -9) = 27 81-54=27v xo3 B+ (6x3) =27 9+18=27v 3 Solve each quadratic equation by factorising. Check your answers. axtts bxt+15r=-54 ¢ a?+2=20 Rearrange the equations so that they d xt+4x=21 e 22-9; sue Unit 2 Quadratics 344 Solve each quadratic equation by factorising. Check your answers. atts b x2+ 14x =-49 ¢ x2-6r=-9 d 22— 10x =-25 5 Problem-solving The length of a rectangle is 4m more than its width, The area is 96m?. What is the a length b width of the rectangle? Discussion How did you decide which solution to use? 6 Problem-solving Bonita is 2 years older than Kimberley. The product of their ages is 399, How old are they both? 7 Problem-solving Ben is 4 years younger than Josh. ‘The product of their ages is 437. How old are they both? 8 Problem-solving The square of a number is equal to 10 times the number subtract 24. ‘Write down two possible values for the number. 9 Solve these equations to work out x. a 411=47 b x-6=19 © 2-24=25 10 Problem-solving Stephen thinks of a number, squares it and adds 910 get an answer of 25. ‘a Write an equation to show this. b Solve the equation. ¢ Why can't we be sure about which number Stephen thought of? Investigation Reasoning / Problem-solving 4 Without expanding and rearranging, solve (r+ 6)°= 16. 2 Explain why the solutions are the same as x* + 10x + 9 =0. 3 White x2+ dr + 498. perfect square 4 Use your answer to part 310 solve x? + 4x + 10 in two diferent ways. et 11 Explore How far will a car travel once the brakes are applied? Is it easier to explore this question now you have completed the lesson? ‘What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 42 Reflect This lesson has several problem-solving questions. How did your methods for solving them change as you progressed through the lesson? Did finding the solutions get easier by the time you reached the last question? 35 CActiveLeamP) Delta 3, Section 2.4yk SEES EEE LS 2 Check up Stuer Peyesson oa eR Sequences 1 Arsheen says the sequence 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ... is quadratic. Is she right? Explain how you know. 2 Write the next three terms in each sequence. a 0,3,8, 15... b -1,2,7, 14, © 3,5,9, 15, d -3,0,7, 18,. 3. Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the quadratic sequence with a Tn) =4n? b Tin) =-7n? 4 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the quadratic sequence with a Tn) = 4n?-2 b Tn) =-2n? +4 © Tin) =-3n?-5 d T(n) =n? + 20-3 5 Find the nth term of each sequence. a 2,6, 12,20, b 1,6, 13, 22, Expanding 6 Expand and simplify a (x +2)(v +7) b (x +8)(x-5) © (x-4)(x +6) d (-7)(x-9) 7 Molly has squared the expression (1-6) and written the answer 2? + 36, Is Molly correct? Explain how you know. 8 Expand and simplify a (x 2)(x +2) b (x+7)x-7) © (x +5)? Unit 2 Quadratics 36Ceicad 37 9 Expand and simplify a (2x +3\(x-6) b (Br +8)(2x-5) © (4x -3)(3x-8) d (2x-7)(2x +7) 10 A rectangle has a length of 2x + 1 and a width of 3x ~2, Write an expression for the area of the rectangle. Factorising 11 Factorise each quadratic expression. a x+Set6 b x2+7x-18 co xt-Sr+4 d x2 4-45 12 Factorise each quadratic expression a x+6r+9 b x?—10x + 25 ¢ x49 43 The area of a rectangle is x*- 4x21 Write down an expression for the width and the length of the rectangle. Solving quadratic equations 14 Solve each equation. a x24 8r=-15 b x?+ 11x =-24 ¢ x@-2=30 dx@+6r=7 15 Milo is 5 years older than Viad. The product of their ages is 414, How old are they both? 16 How sure are you of your answers? Were you mostly @ Just guessing @ Feeling doubtful @ Confident What next? Use your results to decide whether to strengthen or extend your learning. Challenge 17 a Factorise each of the expressions on the grid. Poet [etter i | e-2e+1 wea 4x+3 r-9 w+ 9x +18 + 5n-6 we 4r—5 Paa-68 b Make a list of all the factors used. ¢ Using only these factors, make as many new expressions as you can.2 Strengthen You will: * Strengthen your understanding with practice. Sequences 1 Which of these are quadratic sequences? a 2% 5 10, 17 CAAA 73 45 37 tstaitference: the difference between terms nee cours 2nd diference: the difference between differences b 5,11, 17, 23, . © 48, 40, 32, 24, ... d3,5,9, 15,.. 2 Write the next three terms of these quadratic sequences. a 1,5, 13,25, b 0,2,6,12,... © 96, 48, 24, 12, . d 3,6, 11, 18, 3. A quadratic sequence has a general term T(n) = n2. ‘a Work out the first four terms, b Work out the 10th term. 4 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the quadratic sequence with a T(n)=nt+4 b T(n)=n?-3 5 Find the nth term of each sequence. a 4,7, 12,19... 47 2 19 VAAL 33 35 7 LAA ‘Look atthe pattern in the differences ¥2 FZ Now look at the second difference b 2,5,10,17,... © 7, 10, 15, 22, d -3,0,5, 12, a a Ina quadratic sequence the frst 1. Write the next three terms in each sequence, a -1,2,7, 14, b 0,6, 16, 30, © 1,10, 25, 46, ... d 0,-5,-12,-21, . 2 Expand and simplify a (x + 5)(x-5) b (x + 10)(x- 10) © (a+5\(a-6) Expand and simplify a (x +3)@+1) b (x+7)(e+11) © (x + 13)(x + 3) d (e+ ayer +d) s Find the nth term of each sequence. a 5,20, 45, 80, b 9, 36,81, 144, ... © -2,-8, -16, -26, .. o Expand and simplify a (x + 8)(x—2) b (x-6)(x- 10) © (-9)(e +3) d (x + a)(x—6) 6 Expand and simplify a (x +5? b (w-4y © (eta)? d (xa? 7 Find the nth term of each sequence. a 9, 18, 33, 54, b 1,25, 65, 121, . © 1,-8,-23,-44, d 5,17, 33, 53,.. © 3, 12, 29, 54,... f -3, 2, 13, 30, .. 8 Expand and simplify a (2+ 7)(x—2) b (4x-5)(x-3) © (2x-5)(2x +3) d (3x + 4)(2x-3) A rectangle has side lengths 2x + 7 and 4x ~1 Write an expression, without brackets, for the area of the rectangle. Unit 2 Quadratics 4610 The diagram shows the start of pattern of rectangles. ToT ry Tl Tae TTT 1 bo Tt Write an expression for the number of squares in the nth pattern. se 44 Factorise ax+6r b a?+12"+27 © a2+ 9x +20 12 Factorise a x+x-30 b x?-4-12 Gxt 1in +24 d x?+3r-54 413 Factorise a x 144 b peg © 4x?— 36 d x24 Br +16 14 Solve atx 12 b x-7r=-10 co attdr 15 Factorise adettixtS b 4x? + 15r +9 46 Is 360 a term in the sequence with T(n) = 2n? + 4? Explain. Challenge 17 Copy and complete the multiplication square below. x (e-3) w+ 10K +21 #-9 wa Te+ 12 48 Reflect Make a list of any topics in this unit that + you need more help with or + you could help another student to understand. ar