DESIGN WIND PRESSURE

(Standard Method)
Reference : BS 6399 - 2; 1997, BS 8118 - 1; 1991, ASTM E - 1300 - 04

Material Properties
A.) Glass (ASTM E - 1300 - 04)
Eg = 72,000 MPa modulus of elasticity
Gg = 30,000 MPa shear modulus
ν = 0.22 poisson's ratio
αg = 0.0000083 per oC coefficient of thermal expansion
γg = 2,500 kg/m3 density

B.) Aluminum Mullion and Transom (6063 - T6), Bracket (6061 - T6) (BS 8118 - 1; 1991)
Po = 160 MPa limiting stress for bending and overall yielding (Section 4.3, 6063 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pa = 175 MPa limiting stress for local capacity (tension and compression) (Section 4.3, 6063 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pv = 95 MPa limiting stress for shear (Section 4.3, 6063 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
γa = 2,710 kg/m3 density (Section 2.3, Table 2.5; page 22)
Ea = 70,000 MPa modulus of elasticity
Ga = 26,600 MPa modulus of rigidity
αa = 0.0000023 per oC coefficient of thermal expansion
γm = 1.2 kg/m3 material factors (bolted connection) (Section 3.3, Table 3.3; page 31)
Po = 160 MPa limiting stress for bending and overall yielding (Section 4.3, 6061 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pa = 175 MPa limiting stress for local capacity (tension and compression) (Section 4.3, 6061 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pv = 95 MPa limiting stress for shear (Section 4.3, 6061 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)

Dynamic Wind Pressure (BS 6399 - 2; 1997)

qs = 0.613 Ve2 (Section 2.1.2, cl. 2.1.2.1, eq.1, page 13 and Table 2; page 14)
qs = 6,505.54 N/m2 dynamic pressure of standard method

Vb = 50.00 m/s basic wind speed

Ve = Vs Sb (Section 2.2.3, eq. 12; page 27)

Ve = 103.02 m/s effective wind speed
Vs = 50.15 m/s site wind speed (Section 2.2.2)
Sb = 2.054 terrain and building factor (Section 2.2.2, Table 4; page 27 and 28)

Altitiude factor and roughness categories

* topography is not considered
Sa = 1 + 0.001 Δs (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2, eq.10 ; page 20)
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is not considered
Δs = 2.9443 m site altitude; above mean sea level
* topography is considered
case 1
Sa = 1 + 0.001 Δs (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2, eq. 10 ; page 21)
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is not considered
Δs = - m site altitude; above mean sea level
case 2
Sa = 1 + 0.001 ΔT + 1.2 Ψe (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2, eq. 11 ; page 21)
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is considered
ΔT = - altitude of the upwind base of significant topography
Ψe = - effective slope of the topographic feature
s = - topographic location factor

Sa = 1.00 (whichever is greater between 2 condition)

Sd = 1.00 direction factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.3, Table 3; page 27)
Ss = 1.00 seasonal factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.4; page 27)
Sp = 1.00 probability factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.5; page 27)
Δs = 2.9443 m site altitude; above mean sea level

Building Parameter
W = 61.85 m building width
L = 68.75 m building length; breadth
H = 147.35 m building height
Xo = 34.47 m separation distance between building (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
Hr = 147.35 m reference height; maximum height of building (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.1; page 9)
above ground level
b 43.80 m scaling length (b = B or b = 2H) whichever is smaller
B = 43.80 m building breadth
2H = 294.70 m height of the wall, including any parapet or gable
Bldg. Exposure : -
Ho = 145.00 m obstruction height (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
* displacement height conditions (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
a.) Hd = 0.8 Ho for Xo ≤ 2 Ho
Xo ≤ 2 Ho
2 Ho = 290.00 m
Xo = 34.47 m < 290.00 m satisfy
Hd = 116.00 m

b.) Hd = 1.2 Ho - 0.2 Ho for 2 Ho < Xo < 6 Ho

2 Ho < Xo < 6 H o
Xo = 34.47 m
2 Ho = 290.00 m
6 Ho = 870.00 m
2 Ho = 290.00 m > 34.47 m not satisfy
Xo = 34.47 m < 870.00 m satisfy
2 Ho > Xo not satisfy
Hd = - m

c.) Hd = 0 for Xo ≥ 6 Ho
6 Ho < Xo
Xo = 34.47 m
6 Ho = 870.00 m
6 Ho > Xo not satisfy
Hd = - m displacement height
Hd = 116.00 m "GOVERNS"
 * effective height conditions (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.2; page 9)
a.) He = Hr - Hd
He = 31.35 m
b.) He = 0.4 Hr
Hr = 147.35 m reference height; maximum height of building
above ground level
He = 58.94 m

He = 58.94 m (whichever is greater)

D = 43.80 m inward building depth

D/H = 0.30 span ratio

Wind Load
External Surface Pressures
Pe = ± qs Cpe Ca (Section 2.1; eq. 2, page 13)
Cpe (windward) = 0.85 (front)
Cpe (leeward) = -0.50 (rear)

(positive value); windward

Pe = 5,218.01 N/m2 external pressure
Cpe = 0.85 external pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
External Surface Pressures
(negative value); leeward
Pe = (3,069.42) N/m2 external pressure
Cpe = (0.50) external pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
Internal Surface Pressures
Pi = ± qs Cpi Ca (Section 2.1; eq. 3, page 13)
(positive value)
Pi = 1,227.77 N/m2 internal pressure
Cpi = 0.20 internal pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.6; page 53 , Table 16; page 54)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
Internal Surface Pressures
(negative value)
Pi = (1,841.65) N/m2 internal pressure
Cpi = (0.30) internal pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)

Net Surface Pressures

a.) enclosed building
p = Pe - P i (Section 2.1; eq. 4, page 14)
p(+) = 3,990.24 N/m2 net surface pressure (positive value)
p(-) = (1,227.77) N/m2 net surface pressure (negative value)
P = 3,990.24 N/m2 governing net surface pressure (whichever is higher)
b.) free-standing canopies and building elements
p = ± q s Cp Ca (Section 2.1; eq. 4, page 14)
Cp = - net surface pressure for the canopy surface or element (Section 2.5.9 and 2.7; page 14)
Ca = - size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1; eq. 4, page 14)
p = - N/m 2
governing net surface pressure (whichever is higher)

Surface Loads
P = pA N (Section 2.1.3.5; eq. 6, page 14)
p = N/m2 net pressure across the surface
A = m 2
loaded area
P = - N

Overall Loads
P = 0.85 (Σfront - Σrear) (1 + Cr) (Section 2.1.3.6; eq.7 , page 14)
Σfront = - N horizontal component of surface load summed over the
windward walls and roofs
Σrear = - N horizontal component of surface load summed over the
leeward walls and roofs
Cr = dynamic augmentation factor (Section 1.6.1, page 9, fig. 3 page 10)
P = - N
 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE
(Main Wind Force Resisting System ; MWFRS)
Reference : ASCE 7 - 10 Directional Procedure (Buildings of all Height)

Input Data ASCE 7 - 10

Wind direction = normal or parallel to building ridge
V = mph wind speed (Section 26.5.1; page 256, figure 26.5.1A, B and C; pages 247a-
249b)
Kd = directionality factor (Section 26.6; page 246, Table 26.6-1; page 250)
Exposure Category = (Section 26.7; page 246 & 251)
Kzt = topographic factor

Ve = Vs Sb (Section 2.2.3, eq. 12; page 27)

Ve = - m/s effective wind speed
Vs = - m/s site wind speed (Section 2.2.2)
Sb = 2.054 terrain and building factor (Section 2.2.2, Table 4; page 27 and 28)

Altitiude factor and roughness categories

* topography is not considered
Sa = 1 + 0.001 Δs (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2, eq.10 ; page 20)
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is not considered
Δs = 2.9443 m site altitude; above mean sea level
* topography is considered
case 1
Sa = 1 + 0.001 Δs (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2, eq. 10 ; page 21)
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is not considered
Δs = - m site altitude; above mean sea level
case 2
Sa = 1 + 0.001 ΔT + 1.2 Ψe (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2, eq. 11 ; page 21)
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is considered
ΔT = - altitude of the upwind base of significant topography
Ψe = - effective slope of the topographic feature
s = - topographic location factor

Sa = 1.00 (whichever is greater between 2 condition)

Sd = 1.00 direction factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.3, Table 3; page 27)
Ss = 1.00 seasonal factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.4; page 27)
Sp = 1.00 probability factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.5; page 27)
Δs = 2.9443 m site altitude; above mean sea level

Building Parameter
W = 61.85 m building width
L = 68.75 m building length; breadth
H = 147.35 m building height
Xo = 34.47 m separation distance between building (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
Hr = 147.35 m reference height; maximum height of building (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.1; page 9)
above ground level
b 43.80 m scaling length (b = B or b = 2H) whichever is smaller
B = 43.80 m building breadth
2H = 294.70 m height of the wall, including any parapet or gable
Bldg. Exposure : -
Ho = 145.00 m obstruction height (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
* displacement height conditions (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
a.) Hd = 0.8 Ho for Xo ≤ 2 Ho
Xo ≤ 2 Ho
2 Ho = 290.00 m
Xo = 34.47 m < 290.00 m satisfy
Hd = 116.00 m

b.) Hd = 1.2 Ho - 0.2 Ho for 2 Ho < Xo < 6 Ho

2 Ho < Xo < 6 Ho
Xo = 34.47 m
2 Ho = 290.00 m
6 Ho = 870.00 m
2 Ho = 290.00 m > 34.47 m not satisfy
Xo = 34.47 m < 870.00 m satisfy
2 Ho > Xo not satisfy
Hd = - m

c.) Hd = 0 for Xo ≥ 6 Ho
6 Ho < Xo
Xo = 34.47 m
6 Ho = 870.00 m
6 Ho > Xo not satisfy
Hd = - m displacement height

Hd = 116.00 m "GOVERNS"

* effective height conditions (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.2; page 9)

a.) He = Hr - Hd
He = 31.35 m
b.) He = 0.4 Hr
Hr = 147.35 m reference height; maximum height of building
above ground level
He = 58.94 m

He = 58.94 m (whichever is greater)

 D = 43.80 m inward building depth
D/H = 0.30 span ratio
Wind Load
External Surface Pressures
Pe = ± qs Cpe Ca (Section 2.1; eq. 2, page 13)
Cpe (windward) = 0.85 (front)
Cpe (leeward) = -0.50 (rear)

(positive value); windward

Pe = - N/m2 external pressure
Cpe = 0.85 external pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
External Surface Pressures
(negative value); leeward
Pe = - N/m2 external pressure
Cpe = (0.50) external pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)

Internal Surface Pressures

Pi = ± qs Cpi Ca (Section 2.1; eq. 3, page 13)
(positive value)
Pi = - N/m 2
internal pressure
Cpi = 0.20 internal pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.6; page 53 , Table 16; page 54)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
Internal Surface Pressures
(negative value)
Pi = - N/m2 internal pressure
Cpi = (0.30) internal pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = 0.94 size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)

Net Surface Pressures

a.) enclosed building
p = Pe - P i (Section 2.1; eq. 4, page 14)
p(+) = - N/m2 net surface pressure (positive value)
p(-) = - N/m2 net surface pressure (negative value)
P = - N/m2 governing net surface pressure (whichever is higher)
b.) free-standing canopies and building elements
p = ± qs Cp Ca (Section 2.1; eq. 4, page 14)
Cp = - net surface pressure for the canopy surface or element (Section 2.5.9 and 2.7; page 14)
Ca = - size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1; eq. 4, page 14)
p = - N/m2 governing net surface pressure (whichever is higher)

Surface Loads
P = pA N (Section 2.1.3.5; eq. 6, page 14)
p = N/m2 net pressure across the surface
A = m2 loaded area
P = - N

Overall Loads
P = 0.85 (Σfront - Σrear) (1 + Cr) (Section 2.1.3.6; eq.7 , page 14)
Σfront = - N horizontal component of surface load summed over the
windward walls and roofs
Σrear = - N horizontal component of surface load summed over the
leeward walls and roofs
Cr = dynamic augmentation factor (Section 1.6.1, page 9, fig. 3 page 10)
P = - N
(Sb) Terrain and Building factor
Site in country or up to 2 km into town
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT CLOSEST DISTANCE TO SEA UPWIND
He km
m ≤ 0.1 2 10 ≥ 100
≤2 1.48 1.40 1.35 1.26
3 1.54 1.47 1.42 1.32
4 1.59 1.55 1.50 1.39
5 1.65 1.62 1.57 1.45
6 1.68 1.65 1.60 1.48
7 1.70 1.68 1.63 1.52
8 1.73 1.72 1.67 1.55
9 1.75 1.75 1.70 1.59
10 1.78 1.78 1.73 1.62
11 1.79 1.79 1.75 1.64
12 1.81 1.81 1.77 1.66
13 1.82 1.82 1.78 1.67
14 1.84 1.84 1.80 1.69
15 1.85 1.85 1.82 1.71
16 1.85 1.85 1.83 1.72
17 1.87 1.87 1.85 1.73
18 1.88 1.88 1.86 1.75
19 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.76
20 1.90 1.90 1.89 1.77
21 1.91 1.91 1.90 1.78
22 1.91 1.91 1.90 1.79
23 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.79
24 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.80
25 1.93 1.93 1.93 1.81
26 1.94 1.94 1.93 1.82
27 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.83
28 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.83
29 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.84
30 1.96 1.96 1.96 1.85
31 1.96 1.96 1.96 1.86
32 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.86
33 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.87
34 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.87
35 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.88
36 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.88
37 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.89
38 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.89
39 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.90
40 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.90
41 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.91
42 2.01 2.01 2.01 1.91
43 2.01 2.01 2.01 1.92
44 2.02 2.02 2.02 1.92
45 2.02 2.02 2.02 1.93
46 2.02 2.02 2.02 1.93
47 2.03 2.03 2.03 1.94
48 2.03 2.03 2.03 1.94
49 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.95
50 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.95
51 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.95
52 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.96
53 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.96
54 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.96
55 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.96
56 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.96
57 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.97
58 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.97
59 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.97
60 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.97
61 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.98
62 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.98
63 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.98
64 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.98
65 2.06 2.06 2.06 1.99
66 2.07 2.07 2.07 1.99
67 2.07 2.07 2.07 1.99
68 2.07 2.07 2.07 1.99
69 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.00
70 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.00
71 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.00
72 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.00
73 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.01
74 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.01
75 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.01
76 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.01
77 2.08 2.08 2.08 2.02
78 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.02
79 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.02
80 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.02
81 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.02
82 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.03
83 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.03
84 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.03
85 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.03
86 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.04
87 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.04
88 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.04
89 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.04
90 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.05
91 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.05
92 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.05
93 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.05
94 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.06
95 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.06
96 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.06
97 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.06
98 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.07
99 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.07
100 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.07
 Site in country or up to 2 km into town
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT CLOSEST DISTANCE TO SEA UPWIND
He km
m ≤ 0.1 2 10 ≥ 100
≤2 1.18 1.15 1.07
3 1.33 1.29 1.20
4 1.47 1.43 1.32
5 1.62 1.57 1.45
6 1.65 1.60 1.48
7 1.68 1.63 1.52
8 1.72 1.67 1.55
9 1.75 1.70 1.59
10 1.78 1.73 1.62
11 1.79 1.75 1.64
12 1.81 1.77 1.66
13 1.82 1.78 1.67
14 1.84 1.80 1.69 5
15 1.85 1.82 1.71 6
16 1.85 1.83 1.72 10
17 1.87 1.85 1.73
18 1.88 1.86 1.75 x
19 1.89 1.88 1.76
20 1.90 1.89 1.77
21 1.91 1.90 1.78
22 1.91 1.90 1.79
23 1.92 1.91 1.79
24 1.92 1.92 1.80
25 1.93 1.93 1.81
26 1.94 1.93 1.82
27 1.94 1.94 1.83
28 1.95 1.95 1.83
29 1.95 1.95 1.84
30 1.96 1.96 1.85
31 1.96 1.96 1.86
32 1.97 1.97 1.86
33 1.97 1.97 1.87
34 1.98 1.98 1.87
35 1.98 1.98 1.88
36 1.98 1.98 1.88
37 1.99 1.99 1.89
38 1.99 1.99 1.89
39 2.00 2.00 1.90
40 2.00 2.00 1.90
41 2.00 2.00 1.91
42 2.01 2.01 1.91
43 2.01 2.01 1.92
44 2.02 2.02 1.92
45 2.02 2.02 1.93
46 2.02 2.02 1.93
47 2.03 2.03 1.94
48 2.03 2.03 1.94
49 2.04 2.04 1.95
50 2.04 2.04 1.95
51 2.04 2.04 1.95
52 2.04 2.04 1.96
53 2.05 2.05 1.96
54 2.05 2.05 1.96
55 2.05 2.05 1.96
56 2.05 2.05 1.96
57 2.05 2.05 1.97
58 2.05 2.05 1.97
59 2.05 2.05 1.97
60 2.06 2.06 1.97
61 2.06 2.06 1.98
62 2.06 2.06 1.98
63 2.06 2.06 1.98
64 2.06 2.06 1.98
65 2.06 2.06 1.99
66 2.07 2.07 1.99
67 2.07 2.07 1.99
68 2.07 2.07 1.99
69 2.07 2.07 2.00
70 2.07 2.07 2.00
71 2.07 2.07 2.00
72 2.08 2.08 2.00
73 2.08 2.08 2.01
74 2.08 2.08 2.01
75 2.08 2.08 2.01
76 2.08 2.08 2.01
77 2.08 2.08 2.02
78 2.09 2.09 2.02
79 2.09 2.09 2.02
80 2.09 2.09 2.02
81 2.09 2.09 2.02
82 2.09 2.09 2.03
83 2.09 2.09 2.03
84 2.09 2.09 2.03
85 2.10 2.10 2.03
86 2.10 2.10 2.04
87 2.10 2.10 2.04
88 2.10 2.10 2.04
89 2.10 2.10 2.04
90 2.10 2.10 2.05
91 2.11 2.11 2.05
92 2.11 2.11 2.05
93 2.11 2.11 2.05
94 2.11 2.11 2.06
95 2.11 2.11 2.06
96 2.11 2.11 2.06
97 2.12 2.12 2.06
98 2.12 2.12 2.07
99 2.12 2.12 2.07
100 2.12 2.12 2.07
1.62
x
1.78

= 1.652
 Project: Wind Loading Calculations
Client: Made By: Date: Job No.
LOGO
Description:
Checked: Revision: Page No.

DESIGN WIND PRESSURE

Reference : BS 6399 - 2; 1997, BS 8118 - 1; 1991, ASTM E - 1300 - 04

Overall Building Loads

WIND NORMAL TO: LONG FACE SHORT FACE Building Dimensions
Dynamic Pressure, qs (N/m2) Length Width Height
Breadth, B (m) 68.75 61.85 L (m) W (m) H (m)
Inwind depth, D (m) 0 0 68.75 61.85 147.35
Span Ratio, D/H 0 0
Scaling length, b 68.75 61.85 Dynamic Augmentation
Factor (Cr)
Standard Prsseure Coefficients Kb H (m) Cr
External pressure coefficients Cpe for vertical walls 0
Windward (front) face
Leeward (rear face)

Standard Pressure Coefficients

Size effect factor for external pressures, Ca
Effective height, He (m) 58.94
Distance to sea (km)
Terrain
Site exposure type
Diagonal dimension (m)
Ca

Standard Pressure Coefficients

Overall horizontal loads Pe P Pe P
on building (N/m2) (kN) (N/m2) (kN)
Front face, Σ Pfront
Rear face, Σ Prear
Overall load, P
Note: -ve sign indicates suction
Frictional Drag on side walls
Is depth D>b ?
Zone length C (m)
Area, As (m2/m height)
Frictional drag coefficients, Cf
Ca
Pf (kN/m height)

Frictional Drag on roof

Is depth D>b/2 ?
Zone length D (m)
Area, As (m2/m width)
Frictional drag coefficients, Cf
Site exposure type
Diagonal dim. (m)
Ca
Pf (kN/m height)
 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE
(Standard Method)
Reference : BS 6399 - 2; 1997, BS 8118 - 1; 1991, ASTM E - 1300 - 04

Material Properties
A.) Glass (ASTM E - 1300 - 04)
Eg = 72,000 MPa modulus of elasticity
Gg = 30,000 MPa shear modulus
ν = 0.22 poisson's ratio
αg = 0.0000083 per oC coefficient of thermal expansion
γg = 2,500 kg/m3 density

B.) Aluminum Mullion and Transom (6063 - T6), Bracket (6061 - T6) (BS 8118 - 1; 1991)
Po = 160 MPa limiting stress for bending and overall yielding (Section 4.3, 6063 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pa = 175 MPa limiting stress for local capacity (tension and compression) (Section 4.3, 6063 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pv = 95 MPa limiting stress for shear (Section 4.3, 6063 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
γa = 2,710 kg/m3 density (Section 2.3, Table 2.5; page 22)
Ea = 70,000 MPa modulus of elasticity
Ga = 26,600 MPa modulus of rigidity
αa = 0.0000023 per oC coefficient of thermal expansion
γm = 1.2 kg/m3 material factors (bolted connection) (Section 3.3, Table 3.3; page 31)
Po = 160 MPa limiting stress for bending and overall yielding (Section 4.3, 6061 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pa = 175 MPa limiting stress for local capacity (tension and compression) (Section 4.3, 6061 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)
Pv = 95 MPa limiting stress for shear (Section 4.3, 6061 - T6, Table 4.1; page 35)

Dynamic Wind Pressure (BS 6399 - 2; 1997)

qs = - N/m2 dynamic pressure of standard method (Section 2.1.2, cl. 2.1.2.1, page 13 and Table 2; page 14)
Vb = 45.00 m/s basic wind speed
Ve = - m/s effective wind speed (Section 2.2.3; page 13)
Vs = - m/s site wind speed (Section 2.2.2)
Sb = 1.537 terrain and building factor (Section 2.2.2, Table 4; page 27 and 28)

Altitiude factor and roughness categories

* topography is not considered
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is not considered (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2; page 20)
Δs = - m/s site altitude; above mean sea level
* topography is considered
case 1
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is not considered (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2; page 21)
Δs = - m/s site altitude; above mean sea level
case 2
Sa = 1.00 altitude factor; topography is considered (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.2; page 21)
ΔT = - altitude of the upwind base of significant topography
Ψe = - effective slope of the topographic feature
s = - topographic location factor

Sa = - (whichever is greater between 2 condition)

Sd = direction factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.3, Table 3; page 27)

Ss = 1.00 seasonal factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.4; page 27)
Sp = 1.00 probability factor (Section 2.2, cl. 2.2.2.5; page 27)
Δs = - m site altitude; above mean sea level

Building Parameter
W = m building width
L = m building length
H = m building height
Xo = m separation distance between building (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
He = m effective height (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.2; page 9)
Hr = m reference height; maximum height of building (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.1; page 9)
above ground level
Bldg. Exposure =
Ho = m obstruction height (Section 1.7, cl. 1.7.3.3; page 10)
Hd = m displacement height
D = m inward building depth

Wind Load
External Surface Pressures
(positive value)
Pe = - N/m2 external pressure
Cpe = - external pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = - size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
External Surface Pressures
(negative value)
Pe = - N/m2 external pressure
Cpe = - external pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = - size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
Internal Surface Pressures
(positive value)
Pi = - N/m2 internal pressure
Cpi = - internal pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = - size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)
Internal Surface Pressures
(negative value)
Pi = - N/m2 internal pressure
Cpi = - internal pressure coefficient for the building surface (Section 2.3; page 30 , Table 5; page 31)
Ca = - size effect factor for external pressures (Section 2.1, cl. 2.1.3; page 13, figure 4; page 16)

Net Surface Pressures

p(+) = - N/m2 net surface pressure (positive value)

p(-) = - N/m2 net surface pressure (negative value)

p = - N/m2 governing net surface pressure (whichever is higher)