2.1.1.

Hydrologic Modeling
2.1.1.1. ARCGIS for Hydrologic Modeling
The hydrologic modeling tools that are provided in the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst
extension toolbox may be used to get methods for characterizing the physical components of
a surface. These methods can be found by using the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension
toolbox. Using the hydrologic tools, you will be able to create stream networks, identify
sinks, establish flow direction, delineate watersheds, and compute flow accumulation.
Additionally, you will be able to determine flow accumulation.

[1]. The approach is implemented as a collection of tools known as RiverBox, which

may be found in the toolbox that comes along with ArcGIS. It is a piece of software with
open source. The text includes the URL of the website where the file can be downloaded. The
river bed might be better prepared for more hydrodynamic model simulations with the
assistance of the tools that are already accessible. Even though the toolbox has been finished,
further tools will need to be developed in order to provide enough assistance for the
development of the model for river flow computations. These tools may include interpolation
of bed cover information and linkage with terrain cover data. The transfer of the data from
GIS into forms that may be used by hydrodynamic systems such as HEC-RAS, MIKE 11,
and others presents an increasing risk.
[2] ArcGIS Urban is a brand new web-based 3D program that has been released by
ESRI. It is capable of, among other planning-related features, incorporating zoning and
overlay districts from a GIS layer and then modeling household capacity based on current
rules. In addition to this, the application has the capability of storing several rezoning
scenarios, which enables comparisons to be made in order to locate the best possible zoning
configuration for a specific home unit targeted (ESRI,2020b)
[3] Planners in both the public and corporate sectors frequently make use of ESRI's
ArcGIS software package, which is comprised of several different tools. The evolution of
these GIS systems may be attributed to developments in technology as well as the
requirements of its users. The move toward web-based geographic information systems
(GIS), such as ESRI's ArcGIS Online and its most current desktop version, ArcGIS Pro,
which connects with the online platform, may be the most important development that has
occurred in recent years.
ArcGIS Urban, a web-based platform with an emphasis on planning, was released by
ESRI in 2019 as a continuation of the company's efforts to capitalize on the achievements of
ArcGIS Online (Schoebitz,2019).
[4] There is a recent interest among researchers in examining the utilization of these
interactive dynamic displays to present perspectives of their research data that are easier to
digest in order to assist the audience in studying the work that they have done. The academic
library is committed to providing its users with a high level of assistance, and a significant
component of this help is assisting users in selecting the best tool for the display of their
research. The dialogue should be framed around the needs of the researcher in terms of the
data requirements, the software skills, and the audience in order to assist simplify the decision
process.
 ArcGIS Insights and Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS are two very different tools in
terms of tool selection. However, the capability of using a dashboard theme in the output
phase of visualization in ArcGIS Insights means that it is an option for researchers who wish
to create a dashboard-themed exploratory interface for their audience. This makes ArcGIS
Insights a good choice for researchers who want to create a dashboard-themed exploratory
interface for their audience. The answers to the three questions that follow are helpful in
determining which tool to pick:

The scenario presented below is an example of an introductory session for the

Operations Dashboard for ArcGIS. The session begins with an explanation of dashboards,
continues with a discussion of various use cases and examples, and then moves on to a walk-
through in which students edit an existing dashboard that has been constructed based on an
example scenario. This helps to direct the session and maintain it at a level where the learners
are not being overly distracted by the program and are still able to think about the bigger
decisions that are being made.

[1] Li, Y., Yao, S., Deng, Y., Jia, L., Hou, M., & Gong, Z. (2021). Spatio-temporal study on
supply and demand matching of ecosystem water yield service –a case study of wei river
basin. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/126711
[2] ESRI. (2020b). What is ArcGIS Urban? Accessed 6 Oct 2020
fromhttps://doc.arcgis.com/en/urban/get-started/get-started-what-is-urban.htm.
[3] Schoebitz, N. (2019).ArcGIS Urban V1.0 is here[Forum post]. GeoNet. Accessed 10Sept
2020 fromhttps://community.esri.com/community/arcgis-urban/blog/2019/07
[4] Miller, M. (2021). Spatial analytics dashboards: Assisting researchers to select the
appropriate tool. Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives Bulletin, 167, 43–47.
https://doi.org/10.15353/ACMLA.N167.3645

2.1.2. Hydraulic Modeling

In the field of hydraulic engineering, one type of physical modeling called

hydraulic modeling is used to analyze design and operating concerns. In order to

replicate flow and fluid-transport processes in a variety of natural flow systems and to

evaluate the performance of hydraulic structures and hydraulic machineries, it requires

 the utilization of a scaled model. The potential power of a hydraulic model to simulate

many aspects of a complex flow scenario is one of the advantages of using this model.

(Ettema R. et al. 2000)

The series of mathematical equations that constitute a hydraulic model may be thought of

as a simplified depiction of the real world. They anticipate that: flow, water level, and

velocity in floodplains, river channels, pipe networks, and tidal systems.

The appropriate inflow boundary conditions must then be applied to hydraulic

models after they have been established. The hydraulic model depicts the many

channels and receptors that are present in a pipe or river system.This guidance provides

recommendations for best practices on parts of hydraulic modeling that cannot be

classified as either routes or receptors. (Anonymous, 2021)

2.1.2.1. WaterGEMS for Hydraulic Modeling

WaterGEMS is a hydraulic modelling tool that gives users an environment that is
intuitive and simple to use so that they can confidently assess, design, and optimize their
water distribution systems.( ]. S. M. S.Abkenar, et al., 2015 )
The delivery of water to customers is the primary role that water distribution systems
(also known as WDSs) play. This goal continues to take precedence over the other objectives
of the organization, but modern water operators are focused on finding ways to accomplish
this objective in the most time and cost-effective manner possible. In order to guarantee that
the WDS will work in the most effective manner possible, it is necessary for operators to
perform various activities, sometimes concurrently. As a result, the processes of decision-
making are frequently assisted by multi-criteria optimization approaches. By integrating
many individual water supply networks into larger group systems, it is possible to create
significant changes in the exploitation conditions of the operation of WDSs. Among the many
potential tools that could be used to support advanced maintenance and management of
WDSs, those tools that can find the optimal solution automatically through the mechanism of
implemented metaheuristic methods, such as the genetic algorithm.
Simulations made on the computer program Bentley WaterGEMS were used to figure
out how to connect and run the systems under consideration in the most efficient way.
It is a hydraulic modeling program for water distribution systems that has increased
interoperability and is used by a wide range of organizations [2-4]. WaterGEMS has several
modules that may be used to help the design process of new distribution systems, analyze fire
flow capacity, establish network cleansing plans, identify water losses, monitor and limit
energy consumption, and prioritize pipe renewal.
 The Darwin Scheduler module, which is based on the evolutionary algorithm, makes
it possible for automated optimization of pump operation to take place by allowing variable
pump speed adjustments. This is done to achieve the desired values for various hydraulic
parameters. The goal of minimizing the cost of energy used for pumping was chosen as the
target type for the Darwin Scheduler module. This goal was pursued simultaneously with the
achievement of the desired hydraulic parameters. The screen image of one of the windows in
the Darwin Scheduler module presents the parameters of the pump stations that need to be
optimized. These characteristics include the decision type, speed attributes, and time
specifications, among others. (Świtnicka, K. et al., 2017)
First, in order to simplify the water pipe network and make it simpler for both
analyzing and optimizing, one method that is used intuitively is the simplification of network
model components method. This method involves the deletion of trees, the removal of small-
diameter pipes, and the trimming of short pipe segments, all of which include dead nodes
(with either no demand or very little demand). Second, the needs of the nodes that were taken
out are moved to the simplified network. To do this, the WaterGEMS V8i software is used to
access twelve different demand allocation techniques, and the most effective one is chosen.
Simplification of water supply systems with the goal of creating more optimum
results and providing the most accurate representation possible of the original network. Pump
scheduling optimization is accomplished by using both the original network (without
simplification) and the simplified one (with the best demand allocation method), with the
same constraints and GA options in Darwin Scheduler. This allows for a reduction in the
amount of energy that is consumed by the pump station while still meeting the physical and
operational constraints (a tool in WaterGEMS V8i). In the end, a comparison of the
performance of schedules that were produced from the original network and the simplified
network was done within the original network. The purpose of this comparison was to
investigate the effect that network simplification had on facilitating the process of pump
optimization in terms of the percentage of energy that was saved and the amount of time that
was required for optimization. (] Ali, N. A., et al., 2016)

[1]. S. M. S.Abkenar, S. D. Stanley, C. J. Miller, D. V. Chase, S. P. McElmurry,

SUSCOM8 (2015)
[2].J. Stańczyk, E. Burszta-Adamiak, D. Poor, GWiTS, 5(2017) DOI: 10.15199/17.2017.5.4
[3]. C. Xiao, B. Li, G. He, J. Sun, J. Ping, R. Wang, Procedia Eng.89 (2014) DOI:
10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.203
[4].P. Sage, Procedia Eng.70(2014) DOI: 10.1016/.j.proeng.2014.02.160
[5]. Bentley WaterGEMS Product Data Sheet
www.bentley.com/en/resources/watergems [access 8.10.2017]
[6] Świtnicka, K., Suchorab, P., & Kowalska, B. (2017). The optimisation of a water
distribution system using Bentley WaterGEMS software. ITM Web of Conferences, 15.
https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20171503009
[7] Ali, N. A., Abozeid, G., Darweesh, M. S., & Mamdouh, M. (2016). SIMPLIFICATION
OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCING MORE OPTIMAL PUMP
SCHEDULES IN LESS TIMES. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 44(4).
https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2016.117606