ASSIGNMENT

IN
ME 434
Control Engineering & Lab

Submitted to:
Engr. Alberto R. Deliña
Submitted by:
Kenneth John E. Decipolo

September 30, 2023

OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

Industrial Machine: CNC Machines

 CNC machines, or computer numerical control machines, are automated machines that
use computer software to control the movement of factory tools and machinery. CNC machines
are used to machine a wide variety of materials, including metals, plastics, and wood. They can
also be used to create a wide variety of parts, ranging from simple to complex.

CNC machines are highly accurate and repeatable, making them ideal for manufacturing
parts that require precise tolerances. They are also very efficient, as they can produce large
quantities of parts in a relatively short amount of time. CNC machines have revolutionized the
manufacturing industry, making it possible to produce high-quality parts at a competitive cost.

Here are some of the common types of CNC machines:

 CNC milling machines: used to remove material from a workpiece to create a desired
shape.
 CNC lathes: used to rotate a workpiece while a cutting tool is used to create a desired
shape.
 CNC routers: used to cut and shape materials using a rotating bit.
 CNC plasma cutters: used to cut materials using a hot plasma stream.
 CNC laser cutters: used to cut materials using a high-powered laser beam.

CNC machines are used in a wide variety of industries, including:

 Manufacturing: CNC machines are used to produce a wide variety of parts, such as
automotive parts, aerospace parts, and medical devices.
  Tool and die making: CNC machines are used to create molds and dies used to produce
other parts.
 Electronics: CNC machines are used to produce circuit boards and other electronic
components.
 Woodworking: CNC machines are used to create furniture, cabinets, and other
woodworking projects.

Input

The input to a CNC machine is a computer program that contains the instructions for the
machine to follow. This program is typically created using CAD/CAM software. The CAD/CAM
software converts the design of the part into a series of G-codes, which are the instructions that
the CNC machine understands.

The G-codes specify the path that the cutting tool must follow, the speed and feed rate of
the machine, and other parameters. The program is then transferred to the CNC machine
controller, which is a computer that controls the machine's movements.

Process

Once the program is loaded into the controller, the CNC machine can begin the
machining process. The controller sends signals to the machine's motors, which move the cutting
tool along the path specified in the program. The machine also monitors the cutting process and
makes adjustments as needed to ensure that the part is machined to the correct dimensions.

Output

The output of a CNC machine is a finished part that has been machined to the desired
specifications. The part can then be used in a variety of applications, such as manufacturing,
aerospace, and automotive.

Here is a diagram of the CNC machining process:

CAD/CAM software -> G-code program -> CNC machine

controller -> CNC machine -> Finished part

CLOSE LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

Cruise Control

Cruise control is a system in a vehicle that automatically maintains a constant speed, as

set by the driver. It is typically activated by a button on the steering wheel, and can be
deactivated at any time by pressing the brake pedal.

Cruise control is a very useful feature for long-distance driving, as it can help to reduce
fatigue and improve fuel efficiency. It is also useful for driving in traffic, as it can help to keep
the vehicle at a constant speed without having to constantly adjust the accelerator pedal.

Here are some of the benefits of using cruise control:

 Reduced fatigue: Cruise control can help to reduce fatigue by allowing the driver to take
their foot off the accelerator pedal. This can be especially helpful on long road trips.
 Improved fuel efficiency: Cruise control can help to improve fuel efficiency by helping
the driver to maintain a constant speed. This is because the engine does not have to work
as hard to accelerate and decelerate the vehicle.
 Improved safety: Cruise control can help to improve safety by helping the driver to
maintain a safe speed, especially in traffic.

However, it is important to use cruise control safely and responsibly. Cruise control should
not be used in adverse weather conditions, such as rain, snow, or fog. It should also not be used
in heavy traffic or on winding roads. When using cruise control, the driver should always be
aware of their surroundings and be prepared to take control of the vehicle at any time.

Here is a diagram of the Cruise Control process:

[Desired speed] -> [Speed controller] -> [Actuator
(throttle)] -> [Actual speed]

Input:

The desired speed is the speed that the driver wants the vehicle to maintain. It is set by
the driver using a button on the steering wheel or a lever on the center console.

Process:

The speed controller is the device that compares the desired speed to the actual speed and
calculates an error signal. The error signal is the difference between the desired speed and the
actual speed. The speed controller then uses the error signal to calculate a control signal. The
control signal is sent to the actuator, which adjusts the throttle to maintain the desired speed.

Output:

The output of the cruise control system is the actual speed of the vehicle. This is
measured by a speed sensor, which is typically located on one of the wheels. The cruise control
system works by continuously monitoring the actual speed of the vehicle and comparing it to the
desired speed. If the actual speed is below the desired speed, the speed controller opens the
throttle. This allows more air to flow into the engine, which increases the engine speed and
therefore the speed of the vehicle. If the actual speed is above the desired speed, the speed
controller closes the throttle. This reduces the amount of air flowing into the engine, which
decreases the engine speed and therefore the speed of the vehicle.

Cruise control systems are very effective at maintaining a constant speed. However, it is
important to note that cruise control systems are not perfect. They can be affected by external
factors, such as wind resistance and road conditions. Additionally, they should not be used in
adverse weather conditions or in heavy traffic.