UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB PROGRAMMING :

VARIABLE:
Create and Edit Variables
Create Variables:
The MATLAB® workspace consists of the variables you create and store in memory during a
MATLAB session. You can create new variables in the workspace by running MATLAB code
or using existing variables.

To create a new variable, enter the variable name in the Command Window, followed by an
equal sign (=) and the value you want to assign to the variable. For example, if you run these
statements, MATLAB adds the four variables x, A, I, and C to the workspace:

x = 5.71;
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
I = besseli(x,A);
C = {A A A};

Main Content
Create and Edit Variables
Create Variables
The MATLAB® workspace consists of the variables you create and store in memory during a
MATLAB session. You can create new variables in the workspace by running MATLAB code
or using existing variables.

To create a new variable, enter the variable name in the Command Window, followed by an
equal sign (=) and the value you want to assign to the variable. For example, if you run these
statements, MATLAB adds the four variables x, A, I, and C to the workspace:

x = 5.71;
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
I = besseli(x,A);
C = {A A A};
Workspace browser showing all four variables

You do not have to declare variables before assigning values to them.

If you do not end the assignment statement with a semicolon (;), MATLAB displays the result
in the Command Window. For example,

x = 5.71
x=
5.7100
If you do not explicitly assign the output of a statement to a variable, MATLAB generally
assigns the result to the reserved word ans. The value of ans changes with every statement
that returns an output value that is not assigned to a variable. For example,
sin(1)
ans =
0.8415
To view and edit variables, use the Workspace browser and Variables .

Matlab Variables
Introduction to Matlab Variables
The variables created in MATLAB code are managed by its workspace, which is responsible
for handling memory locations and storing the values assigned to each respective variable.
Matlab workspace supports creating new variables and reusing existing variables in
command execution. In the Matlab environment, each variable is treated as a matrix or an
array, irrespective of their data types.

Declaring variables in Matlab

Matlab does not need variables to be declared explicitly. When the user specifies a variable
name followed by an equation and data, the system instantiates a variable with the given
name, holding the assigned data within it.

The data can be assigned to a variable in ways:

1. Assigning a constant value to the variable

Code:

var1 = 15.41
var2 = [10 22 43; 40 45 63; 27 48 19]

Output:

Matlab Variables1
2. Assigning an expression to a variable
Code:

var1 = sqrt(16)
var2=sin(1)

Output:

Matlab Variables2
3. Initializing variables in Matlab
Matlab variables support both empty and non-empty data as initial values.

Code:

var1 = [] var2=10

Output:
Matlab Variables3How do Variables work in Matlab?
Matlab adds the variables to the workspace once a variable is created from the code.

Code:

var1="I am variable";
I = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];

Output:

Matlab Variables4
Explanation: The content of the variable can be edited using a command or can be edited
from the variable editor. Other operations, such as deleting, duplicating, copying, resizing, or
reshaping the variable, can be done in the workspace.

Code:

var1=50;var2=60;var3=70;

Output:

Matlab Variables 6 Types of variables in Matlab

Various data types are supported by Matlab variables, such as:

1. Char
Matlab variables support the array of characters.

Code:

char_var = "I am a char type variable";

char_var_arr = ["charset1","charset2","charset3"];

2.Complex
The complex variables i.e. in the form of “real +i*imaginary” are supported by Matlab
variables.

a. Creating a complex number:

Code:

complex_var = complex(5,10);

Output:

Complex
5 + 10i
b. Creating an array of complex numbers:
Code:

real = uint8([11;25;23;40]);
imgainary = uint8([21;25;27;47]);
complex_arr = complex(real,imgainary)

Output:

Complex_arr =

11 + 21i
25 + 25i
23 + 27i
40 + 47i

3. Double
In Matlab, the default numeric data type or class is ‘double’, which provides high precision
for most of the computational tasks. Numeric variables are automatically captured in the
form of 64-bit (8-byte) double-precision floating-point values.

Code:

var_name = 100;
xtype = class(var_name)

Output:

xtype = double

NUMBERS:
Numeric Types :
Integer and floating-point data
Numeric classes in MATLAB® include signed and unsigned integers, and single-precision
and double-precision floating-point numbers. By default, MATLAB stores all numeric values
as double-precision floating point. (You cannot change the default type and precision.) You
can choose to store any number, or array of numbers, as integers or as single-precision.
Integer and single precision arrays offer more memory-efficient storage than double
precision.

All numeric types support basic array operations, such as indexing, reshaping, and
mathematical operations.

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Data Type Conversion
Main Content
Numeric Types
Integer and floating-point data
Numeric classes in MATLAB® include signed and unsigned integers, and single-precision
and double-precision floating-point numbers. By default, MATLAB stores all numeric values
as double-precision floating point. (You cannot change the default type and precision.) You
can choose to store any number, or array of numbers, as integers or as single-precision.
Integer and single precision arrays offer more memory-efficient storage than double
precision.

All numeric types support basic array operations, such as indexing, reshaping, and
mathematical operations.

Create Numeric Variables :

double-Double-precision arrays
single -Single-precision arrays
int8 -8-bit signed integer arrays
int16 -16-bit signed integer arrays
int32 -32-bit signed integer arrays
int64 -64-bit signed integer arrays
uint8 -8-bit unsigned integer arrays
uint16 -16-bit unsigned integer arrays
uint32 -32-bit unsigned integer arrays
uint64 -64-bit unsigned integer arrays

Topics
Floating-Point Numbers
MATLAB represents floating-point numbers in either double-precision or single-precision
format. The default is double precision.

Single Precision Math

This example shows how to perform arithmetic and linear algebra with single precision data.

Integers
MATLAB supports 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-byte storage for integer data. If you use the smallest
integer type that accommodates your data, you can save memory and program execution
time.

Integer Arithmetic
This example shows how to perform arithmetic on integer data representing signals and
images.

Create Complex Numbers

Create complex numbers. Complex numbers consist of a real part and an imaginary part.

Infinity and NaN

MATLAB represents infinity by the special value inf, and values that are neither real nor
complex by the special value NaN, which stands for “Not a Number”.

Identifying Numeric Classes

You can check the data type of a variable using any of these commands.

Display Format for Numeric Values

Use the format function or set Preferences to control the display of numeric values.

Combining Unlike Integer Types

If you combine different integer types in a matrix (e.g., signed with unsigned, or 8-bit integers
with 16-bit integers), all elements of the resulting matrix are given the data type of the
leftmost element.

Combining Integer and Noninteger Data

If you combine integers with double, single, or logical classes, all elements of the resulting
matrix are given the data type of the leftmost integer.

Empty Matrices
If you construct a matrix using empty matrix elements, the empty matrices are ignored in the
resulting matrix.

Concatenation Examples
These examples show how to concatenate different data types.

Hexadecimal and Binary Values

Specify hexadecimal and binary values either as literals or as text. Hexadecimal and binary
literals are stored as integers. You can convert text representing hexadecimal and binary
values to numbers, and numbers to text representations.

Matlab operators :
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform various numerical or logical
manipulations. MATLAB is designed to operate mainly on whole matrices and arrays.
Therefore, functions in MATLAB work both on scalar and non-scalar data.
MATLAB has several types of operators, symbols, and special characters to deal with
variables, functions, and arithmetic operations.

MATLAB Arithmetic Operators:

Arithmetic operators help in performing simple arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and power.

Arithmetic Operators and Arrays:

Except for some matrix operators, MATLAB arithmetic operators work on corresponding
functions of arrays with equal dimensions. For vectors and rectangular array, both operands
must be the equivalent size unless one is a scalar. If one operand is a scalar and the other is
not, MATLAB applies the scalar to every item of the other operand, this property is called
scalar expansion.

This example uses scalar expansion to evaluate the product of a scalar operand and a
matrix.
A = magic (3)
A=
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
3*A
ans=
24 3 18
9 15 21
12 27 6

MATLAB Relational Operators

Relational operators perform value comparison operations.
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than lt
<= Less than or equal to

Relational Operators and Arrays:

The MATLAB relational operators compare corresponding components of arrays with equal
dimensions. Relational operators always operate element-by-element. In this example, the
resulting matrix present where the element of A is equal to the corresponding part of B.

A = [2 7 6; 9 0 5; 3 0.5 6];
B = [8 7 0; 3 2 5; 4 -1 7];
A == B
ans =
0 1 0
0 0 1
 0 0 0
For vectors and rectangular array, both operands must be the same size unless one is a
scalar. In this case, where one operand is a scalar, and the other is not, MATLAB tests the
scalar against every element of the other operand. Locations where the particular relation is
true receive logical
1. Locations where the relation is false receive logical 0.

MATLAB Logical Operators:

Logical operators perform logical operations and output the result in Boolean state true or
false using the numbers 1 and 0, respectively.

MATLAB offer three types of logical operators and functions:

Element-wise: It works on corresponding elements of logical arrays.

Bit-wise: It works on corresponding bits of integer values or arrays.
Short-circuit: It works on scalar, logical expressions.

The values returned by MATLAB logical operators and functions, with the exception of
bit-wise functions, are of type logical and are suitable for use with logical indexing.

Element-Wise Operators and Functions

The following logical operators and functions execute element-wise logical operations on
their inputs to produce a like-sized output array. The examples are shown in the following
table use vector inputs A and B, where
A = [0 1 1 0 1];
B = [1 1 0 0 1];
& - Logical AND It returns 1 for every element location that is true (nonzero) in both
arrays and 0 for all other elements.
Description:A& B = 01001

Bit-Wise Operator:
The following functions execute bit-wise logical operations on nonnegative integer inputs.
Inputs may be scalar or in arrays. If in arrays, these operations produce a like-sized output
array.

The examples are present in the following table use scalar inputs A and B, where

A = 28; % binary 11100

B = 21; % binary 10101

Short-Circuit Operators:
The following operators execute AND and OR operations on logical expressions, including
scalar values. They are short-circuiting operators in that they calculate their second operand
only when the first operand does not fully determine the output.
Expressions:
Why Use Expressions
An expression used in a class definition can be any valid MATLAB® statement that
evaluates to a single array. Use expressions to define property default values and in attribute
specifications. Expressions are useful to derive values in terms of other values. For example,
suppose that you want to define a constant property with the full precision value of 2π. You
can assign the property the value returned by the expression 2*pi. MATLAB evaluates the
function when first loading the class.

For information on assigning property default values and attribute values, see Initialize
Property Values and Property Attributes.
MATLAB Expressions

Two specific types of MATLAB expressions covered in this section are

1.String Evaluation
2.Shell Escape Functions
String Evaluation:
String evaluation adds power and flexibility to the MATLAB language, letting you perform
operations like executing user-supplied strings and constructing executable strings through
concatenation of strings stored in variables.

eval:
The eval function evaluates a string that contains a MATLAB expression, statement, or
function call. In its simplest form, the eval syntax is

eval('string')
For example, this code uses eval on an expression to generate a Hilbert matrix of order n.

t = '1/(m + n - 1)';
for m = 1:k
for n = 1:k
a(m,n) = eval(t);
end
end
Here is an example that uses eval on a statement.

eval('t = clock');
Constructing Strings for Evaluation. You can concatenate strings to create a complete
expression for input to eval. This code shows how eval can create 10 variables named P1,
P2, ..., P10, and set each of them to a different value.

for n = 1:10
eval(['P', int2str(n), '= n .^ 2'])
end

feval:
The feval function differs from eval in that it executes a function rather than a MATLAB
expression. The function to be executed is specified in the first argument by either a function
handle or a string containing the function name.
You can use feval and the input function to choose one of several tasks defined by M-files.
This example uses function handles for the sin, cos, and log functions.

fun = [@sin; @cos; @log];

k = input('Choose function number: ');
x = input('Enter value: ');
feval(fun(k), x)

VECTOR AND MATRICES OPERATIONS :

MATLAB a vector is a matrix with either one row or one column. The distinction between row
vectors and column vectors is essential. Many programming errors are caused by using a
row vector where a column vector is required, and vice versa.
MATLAB vectors are used in many situations, e.g., creating x-y plots, that do not fall under
the rubric of linear algebra.
A vector in Matlab refers to a matrix. This matrix may have either one row or one column.
There is a distinct difference between rows and columns. When there is a mix-up in the rows
and columns, it can lead to many programming errors.

The major uses of Matlab vectors are to create x-y plots which cannot be represented using
linear algebra. Thus, vectors become a convenient data structure. It enforces the rules of
linear algebra in its operations. Therefore it is important to keep an eye out for detail for
vector creation and manipulation.

Types of Matlab Vectors

There are two types of vectors, which are:

Row Vector
Column Vector

Row Vector
As the name suggests, it is a horizontal set of elements represented within square brackets.
The elements within the square brackets are then separated by a space or comma.

X = [ 5 6 9 ] or X = [ 5 , 6 , 9 ]

Column Vector
A column vector represents a vertical set of elements represented within square brackets.
One can write a column vector in two ways. The first way is to separate each element by a
semicolon. The second way is to write each element on the next row in the command
window.

X = [ 7 ; 5 ; 9 ] or

X=[7

5
9]

Create a Matlab Vector

Let us now look at how to create a Matlab vector. First, creating a vector introduces a vector
sign on the left-hand side of an equal sign, and the right-hand side of the equal sign must be
evaluated as a vector. There is more than one way to create a vector. Each situation calls for
a particular way. Let us look at them in detail.

The first way is to build it using the zeroes of the built-in function, linspace, and logspace.
You can assign mathematical expressions involving vectors.
Vectors can also be created by appending elements to a scalar.
Vector created using colon notation.
Let us look at some of the methods which are more widely used than the others.

Creating vectors with ones, zeros, linspace, and logspace: Creating vectors with these
factors allows users to make vectors with prescribed spacing between the elements and a
specific size.

One has to decide how long the vector has to be to create a vector with one of these
functions. Once that is decided, one has to decide if the vector is a row or column vector.

There are two arguments for the ones and zeros functions. The first is how many rows you
want to have in your matrix. The number of columns is the second. Set the relevant
argument of ones and zeros to one to generate a row or a column vector.

For example, to create a row vector of length 6, filled with ones, use:

>> x = ones(1,6)

Similarly, to create a column vector of length 6, filled with zeros use

>> y = zeros(6,1)

Vectors with linearly or logarithmically spaced elements are produced by the linspace and
logspace functions. Here are some illustrations with MATLAB output.

>> x = linspace(1,5,5)

x=

1 2 3 4 5

>> y = logspace(1,4,4)

y=

10 100 1000 10000

The third argument is optional with regards to the linspace and logspace.

Both linspace and logspace include an optional third argument. The third argument specifies
the number of elements to use inside the first and second argument range.

How to Plot Vectors in Matlab?

The built-in function quiver in MATLAB may be used to visualize vectors. The steps for using
Quiver to plot vectors are as follows:

If you're working in three dimensions, define the vectors as column vectors with x, y, and z
components and store them in a matrix. You may create three vectors, for instance, if their
components are (1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 1), and (3, 1, 2) as follows:

vectors = [1 2 3; 2 3 1; 3 1 2];

Create column vectors to represent the vectors' beginning positions and store them in a
matrix. For example, if you want to start the first vector at the origin and the other two
vectors at points (1, 1, 1) and (2, 2, 2), respectively, you can define them as follows:

startpoints = [0 0 0; 1 1 1; 2 2 2];

Use the quiver function to plot the vectors. The basic syntax of the quiver function is:

quiver(x, y, u, v, scale)

Where x and y are the coordinates of the starting points of the vectors, u and v are the
components of the vectors, and scale is an optional scaling factor that controls the length of
the vectors.

To plot the vectors defined in step 1 and 2, you can use the following code:

quiver(startpoints(:,1), startpoints(:,2), vectors(:,1), vectors(:,2), scale);

Note that if you are working in 3D, you need to include the z components of the vectors and
the starting points in the quiver function as well.

Customize the plot as needed. You can change the color and width of the vectors, add labels
and a title, adjust the scaling, and so on. Here are some examples:

% Change the color and width of the vectors

quiver(startpoints(:,1), startpoints(:,2), vectors(:,1), vectors(:,2), scale, 'LineWidth', 2, 'Color',

'r');

% Add labels and a title

xlabel('X');
ylabel('Y');

title('Vector Plot');

% Adjust the scaling

axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]); % set the limits of the plot

axis equal; % make the x and y axis scales equal

These basic steps are to plot vectors in MATLAB using the quiver function. You can also use
other functions, such as an arrow and compass.

MATRICES AND ARRAYS CREATION AND OPERATIONS:

All MATLAB variables are multidimensional arrays, no matter what type of data. A matrix is a
two-dimensional array often used for linear algebra.

Array Creation
To create an array with four elements in a single row, separate the elements with either a
comma (,) or a space.

a = [1 2 3 4]
a = 1×4

1 2 3 4

This type of array is a row vector.

To create a matrix that has multiple rows, separate the rows with semicolons.

a = [1 3 5; 2 4 6; 7 8 10]
a = 3×3

1 3 5
2 4 6
7 8 10

Another way to create a matrix is to use a function, such as ones, zeros, or rand. For
example, create a 5-by-1 column vector of zeros.

z = zeros(5,1)
z = 5×1

0
0
0
0
0
Matrix and Array Operations
MATLAB allows you to process all of the values in a matrix using a single arithmetic operator
or function.

a + 10
ans = 3×3

11 13 15
12 14 16
17 18 20

sin(a)
ans = 3×3

0.8415 0.1411 -0.9589

0.9093 -0.7568 -0.2794
0.6570 0.9894 -0.5440

To transpose a matrix, use a single quote ('):

a'
ans = 3×3

1 2 7
3 4 8
5 6 10

You can perform standard matrix multiplication, which computes the inner products between
rows and columns, using the * operator. For example, confirm that a matrix times its inverse
returns the identity matrix:

p = a*inv(a)
p = 3×3

1.0000 0.0000 -0.0000

0 1.0000 -0.0000
0 0.0000 1.0000

Notice that p is not a matrix of integer values. MATLAB stores numbers as floating-point
values, and arithmetic operations are sensitive to small differences between the actual value
and its floating-point representation.

DOT PRODUCT :
Syntax
C = dot(A,B)
C = dot(A,B,dim)
Description
example
C = dot(A,B) returns the scalar dot product of A and B.

If A and B are vectors, then they must have the same length.

If A and B are matrices or multidimensional arrays, then they must have the same size. In
this case, the dot function treats A and B as collections of vectors. The function calculates
the dot product of corresponding vectors along the first array dimension whose size does not
equal 1.

example
C = dot(A,B,dim) evaluates the dot product of A and B along dimension, dim. The dim input
is a positive integer scalar.

Examples
collapse all
Dot Product of Real Vectors
Create two simple, three-element vectors.

A = [4 -1 2];
B = [2 -2 -1];
Calculate the dot product of A and B.

C = dot(A,B)
C=8
The result is 8 since

C = A(1)*B(1) + A(2)*B(2) + A(3)*B(3)

WORK WITH VECTORS :

Vector Operators
The + sign works directly as a "vector operation" and as a "scalar operation" (applying to a
single value). Some operators have two meanings and thus requires a special (new)
operator for vector math.

Division
Dividing every element by a single value is accomplished just using the / for division.

[5 6 7] / 10
ans =
.5000 .6000 .7000

Dividing every element in an array by a value in a corresponding array is done using the ./
(dot slash) notation.
 [5 6 7] ./ [ 8 9 10 ]
ans =
0.6250 0.6667 0.7000

Matrix division which is roughly the same as A times the inverse of B

[5 6 7] / [ 8 9 10 ]
ans =
0.6694

Multiplication
Multiplying every element by a single value is accomplished just using the *.

[5 6 7] * 10
ans =
50 60 70

Multiplying every element in an array by a value in a corresponding array is done using the .*
(dot slash) notation.

[5 6 7] .* [ 8 9 10 ]
ans =
40 54 70

Matrix multiplication uses the * notation.

% Note: the ' means matrix transpose!

[5 6 7] * [ 8 9 10 ]'
ans =
0.6694

Other Operations
Power (^) and other operators generally work in a similar method. See the online Matlab
help.

Colon Operator
As stated elsewhere, the colon is used to build a list of values (an array) based on a "start
value" : "increment value" : "end value"
If an "increment value" is not given, then 1 is assumed.

array = 5:7 % produces [5 6 7]

array = 1:.5:4 % produces [ 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 ]

Files and Folders

File operations, MATLAB® search path
MATLAB can access programs and data files that are on your own machine, on network
drives, or on the cloud. When you call a function that uses a file but does not specify its full
path, MATLAB looks for that file in the current folder first, and then in folders on the search
path. For more information, see Files and Folders That MATLAB Accesses.

Categories
File Operations:
Find, view, and change files and folders.
Cloud File Storage:
Securely store and share files between the desktop, mobile, and MATLAB Online™
applications.
Search Path:
View and change MATLAB search path
File Compression:
Zip and tar files; file compression and decompression.
File Name Construction:
Components of full paths, including folders, extensions, and separators.
Working with files :scripts
The simplest type of MATLAB® program is called a script. A script is a file that contains
multiple sequential lines of MATLAB commands and function calls. You can run a script by
typing its name at the command line.

Scripts
To create a script, use the edit command,

edit mysphere
This command opens a blank file named mysphere.m. Enter some code that creates a unit
sphere, doubles the radius, and plots the results:

[x,y,z] = sphere;
r = 2;
surf(x*r,y*r,z*r)
axis equal
Next, add code that calculates the surface area and volume of a sphere:

A = 4*pi*r^2;
V = (4/3)*pi*r^3;
Whenever you write code, it is a good practice to add comments that describe the code.
Comments enable others to understand your code and can refresh your memory when you
return to it later. Add comments using the percent (%) symbol.

% Create and plot a sphere with radius r.

[x,y,z] = sphere; % Create a unit sphere.
r = 2;
surf(x*r,y*r,z*r) % Adjust each dimension and plot.
axis equal % Use the same scale for each axis.

% Find the surface area and volume.

A = 4*pi*r^2;
V = (4/3)*pi*r^3;
Save the file in the current folder. To run the script, type its name at the command line:

mysphere
You can also run scripts from the Editor using the Run button, .

Live Scripts
Instead of writing code and comments in plain text, you can use formatting options in live
scripts to enhance your code. Live scripts allow you to view and interact with both code and
output and can include formatted text, equations, and images.

For example, convert mysphere to a live script by selecting Save As and changing the file
type to a MATLAB live code file (*.mlx). Then, replace the code comments with formatted
text. For instance:

Convert the comment lines to text. Select each line that begins with a percent symbol, and
then select Text, . Remove the percent symbols.

Rewrite the text to replace the comments at the end of code lines. To apply a monospace
font to function names in the text, select M. To add an equation, select Equation on the Insert
tab.

Text and font options are in the Text section of the Live Editor tab.

To create a new live script using the edit command, include the .mlx extension with the file
name:

edit newfile.mlx

Create Functions in Files:

Both scripts and functions allow you to reuse sequences of commands by storing them in
program files. Scripts are the simplest type of program, since they store commands exactly
as you would type them at the command line. Functions provide more flexibility, primarily
because you can pass input values and return output values. For example, this function
named fact computes the factorial of a number (n) and returns the result (f).
function f = fact(n)
f = prod(1:n);
end
This type of function must be defined within a file, not at the command line. Often, you store
a function in its own file. In that case, the best practice is to use the same name for the
function and the file (in this example, fact.m), since MATLAB® associates the program with
the file name. Save the file either in the current folder or in a folder on the MATLAB search
path.

You can call the function from the command line, using the same syntax rules that apply to
functions installed with MATLAB. For instances, calculate the factorial of 5.

x = 5;
y = fact(5)
y=

120
Starting in R2016b, another option for storing functions is to include them at the end of a
script file. For instance, create a file named mystats.m with a few commands and two
functions, fact and perm. The script calculates the permutation of (3,2).

x = 3;
y = 2;
z = perm(x,y)

function p = perm(n,r)
p = fact(n)/fact(n-r);
end

function f = fact(n)
f = prod(1:n);
end
Call the script from the command line.

mystats
z=

6
Syntax for Function Definition:
The first line of every function is the definition statement, which includes the following
elements.

function keyword (required)

Use lowercase characters for the keyword.

Output arguments (optional)

If your function returns one output, you can specify the output name after the function
keyword.

function myOutput = myFunction(x)

If your function returns more than one output, enclose the output names in square brackets.

function [one,two,three] = myFunction(x)

If there is no output, you can omit it.

function myFunction(x)
Or you can use empty square brackets.

function [] = myFunction(x)
Function name (required)

Valid function names follow the same rules as variable names. They must start with a letter,
and can contain letters, digits, or underscores.

Note:

To avoid confusion, use the same name for both the function file and the first function within
the file. MATLAB associates your program with the file name, not the function name. Script
files cannot have the same name as a function in the file.

Input arguments (optional)

If your function accepts any inputs, enclose their names in parentheses after the function
name. Separate inputs with commas.

function y = myFunction(one,two,three)
If there are no inputs, you can omit the parentheses.

Tip:

When you define a function with multiple input or output arguments, list any required
arguments first. This ordering allows you to call your function without specifying optional
arguments.

Contents of Functions and Files:

The body of a function can include valid MATLAB expressions, control flow statements,
comments, blank lines, and nested functions. Any variables that you create within a function
are stored within a workspace specific to that function, which is separate from the base
workspace.

Program files can contain multiple functions. If the file contains only function definitions, the
first function is the main function, and is the function that MATLAB associates with the file
name. Functions that follow the main function or script code are called local functions. Local
functions are only available within the file.
End Statements:
Functions end with either an end statement, the end of the file, or the definition line for a
local function, whichever comes first. The end statement is required if:

Any function in the file contains a nested function (a function completely contained within its
parent).

The function is a local function within a function file, and any local function in the file uses the
end keyword.

The function is a local function within a script file.

Although it is sometimes optional, use end for better code readability.