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 Machu Picchu (Cuzco, Peru)
Machu Picchu is a very well-known historical site. Machu Picchu is an
ancient Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru, South
America. It is situated on a mountain ridge at an elevation of approximately
2,430meters (7,970 feet) above sea level, overlooking the Urubamba River
valley. Machu Picchu was built in the mid-15th century, during the height of
the Inca Empire. It is believed to have been constructed as an estate for the
Inca emperor Pachacuti. The exact purpose of the site is still debated among
historians, but it is thought to have served as a ceremonial and religious
center, as well as a retreat for the ruling elite.
The architecture of Machu Picchu showcases the exceptional engineering
skills of the Inca civilization. The site consists of more than 150 buildings,
including houses, temples, storage structures, and terraces. The structures are
built using precisely cut stones that fit together without mortar. The
construction techniques and use of natural features, such as terraces and
irrigation systems, highlight the Inca's deep understanding of the surrounding
environment. One of the notable features of Machu Picchu is the Intihuatana
stone, also known as the "Hitching Post of the Sun." It is a carved granite rock
that served as an astronomical device for the Inca. It is believed to have been
used to accurately determine the timing of the solstices and other celestial
events.
Today, Machu Picchu is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the
world. Its stunning beauty and historical significance attract visitors from all
over the globe. Due to its delicate nature and the risk of overcrowding, visitor
numbers are regulated, and certain conservation measures are in place to
protect the site from damage.

 Petra (Jordan-Ancient City)

The historical city of Petra, Jordan is known for buildings that were cut into
the rock. Petra is often referred to as the "Rose City" due to the rosy due of the
sandstone cliffs from which it is carved. The city's buildings, temples, and
tombs were meticulously carved into the rose-colored rock, creating a unique
and awe-inspiring sight. A Swiss explorer called Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
discovered Petra in 1812. Because it was an unknown metropolitan for around
5 centuries, it is also called the ‘Lost City’. Petra was the capital city of the
Nabatean civilization, an ancient Arab kingdom that thrived from the 4th
century BCE to the 1st century CE and that’s make Petra one of the oldest
cities in the world.
The Nabateans were skilled traders and established a prosperous trade
route that passed through Petra, connecting the Arabian Peninsula with the
Mediterranean world. The Nabataeans were accustomed to living in the barren
deserts and were able to repel attacks by taking advantage of the area's
mountainous terrain. They were particularly skillful in harvesting rainwater,
agriculture, and stone carving.
Petra is situated in a valley surrounded by towering sandstone cliffs,
providing a natural defensive position for the city. It is located in the
southwestern part of Jordan, about 80 kilometers south of the Dead Sea. One
of the defining features of Petra is its remarkable rock-cut architecture. The
city is known for its intricate facades and structures carved directly into the
rose-colored sandstone cliffs. The most iconic building is Al-Khazneh, also
known as The Treasury, which serves as Petra's most recognized landmark. The
Treasury, Carved into a sandstone cliff, it served as a mausoleum for a
Nabatean king. The Treasury's elaborate façade, with its intricate carvings and
towering columns, is an architectural masterpiece and a symbol of Petra. To
reach the Treasury, visitors must pass through a narrow gorge called the Siq.
This natural sandstone canyon, with walls rising up to 200 meters high, is a
dramatic entrance to the ancient city. Walking through the Siq creates a sense
of anticipation and wonder before the grand reveal of the Treasury.
Petra is home to more than 600 tombs. Like many other ancient civilizations,
the Nabataeans honored the memory of their dead and carried numerous
mortuary rituals once they left the material world. Approximately only 15% of
Petra has been explored by archaeologists, which therefore means that there
is still plenty to be revealed.
Petra is also frequently used for filming scenes from international films that
gather millions of audiences worldwide. Many film directors and producers
were filming in Petra because of its unique building and also a well-suited area
used as an alternative to Mars and at other times to serve as a backdrop for
battles between rulers or arenas for epic struggles against enemies.

 The Taj Mahal (Agra, India)

The Taj Mahal is an iconic mausoleum located in Agra, India. The Taj Mahal
is located on the right bank of the Yamuna River in a vast Mughal garden that
encompasses nearly 17 hectares, in the Agra District in Uttar Pradesh. The Taj
Mahal was commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1631 as a
mausoleum for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Mumtaz Mahal passed away
during childbirth in 1631. The Taj Mahal is considered a symbol of eternal love
and is often referred to as the "monument of love." It was built by Shah Jahan
as a tribute to his late wife, Mumtaz Mahal, to honor her memory and express
his deep love for her.
The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia.
The building material used is brick-in-lime mortar veneered with red sandstone
and marble and inlay work of precious/Semi precious stones. The mosque and
the guest house in the Taj Mahal complex are built of red sandstone in contrast
to the marble tomb in the centre. Both the buildings have a large platform over
the terrace at their front. Both the mosque and the guest house are the
identical structures. It is believed over 1,000 elephants were used to transport
building materials. Some 22,000 labourers, painters, embroidery artists and
stonecutters were used. The Taj Mahal is renowned for exquisite blend of
Persian, Islamic, and Mughal architectural styles. The chief architect, Ustad
Ahmad Lahauri, combined various elements to create a symmetrical and
harmonious design. The white marble used for the construction was brought
from Makrana in Rajasthan and other 28 types precious stones were sourced
from different parts of India and Asia.
One of the charms of the Taj Mahal is color changes constantly throughout
the day. From dawn to dusk, the sun transforms the mausoleum. It may appear
pearl gray and pale pink at sunrise, dazzling white at midday, and bronze
orange at sunset. At night, the Taj Mahal can appear clear blue. The Taj Mahal
attracts millions of visitors from around the world who come to admire its
architectural beauty, explore its history, and experience the enchanting
atmosphere surrounding this iconic monument of love.
 In recent years the high level of pollution in India has remained a concern
and due to this high pollution has resulted in the yellowing of the white marble
of the Taj Mahal. To counteract this yellowing, special mud pack treatments
have been and continue to be given to the iconic monument. The cleansing
treatment, a traditional recipe used by Indian women to restore a natural glow
to their faces, according to archaeologists, will help restore the mausoleum's
natural shine and color.