India – Myanmar Relations

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Why in News?
India-Myanmar joint operation destroyed several militant camps of Arakan Army
on the Indo-Myanmar border.
The action averted a possible threat to the ambitious Kaladan transit and
transport project which is important for improving the connectivity in the Northeast.
Myanmar is important for India because of the geographic, historical, cultural and
economic linkages/ties that span centuries as well as for the overall development of
North-Eastern Indian states. India and Myanmar relationship officially got underway
after the Treaty of Friendship was signed in 1951.

Areas of Cooperation

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Strategic Significance
India and Myanmar share a long 1,643 km geographical land border and
maritime boundary in the Bay of Bengal. Myanmar shares borders with 4 Indian
states – Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast
India.
Myanmar is India’s gateway to South-East Asia.
India - Myanmar border is highly porous, poorly guarded and located along a
remote, underdeveloped, insurgency-prone region and proximate to opium
producing area.
The border is also vulnerable to the activities of insurgents and drugs and
arms traffickers.
Myanmar is also important from the security point of view as the influx of
sizable numbers of Rohingya from Myanmar’s Rakhine state continues.
India–Myanmar border poses a challenge to India’s security.

Trade and Economy

The success of India’s Act East Policy, Neighbourhood first policy largely depend
on its relations with Myanmar.
Bilateral trade has grown from $12.4 million in 1980-81 to $2.18 billion in 2016-
17.
Myanmar is also the beneficiary of a duty-free tariff preference scheme for least
developed countries (LDCs).
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 Some of the Indian companies such as Essar, GAIL, and ONGC Videsh Ltd. have
invested in Myanmar’s energy sector.
Cooperation in the banking sector, which is crucial for investment and trade, is
moving ahead steadily. United Bank of India and EXIM Bank have representative
offices in Myanmar.
Indian firms engage in manufacturing, services (banking, insurance, dry port),
power sector etc.
Connectivity
India is building the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport, a road-river-port
cargo transport project, to link Kolkata to Sittwe in Myanmar and then from
Myanmar’s Kaladan river to India’s north-east.

India, Myanmar, and Thailand are building the Asian Trilateral Highway, which
will connect India to ASEAN. The road is expected to boost trade and commerce
in the ASEAN–India Free Trade Area, as well as with the rest of Southeast Asia.
Development Assistance
India has already extended $2 billion in soft loans. It has offered to help
Myanmar developmental assistance in the areas it wants rather than be
prescriptive.
India is also providing assistance in setting up institutions for higher learning
and research, namely Myanmar Institute of Information Technology, Advanced
Centre for Agricultural Research and Education, Myanmar-India Centre for
Enhancement of IT Skills, India-Myanmar Industrial Training Centres.
A new Indian proposal suggests the setting up of infrastructure and socio-
economic projects jointly with Myanmar in the restive Rakhine state—in the
areas of education, health, agriculture, agro-processing, upgradation of roads,
small power projects and livelihood activity.
Defence Cooperation
India-Myanmar Bilateral Army Exercise (IMBAX) is aimed at building and
promoting closer relations with armies.
Myanmar is a key partner in the fight to end insurgency in India's northeast.
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 Cultural Significance
India and Myanmar share cultural ties in terms of Buddhist heritage and shared
history of colonialism.
Building on this shared heritage, India is undertaking some key initiatives in the
restoration of the Ananda Temple in Bagan and the repair and conservation of
a large number of damaged pagodas.
Humanitarian Assistance
India has responded promptly and effectively in rendering assistance following
natural calamities in Myanmar like Cyclone Mora (2017), Komen (2015),
earthquake in Shan State (2010).
India also offered to provide support in capacity building in disaster risk
mitigation as well as in strengthening Myanmar's National Disaster Response
Mechanism.
Indian Community
There are varying estimates of 1.5-2 million people of Indian origin living and
working in various parts of Myanmar.
Multilateral Partnership
Myanmar is also a key component of India’s strategy to bridge South and South-
East Asia through BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical
and Economic Cooperation).
Myanmar's membership of ASEAN, BIMSTEC and Mekong Ganga Cooperation
has introduced a regional/sub-regional dimension to bilateral relations and
imparted added significance in the context of our "Act East" policy.
Myanmar has generally been supportive of India's stand in various international
organisations. For our part, we have supported Myanmar's association with
SAARC as an observer, a status Myanmar formally acquired in 2008.
The Rohingya Issue
India does not directly engage with the issue of Myanmar’s treatment of its
Rohingya Muslim minority. But India has condemned the recent terrorist attacks
in northern Rakhine State. This can be considered as a measure of support to
Myanmar.

Challenges
Internal Security is a major concern for India; Indo-Myanmar border is porous and
lightly policed which is exploited by terrorist outfits and insurgent groups from North
Eastern part of India eg. supply of trained cadres, arms trafficking.
Bilateral trade between India and Myanmar still falls short of expectations.
Overtime trust deficit has widened between India-Myanmar because of the Indian
reputation for delaying implementation of various projects.
China has asserted itself through its soft power as well as through its trade and
economic relations with Myanmar by taking up large infrastructure projects.
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 As China’s growing influence in the region is a potential threat to India, New Delhi
would like to enhance India’s presence by developing infrastructure and connectivity
projects in the country.
India has found it difficult to counter Chinese influence in Myanmar.

Way Forward
Both the countries are affected due to the misuse of open border by internal and
external forces, the responsibility of border management and regulation depends on
both.
It is also the only country that can act as a link between India and ASEAN.
Myanmar is India’s gateway to Southeast Asia and could be the required impetus to
realize India’s Act East Policy.
Myanmar itself is an emerging consumer market of 60 million people who have
demands for products ranging from personal care to beverages to smart phones.
India should leverage these export opportunities.
There are a few sectors where India can extend its presence in Myanmar. These
include manufacturing high-end smart phones, exporting cement, furniture, FMCG,
energy, telecommunications, healthcare, creating townships, low cost housing
development, ports and logistics, rural electrification etc.
Agriculture is another sector where India can substantially augment its cooperation
with Myanmar in rice research activities, post-harvest technology, agriculture financing
and articulating policies.
India’s Kaladan Multimodal Transit and Transport project and India-Myanmar-Thailand
Trilateral Highway have seen much delay over the past couple of years. Hence, it can
be said that the success of India’s Act East Policy will now depend on India’s prompt
action and pragmatic approach for completion of projects.
Enhancing economic partnership with Myanmar needs to be a priority in India’s Act
East Policy which will benefit New Delhi in enhancing ties with Southeast Asia.

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