CHAP4

46
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Slang Expressions
Table 1 presents the collected slang expressions in
online messaging conversations and its classifications
according to form and the codes. Some of the collected slang
expressions are endearment, swearing, and showing support.
Slang expressions has no societal boundaries or limitations
as it can exist in all cultures and classes in society as
well as in all languages. For instance, in Ninorte-Samarnon
such as “demongker,” Tagalog slang like “awit,” English
slang such as “lodi,” and even the Gay lingo like “Anez?”.
The slang expressions were classified according to its
form, first is the Wrong Talk Funny One. Under this form are
slang expressions wherein the spelling of a word is modified
which affects how it is pronounced, thus, results to strange
and mischievous language. Second is the Shortened Form of
slang which contains slang expressions that are shortened
and contracted in terms of its spelling. Third is
Interjection. These are expressions that are usually used to
express feelings or emotions. Lastly, is the Reinvented.
These are the existing slang or new coinages that was

47
developed and basically created because of the millennial
play in words. To reinvent is to remake or make over in a
different form.
Reinvented form of slang is the new form proposed and
discovered by the researchers. This new form of slang
qualifies to the characteristics of slang according to Allan
and Burridge. They affirm that there are five different
types of slang namely: fresh and creative, flippant,
imitative, acronym and clipping. Reinvented expressions that
are fresh and creative means they are totally new
vocabularies, informal, clever, imaginative, and up-to-date
words (see Chapter 2, page 22-23).
A total of 58 slang expressions were collected and
classified according to Bloomfield’s form of slang and
proposed form by the researchers which is the Reinvented
form. Majority of the collected slang expressions are used
to express emotions of the speaker making the interjection
form of slang dominant among the other forms.
Table 1. Slang Expressions
SLANG EXPRESSIONS SLANG FORM CODES

Anez?, Anek? Wrong talk funny one A
walwal Wrong talk funny one A
Pabebe Wrong talk funny one A
lodi, lods Wrong talk funny one A
wiz, wes, witit, waley Wrong talk funny one A
48
Hushay mo! Wrong talk funny one A

Makati Wrong talk funny one A
opkursi Wrong talk funny one A
bekenemen Wrong talk funny one A
Gunthe u? Wrong talk funny one A
beshie, bestie, bes Shortened form B
awit Shortened form B
SKL Shortened form B
nimal Shortened form B
epek! Shortened form B
shuta!, shotacca! Interjection C
depunggol!, demongker!, Interjection C
deputeks!
kalamre! Interjection C
Mananas man! Interjection C
demonju!, demu! Interjection C
Imos haon! Interjection C
kalawsi! Interjection C
panulay! Interjection C
hiyay! Interjection C
pastikom! Interjection C
Ata Nanay! Interjection C
piste!, peskat! Interjection C
kalambor! Interjection C
agik!, agii!, aguyy! Interjection C
kolera! Interjection C
korekong! Interjection C
hatik! Interjection C
ngek!, ngi!, nye! Interjection C
Jusque!, Jusko! Interjection C
lodi!, lods! Interjection C
Edi wow! Interjection C
Werpa lods! Interjection C
grabe! Interjection C
sana all!, sanaol!, Interjection C
naol!
petmalu! Interjection C
Susmarayosep!, Ay Interjection C
Santisima!
freshedtt Reinvented New Form
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Stressedtt ak bangs! Reinvented New Form

Lavarn/Labandtt dzae! Reinvented New Form
goshedtt Reinvented New Form
shetted Reinvented New Form
shockedtt, shookt Reinvented New Form
Oks lungs! Reinvented New Form
linggay Reinvented New Form
okied Reinvented New Form
danceriszt Reinvented New Form
songeriszt Reinvented New Form
tiktokeriszt Reinvented New Form
patronizer Reinvented New Form
afam Reinvented New Form
Wasti na! Reinvented New Form
Minerva Reinvented New Form
maaward Reinvented New Form
Legend:
A= Wrong Funny Talk One B= Shortened Form
C= Interjection New Form= Reinvented
Forms of Collected Slang Expressions
Table 2.1 covers the slang expressions classified as
The Wrong Talk Funny One. The slang that falls under this
category are expressions that has a modification of pitch
and a strange question which is used as a rough language
that is funny or expresses a mistrust feeling of something.
Slang expression “Anez?”, is another slang expression
which asks question. Anez is a slang term for the Tagalog
word “ano?” (what?). This slang expression has another
variation in spelling, “Anek?”. Speakers use this

50
interchangeably based on whichever they prefer. The slang
originally came from the gay lingo with its special language
characteristics.
Slang expression “walwal,” is derived from a popular
slang that millennials frequently use today, and which
emanates from the phrase “Walang pakialam.” According to the
young, its closest English translation is “To get wasted”
from drinking too much alcohol.
Slang expression “Pabebe,” is a popular millennial
slang said to someone who tries to look cute and endearing
that sometimes it does not suit the person but only makes
them look dumb. Pabebe, is a combination of a Filipino
prefix ‘magpa’ which is shortened to ‘pa’ and ‘bebe’ which
is a dialectal variation of “baby” which connotes, cuteness.
Slang expression “lodi, lods” is an inverted word for
“Idol.” It is said by the speaker to idolize someone who did
great about something. Thus, the act became so popular which
resulted to being called as, “lodi.”
Slang expression “wiz, wes, witit, waley” is a more
casual slang term used to denote that one does not have or
does not possess something that is asked of them. This
originates from the word “Wara, Waray, and Wala” in
Filipino.
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Slang expression “Hushay mo!” is classified into this
category as it follows the same sound of “Kahusay mo!” it is
just that it is more millennial as it produces a strange
sound. It is an intriguing exclamation about beauty or
something about physical appearance.
Slang expression “makati,” is formerly used as a
metaphor for the word “makatol” which means someone who is
flirty. It evolved to “Makati” which is inspired to a place
Makati City. It is now used among people to express and mean
someone who is a flirt. Instead of using a closer term
“makati,” a Filipino term for “makatol” or itchy, Makati is
used. The shift in stress is noticeable that the expression
sounds like the place Makati City in Metro Manila.
Slang expression “opkursi,” from an English phrase “of
course” which is now used among teenagers to make it more
interactive by adding -i at the end of the slang. It is used
to indicate agreement and sometimes assurance that something
is fine. It also adds cheerfulness to the conversation.
Slang expression “bekenemen,” is a strange
pronunciation of Filipino phrase “baka naman.” By changing
the vowels of the word, it creates a distinct sound that
makes it noticeable. It is an indirect way of asking for
favor and request. At the same time, it is used in a

52
jokingly atmosphere that will not put the speaker to shame
in case the favor asked is not granted.
Slang expression “Gunthe u?” is popular among teenagers
today, it is from a Filipino phrasal question “Ganda ka?”.
Both the spelling and the pronunciation is changed. It is an
interesting remark regarding attractiveness or something
related to physical appearance.
Table 2.1 The Wrong Talk Funny One
GARAY/SLANG ORIGINAL/ENGLISH BRIEF DISCUSSION

EXPRESSIONS WORD/EXPRESSION
Anez?, Anek? What? Used in asking
questions and
clarifications.
walwal To get wasted To get intoxicated
from drinking too
much alcohol.
Pabebe Baby Trying hard to act
cute.
lodi, lods Idol A person who
inspires others
greatly.
wiz, wes, witit, No, nothing, none It denotes “no” or
waley “don’t have”
commonly replied to
someone who is
asking.
Hushay mo! Kahusay mo Intriguing
exclamation about
beauty or something
about physical
appearance.
Makati Makati City Someone described as
flirt or coquettish.
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opkursi Of course Mainly used to

indicate agreement
and sometimes
assurance that
something is fine
and okay.
bekenemen baka naman Indirect way of
asking for favor and
request.
Gunthe u? Ganda ka? Interesting remark
regarding
attractiveness or
something related to
physical appearance.
Table 2.2 presents the slang expressions classified as
the Shortened Form. Slang that falls under this category are
expressions that are shortened, reduced, and decreased in
its spelling.
Slang expression “beshie, bestie, bes” is a shortened
form for best friend. It is understood by many speakers as
an endearment to a friend who is very close to one another.
Slang expression “awit,” is a contracted form of the
utterance “awts ang sakit!”. Mostly used by speakers to
express the feeling of being hurt, pain, or annoyance.
Slang expression “SKL,” is a shortened form of “Share
ko lang.” It is widely used by people to label memes and
means “I’m just sharing.”

54
Slang expression “nimal,” originates from the English
word “animal.” It is used by speakers to implicate
discomfort and anger, often it serves as a translation of
the phrase “Hayop ka!” commonly heard in Filipino movies and
film. The original phrase “Hayop ka!” is used to be a
cursing phrase for someone hateful. The slang expression
nimal, still connotes anger, but somehow expresses a lighter
tone.
Slang expression “epek!” is a shortened form derived
from the English word “effective.” Speakers use this
expression in order to show compliment towards something or
someone. It is synonymous to saying, “Excellent!”.
Table 2.2 The Shortened Form

beshie, best friend Other term to refer
bestie, bes to a good friend.
awit awts ang sakit Expression used to
indicate pain and
dismay.
SKL Share ko lang Usually used to
permit oneself to
insert unrelated
topics to disrupt the
conversation.
nimal animal Used to indicate
anger and rage
towards a person or
an event.
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epek! effective Compliment and

acknowledgement used
to refer a person, a
thing, or an event.
the Interjection Form of slang.
Slang expression “shuta!, shotacca!” it is an
expression of surprise, an immediate reaction to a shocking
news, information, or events. This slang expression is
attached to a conversation when a particular speaker is
shocked or surprised.
Slang expression “depunggol!, demongker!, deputeks!” is
a Ninorte-Samarnon slang term which refers to a curse but in
a less offensive construction, instead of saying “demonyo”
which is very taboo, people tend to use “depunggol” instead.
Slang expression “kalamre!” is a slang expression that
is commonly used by the speakers to hint discomfort, anger,
and annoyance. People insert this slang in various contexts,
hence, it resulted to different meanings in conversations.
Slang expression “Mananas man!” is usually uttered when
someone is overwhelmed of a certain event and sometimes used
as an unexpected response for surprise.
Slang expression “demonju!” is regarded as taboo that
expresses a strong feeling of being upset because of

56
something wrong or infuriarating that has happened. “Demu”
is its other form.
Slang expression “Imos haon!” is particularly said when
pertaining to someone whose actions displease another
individual. “Imos” means crazy and “haon” means maybe.
Slang expression “kalawsi!” is originally an adjective
that means lousy in English term, for instance in a
statement “Natuod ka man situn? Kalawsi man.” The meaning
has changed through the passage of time and used by speakers
to show disbelief towards someone’s view and perspective of
something. Now inserted into different contexts wherein
meanings also vary.
Slang expression “panulay!” is usually uttered by the
speakers to imply disbelief towards someone’s opinion or in
most cases used to refer someone who is acting crazy and
stubborn. Panulay originally means devil.
Slang expression “hiyay!” is a slang expression that is
used to express strong disagreement, and disapproval.
Sometimes it also refers to persons who have big positions
in the community. Hiyay is originally an utterance that
expresses fear, especially from the supernaturals.
Slang expression “pastikom!” originally comes from the
word “Pax Te Cum,” the Latin phrase for “Peace be with You.”
The slang is now used to refer or describe someone being shy

57
over something especially when he/she is the subject of the
talk.
Slang expression “Ata Nanay!” a phrasal expression that
indicates surprise and worry over something or a particular
circumstance.
Slang expression “piste!, peskat!” is an expression for
dismay. Despite its taboo nature and sound, this
inappropriate slang expression is used to implicate
annoyance and anger, and to mean something shocking or
surprising.
Slang expression “kalambor!” is a slang expression used
by the speakers to show disagreement and disbelief towards
someone’s point of view and or statement. It is quite the
same to “demonjo” but the extent and the meaning is less
offensive.
Slang expression “agik!, agii!, aguyy!” is commonly
used to tease a person. Usually, the speakers of this slang
are teenagers teasing and making fun of each other.
Slang expression “kolera!” sounds taboo and
inappropriate to adults but this slang is simply an
exclamation for dismay and annoyance towards a person or a
particular circumstance.
Slang expression “korekong!” is commonly used by the
speaker to express strong agreement, validation, and

58
approval towards something. It comes from the word “correct”
which youngsters playfully altered to make it sound jolly
and funny. Korekong is actually a skin disease which causes
too much itchiness on many parts of the body.
Slang expression “hatik!” is originally taken from the
phrase “Ah nga hatik!”. It is commonly used to express anger
and annoyance.
Slang expression “ngek!, ngi!, nye!” is usually used by
the speakers to express being surprised and shocked. Ngek is
a slang word for “eh?”. Ngek has different variations, such
as “Ngi,” or “Nye,” and they all mean the same. It is
commonly used in situations where one would feel pleasantly
surprised or shocked—usually upon hearing corny jokes and
puns or disappointed over someone or something.
Slang expression “Jusque!, Jusko!” is an informal
expression and a contraction of the Filipino word “Diyos
ko!”, which means “My God!” or “Oh my God!”. Jusko! is
usually followed with an exclamation point for effect. The
slang term indicates that something is considered
surprising, shocking, or thrilling, etc.
Slang expression “lodi!, lods!” is a backward speech
which is used to express admiration for someone in a casual
way. This is a popular slang for millennials, who tend to
make generous use of it in Facebook posts. To congratulate

59
someone for getting things correct or for achieving a
significant milestone, Filipinos often get creative by
saying “lodi!” instead of saying “Wow!” or “Magaling!”.
Slang expression “Edi wow!” is a sarcastic phrase
locals used to comment on someone who has praised themselves
or bragged about their achievements.
Slang expression “Werpa lods!” is a millennial product
of twisting words and establishing them as part of everyday
conversation. This relatively new Filipino slang expression
is read as “Pawer” (Power) when reversed. It is normally
used to encourage someone and give them more support. “Lods”
on the other hand is a reinvented version of “Lodi,” an
invented form of “Idol.”
Slang expression “grabe!” is in interjection form. The
slang expression grabe was originally a Spanish word
“Grave,” meaning serious. The word has evolved in Philippine
society to mean something shocking, intense, too much or
extreme, but the original meaning remains relevant. Similar
to English “Wow,” it is commonly drawn out to emphasize or
indicate sarcasm.
Slang expression “Sana all!, Sanaol!, Naol!” is a slang
expression used as an indirect way of showing envy, or
another way of conveying jealousy or hopefulness.

60
Slang expression “petmalu!” is the reversed order of
“Malupit” which originally means “Cruel,” but is now closer
to saying something or somebody is “cool” or “amazing” or
“excellent” in the way it is frequently used today.
Slang expression “Susmaryosep!” is a combination of the
shortened names of the “Holy Trinity—Jesus, Mary, and
Joseph.” It is an abrupt reaction especially from adults who
have just learned some big or shocking news. “Ay santisima!”
is its other form.
Table 2.3 The Interjection Form
GARAY/SLANG ORIGINAL/ENGLISH BRIEF MEANING

shuta!, Pota An expression used
shotacca! when feeling an
extreme anger and
rage.
depunggol!, Panulay Commonly uttered to
demongker!, implicate anger,
deputeks! disappointment, and
surprise.
kalamre! Geez! Expression used to
hint annoyance.
Mananas man! It’s too much! Uttered when someone
is overwhelmed of a
certain event and
sometimes used as an
unexpected response
for surprise.
demonjo!, demu! Oh shit! Taboo word that
expresses the feeling
of being upset.
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Imos haon! Insane! Is said when

pertaining to someone
whose actions
displease other
individuals.
kalawsi! Impossible! It implicates disgust
or irritation.
panulay! Pest! Uttered by a speaker
Devil! to imply disbelief and
annoyance and
sometimes used to
refer to a difficult
person.
hiyay! Oh my goodness! Exclamation of being
surprised.
pastikom! Gosh! It expresses surprise
Pax Te Cum and amusement or
(Peace Be With sometimes disgust.
You)
Ata Nanay! Oh mother! A phrasal expression
that indicates
surprise and worry.
piste!, peskat! Pest! Feeling of dislike and
annoyance.
kalambor! Yucks! To feel disgust
towards someone or
something.
agik!, agii!, Yey! Used to tease a
aguyy! person.
kolera! Cholera Exclamation of disgust
and rage.
korekong! Correct Expression of
agreement and
approval.
hatik! Shit! Expression of
annoyance and anger.
ngek!, ngi!, Eh? Expression of
nye! disapproval and
disagreement.
Jusque!, Jusko! My God! Expression of
disappointment and
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worry over something.

lodi!, lods! Idol! To show admiration to
someone.
Edi wow! Just wow! Used sarcastically
as to mean “So what?
No one cares.”
Werpa lods! More power idol! Said when encouraging
someone to continue
doing his/her craft.
grabe! Just wow! Used to indicate great
amazement or sometimes
used to criticize
someone’s behavior.
sana all!, Hopefully Phrase that shows envy
sanaol!, naol! everyone! and great desire of
owning something.
petmalu! Malupit! Expression used to
indicate admiration
and amusement towards
someone or something.
Susmarayosep!, Oh my God! Abrupt reaction after
Ay santisima! hearing an unexpected
news or event.
the Reinvented Form of slang. These expressions are
reinvented in terms of its spelling and pronunciation; thus,
it also affects the semantic bearing of the slang.
Slang expression “freshedtt,” usually pertains to
someone who is looking attractive and beautiful. Adding of -
edtt at the end of the slang does not really make sense but
it gives the slang an extra bite.
Slang expression “Stressedtt ak bangs!” usually means
“I’m stressed” or “worn out.” It is commonly used when

63
someone is stressed over something. Sometimes, the phrase
can even be substituted with the term “Haggardo Versoza na”
without actually referring to Gardo Versoza, a Filipino
actor.
Slang expression “Lavarn/Labandtt dzae!” is usually
uttered to someone to extend their support towards a friend
or someone of importance to them. “You can do it” or “Go,
fight for it” is an English equivalent for the
abovementioned slang expression.
Slang expression “goshedtt,” is derived from the
English word “Gosh” which simply refers to the state of
feeling surprised and thrilled over something.
Slang expression “shetted,” is taken from the
colloquial term “Shit.” Addition of –ted at the end of the
slang term makes the pronunciation more millennial and less
offensive.
Slang expression “shockedtt, shookt” came from the
English word “Shock” which implies surprise or a feeling of
terror to a particular person, occurrence, experience, and
event. The spelling was changed and was added with the
letters -dtt at the end of the slang.
Slang expression “Oks lungs!” it came from a very
common phrase “Okay lang” and was reinvented into Oks
lungs!. It expresses conviction that everything is just fine

64
and completely okay. “Lungs” is a part of the Respiratory
System which sounds almost the same with “langs” thus, a
playful substitution.
Slang expression “linggay,” is commonly heard during
drinking sessions among youth and commonly referred to
individuals who are tipsy after consuming alcoholic drinks.
Slang expression “okied,” is taken from the Standard
English term “Okay” which means the state of being fine
about something. Also, it is an expression of agreement to
something. The meaning remained but the spelling was
gradually changed by adding -ied at the end of the slang.
The adding of -ied may also mean that something is very much
agreeable.
Slang expression “danceriszt,” is an invented word
pertaining to someone who is good at dancing or has a talent
in it. It is widely used by the youth especially in any
social media platforms. It was invented during pandemic
where people spent hours in social media as a major source
of entertainment and a means to escape from boredom.
Slang expression “songeriszt,” is similar with the
slang term “danceriszt” this word was also invented during
pandemic. The word is an equivalent term for singers or to
someone who is good at singing. The word is deviated from

65
its formal term “singer” for the purpose of creativeness and
uniqueness.
Slang expression “tiktokeriszt,” originates from an
application Tiktok which contains videos and music recreated
for dancing and acting, and any other contents. Tiktokeriszt
refers to a person who is addicted to doing TikTok videos.
Slang expression “patronizer,” originates from the word
“Patron” which refers to a fiesta celebration. Patronizer is
commonly referred to a person who is fond of going and
attending any kind of feast or fiesta celebrations with or
without invitation.
Slang expression “afam,” is an invented word which
pertains to a “foreigner.” It is way far from the original
word and can cause confusion to people who are not familiar
with the slang. Afam is a term used to refer to a foreign
person to one’s native land. Afam is a gay lingo which
originally came from the English term “foreigner.”
Slang expression “Wasti na!” is particularly used in
conversations to conclude something or to refer that
something is finally over or finished. “Wasti na!” is a
backward speech for “tiwas” which locals usually speak.
Slang expression “Minerva,” was inspired to a female
name Minerva, it has been used among speakers to refer to

66
people who are members of the New People’s Army, a group of
communist individuals.
Slang expression “maaward,” originates from the English
term “Award” which has a positive connotation but when
inserted in conversations among millennials, indicates
probable negative outcome when an action is taken.
Table 2.4 The Reinvented Form

freshedtt Fresh Expression used to
commend someone who is
looking pleasantly
presentable.
Stressedtt ak Worn out Said when someone is
bangs! having a mental or
emotional strain or
tension.
Lavarn/Labandtt Laban lang Expression used as a
dzae! shout for encouragement
and support.
goshedtt Gosh It is used when a
person is particularly
amazed, surprised, and
shocked.
shetted Shit An exclamation used to
express disgust,
dismay, and
disappointment towards
a person, an action, or
an event.
shockedtt, Shock Expression of
shookt amazement, surprise,
and a shocking feeling.
67
Oks lungs! Okay lang Usually uttered to

express assurance that
something is fine.
linggay Tipsy Pertains to a person
who is in a state of
drunkenness and is
unaware of his/her
actions.
Okied Okay Used to express
approval and assurance.
danceriszt Dancer An individual who is
inclined in dancing and
grooving.
songeriszt Singer A person who is
musically inclined.
tiktokeriszt TikTok A person who is fond of
doing various contents
using the TikTok
application.
patronizer Fiesta goer A person who is always
seen in every feast
without any form of
invitation.
afam Foreigner It refers to a person
who is non-native to
one’s land.
Wasti na! It’s over! Indicates ending and
conclusion that
something has finally
ended.
Minerva New People’s Army A group of communist
individuals attempting
to dismantle the law
and the government.
maaward Be punished A prior notice about
something that might
happen if a particular
action is taken.
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Contextual analysis of the slang expressions
The Wrong Talk Funny One
Instead of saying the usual Tagalog “Ano?” which
translates to “What?” in English, the speaker may lighten up
the conversation by uttering “Anez?” a more creative version
of “Ano?”. From its usual spelling, the letter -o is changed
into -e, with the addition of the letter -z or sometimes -k
at the end of the slang word. The slang term Anez? appears
to be asking question regarding something. This slang is
originally used by the LGBT community but gradually accepted
and used mostly by the youth when casually talking to
someone.
For example, if a friend reaches someone on Facebook
with a “Hello” but does not explain his true intentions, the
other interlocutor might respond, “Anez?” to elicit more
words from him/her. The speaker meaning was clearly to ask
question and its reason is to find out and gather more
information from his/her friend.
Anez?, Anek?
S1: Mareee
S2: Anek mare?
S1: When na kit padagat?
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S2: Waeyo?
S1: Kay mamara na kit
Kailangan ta na mabudburan asin
Hahaha
S2: Gagiks ka gud hahahha
S1: This sat kit?
Ano g ka?
S2: G akk. Ano at balon?
(Refer Appendix 1, Image 1)
Slang term “walwal,” is usually used when a person
wants to party his/her heart out. In literal terms, walwal
means saggy, baggy, or loose. Also, when a person is out
partying or get wasted by alcoholic drinks, he/she starts to
lose their selves or when passed out due to too much alcohol
intake some of a person’s body parts may get saggy, baggy or
loose. Walwal is derived from a popular slang that
millennials frequently use today, and which emanates from
the phrase “Walang pakialam.” According to the young, its
closest English translation is “to get wasted” from drinking
too much alcohol.
For example, “Walwal kit unina mag aga ah? Sponsor daw
ni Ed an irimnon.” (Let’s get wasted until dawn. Drinks are
on Ed.) In this context, the speaker is giving out
information or say inviting his/her friends that they will
drink and get wasted since a friend whose name is Ed will
sponsor their night out. The speaker’s reason in using the
particular slang is to let his/her friends be aware and
understand that it will be a long night of partying and

70
getting wasted. Another slang that can be seen in the
conversation is “wiz.” Wiz is the slang term for “No” and
other variants are “wes, witit and waley.”
Walwal
S1: Done pala mag limpyo beddings hahah

S2: Tagi man beddings ubos na an saak
S1: Dak gad. Nagkita kam ni Ed?
S2: Wiz kay?
Walwal kit unina mag aga ah?
Sponsor daw ni Ed an irimnon
Slang term “Pabebe,” from Eat Bulaga’s Kalyeserye,
popularized the slang term in 2016 even more by introducing
the Pabebe Wave, a gesture that includes waving your hand
while trying to look cute or while being “Pabebe.” Pabebe is
a Filipino slang used to call someone who is trying to act
cute as a baby would. “Bebe” comes from the English word
“baby,” while the prefix -pa means “trying to be.”
Slang term Pabebe, is a popular millennial slang said
to someone who tries to look cute and endearing that
sometimes it does not suit the person but only makes them
look dumb. For example, “Ayaw sa pabebe kay mali ka tanga.”
(Don’t act cute because you’re only looking dumb doing so.)
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang expression
indicates annoyance towards the person who is trying hard to
look cute but doesn’t really go well with him/her. The

71
speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang term is to make
fun in a friendly manner his/her friend who tries hard to
look cute but ends up looking dumb.
Pabebe
S1: (sent a video)

S2: Ayaw sa pabebe kay mala ka tanga
S1: SALBAHISSS KAA!!!!
Slang expression “lodi,” is spelled in reverse, a
standard Tagalog adjective that translates to “Idol” or
“Amazing” in English. Filipinos often get creative by saying
“lodi” instead of just saying “Idol.” Lodi is often said to
express one’s amazement to someone or to congratulate
someone for achieving a significant milestone. This is a
popular slang expression with millennials, who tend to make
generous make of it in Facebook posts.
Lodi is “idol” spelled backwards. This term is
popularized by social media influencers and later on used by
the youth. Social media is a great source of emerging new
words as well as expressions and the youth or the digital
natives—millenials are the ones who is responsible for these
new words arising according to an article titled “The
lexical trend of backward speech among Filipino millennials
on facebook”. It is the best representation of the

72
Filipinos’ penchant for creating backward slang terms.
Saying “lodi” in regular conversations indicates
appreciation towards the person, the speaker is pertaining
to. It can also be perceived that the person truly
acknowledges one’s actions and efforts. In some cases, the
stated slang expression is used jokingly to tease a person,
“Napasagot mo si Marie dayun? Grabe! Lodi!” (You made Marie
say yes to you that quick? Idol!). If you can observe the
screenshot taken from a random conversation, the speaker is
showing appreciation towards the other interlocutor for
his/her achievement in placing as champions in an online
game tournament, Mobile Legends: Bang Bang in their
municipality. In this context the speaker meaning is truly
appreciative of the impressive achievement of the other
interlocutor, very opposite to the prior example. It is
mainly because the meaning of a particular slang varies
depending on the context of situation in which it is used.
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang term indicates
admiration and appreciation to the other interlocutor for
placing as champions in the said tournament. The speaker’s
reason in the usage of the slang is to account admiration
and commendation to the other interlocutor.
Lodi, Lods
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S1: ML?
S2: Yass hahah
S1: Kamusta man?
Perdi?
S2: Champ lang naman
Ez hahahah
S1: Congrats! Lodi talaga kam!
S2: Thank youuu
S1: Welcome
Slang term “wes,” is a negative response to a question
about whether or not he/she possess something. It has other
variants but connotes the same meaning such as “wiz, witit,
and waley.” Speakers used the other variants to make the
conversation more interactive and casual. Wes, is taken from
the standard Filipino word “Wala” which means “nothing or
none.” Wes, is a more casual slang term used to denote that
one does not have or does not possess something that is
asked of them. For example, “Tapos ka na saim analysis?”
(Are you done with your analysis?) and one can probably
answer any of these slang terms which only have
indistinguishable meaning. But aside from denoting
ownership, the slang term can also be a way to express
approval or disapproval. For example, “Waley im fashion
mare.” (You look bad wearing that.) You can observe in the
screenshot taken from a random conversation that the speaker
asked the other interlocutor whether he/she is done with
his/her analysis and he/she replied with “wes.” The speaker

74
meaning in the usage of the slang term only indicates that
the other interlocutor gives out information regarding what
he/she is asked of. The speaker’s reason in asking is to
know whether the other interlocutor already did or did not
do his/her analysis and responded with the answer “wes”
which translates to “No.”
Wiz, Wes, Witit, Waley
S1: Baklaaa
Hoooo
Yowww
Tapos ka na saim analysis?
S2: Wes pa mare
Mangopya ka?
Dak gad HAHAHHAHAHAHA
S1: Tuluna im papel HAHAHAHAHAHAH
The slang term originates from the word “husay” which
means beautiful or pretty but for the purpose of uniqueness,
the letter -h was added in the middle so it became “Hushay.”
This can be interpreted as an insult or as a compliment
depending on the speaker’s pitch or tone when spoken and the
context of situation in the usage of the slang term.
Krippendorff’s framework suggested that a single word
could have more than one meaning depending on the context
where it is used. The speaker meaning in the usage of the
slang term indicates a portion of sarcasm. The speaker
intends to make fun of the other interlocutor by saying

75
“Hushay mo!” as a reaction to his/her shared story regarding
his/her crush. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the
slang term is to build connection with the other
interlocutor by jokingly reacting “Hushay mo!” to the story
about his/her affection towards this particular individual.
Another slang term that can be found on the given
conversation is “Anes.” This is a slang for the word “what”
and is used when responding to a question such as when asked
for something. Another is the “Pak na pak.” This slang is
rarely used today but popular back then. This is said when
something is done impressively.
Hushay mo! ()
S1: Mamiiii
S2: Anesss
S1: I have good news. Woahhh
S2: Wosss anes man
S1: Diba to ako crush na taga Catarman? Nagka chatt na kmiii HAHAHAHAHA
S2: Hushay mo!!!! Hahahahah
Pak na pak winner!!!!!
S1: Yessss!! Nahihiya nga ako kase alam mo naman di ako magaling. Hihi
S2: Bagra hahahahah
Pagparakliay
Kigkig man hahaha
S1: Listo man ak magkigkig hahahaah
Its equivalent meaning in Ninorte Samarnon dialect is
the same as having the feeling of itchiness but has a
negative connotation. This slang term is commonly used in
associating a person having many affairs with different

76
individuals all at the same time. “Makati” is used to
describe someone who is flirty and coquettish. As observed
on the given conversation, Makati is used as euphemism to
hide the negative meaning of the word which is being a
flirt.
It can be observed that the speaker used the slang term
Makati in a very casual conversation with friends. Thus, the
context was classified as informal. The speaker meaning in
the use of the slang term was to make fun of their friend
who were joking also at the very start of their
conversation. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang
was to tease his/her friend about having different plans
besides academic stuffs in going to the university, which is
according to the “Ethnography of Speaking by Hymes, slang is
used to create a relax conversation among the particiants of
the speaker. The slang in the conversation is used to tease
another interlocutor which helps the conversation more
relaxed.
Another slang that was found in the given conversation
is “Charot and Choss.” These slangs are used in a
conversation to indicate that what he or she have said is a
joke and should not be taken seriously.
Makati
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S1: Magpa Uep aka da nextweek HAHAHAHA

S2: Mag ananu ka? Woahhh
S1: Manhahanap jowa
Charot
S3: Makati ka gudman hahahaha
S1: May laak panginanuon HAHAHHAHA
S4: Sa uep ka pa manhahanap
S1: Wow coming from you ha
S2: Non academic for sure hahaha
S1: Kay zero representative a Navas hahahha
S2: Kadamu man ngada san gwapo chozzz ahahaha
S4: Mapa Uep lat ak, skl haha
Slang term “opkursi,” generally means “Yes” or “Of
course” in English. The spelling is far from its original
word “of course” but means exactly the same. This slang term
is used when agreeing to a statement or opinion of a person
with a lively tone, revealing the funny and approachable
personality of the speaker.
The speaker meaning indicates agreement to what is
being talked about by the other speaker. Opkursi is an
informal way of saying “yes” or “okay” and cannot be used in
formal settings. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the
slang expression is to show support in coping up with the
conversation and to show agreement to the matter at hand.
“Imos haon” is another slang found in the conversation. This
slang is commonly used as an interjection and uttered to
express surprise or disbelief. The slang “Char,” is again
used in the conversation indicating a light conversation.

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Opkursi
S1: Gin okray ak ni Mirel, gin inupod upod ikaw waray ko ko ikaw didi pakaona sa bhaws.
Hahahahah
S2: Imos haon hahhaha sugara damo sugo saak sa catar
Hahah
S1: Haha mao ngani ak sugad hahaha attitude paak kuno
S2: Ahh sugara FO na kam
Hahaha char
S1: Ano kara Joel ka sakay?
Diak nahahaduk ahahahha
S2: Opkursii, kasakay ko ito magdedebut diba nanbalyo sira mga something ahhahaha
S1: Kunta nagsugad ka hain na an invitation? Hahahah
When a person is asking for a favor but does not want
it to be that obvious, “Bekenemen” is the usual slang term
used. It came from a Tagalog phrase “Baka naman” which means
wishing or asking for something. This is used mostly by the
youth and rampant in social media platforms.
When speakers use this word in a conversation, it
gradually means that the speaker is hoping for a favor and a
request to the other interlocutor. The speaker meaning in
the usage of the slang expression is to indirectly ask for a
favor to the other interlocutor. The speaker’s reason in the
usage of the slang is to simply address his/her hopefulness
in wanting something to be in his/her possession. “Imos
haon” is a slang expression also used in the conversation.
This is a slang used to express dismay and disbelief.
Bekenemen
S1: Anes
79
S2: May ka proposition? Chozz hahahha

Pamatron kam saam
Invitation ngaian hahaha
S1: Anu ba talaga?
Samok mo
Masuol im alintarakan
S2: Pamatron saam daze
S3: Patron diin?
Nano may invitation?
S4: Huy bekenemen makasabit HAHAHAHA WHEN?
S1: Imos haon ini, a patron ada sa ira may no entry, no invitation hahaha
From the Tagalog phrase “Ganda ka?”, the spelling of
the slang expression is changed to “Gunthe u?” hardly
similar from its original word. This slang is used as a
sarcastic insult, but the effect to the person is not the
same as when the original word is used because of the
spelling play.
Slang expression Gunthe u? with its play in words, may
not be understood easily by people who are not familiar with
this slang expression and may have difficulty in
understanding its meaning. According to the study conducted
by Firooz Namvar titled, “The use of slang amongst
undergraduate students of a Malaysian Public University,”
slang appeared to be the language of the youth, it is part
of youth culture and style. They use slang for various
purposes and one is to hide or not be understood by the
people outside their circle or generation. That is why most
of the slang exprssions are spelled backwards or modified in
terms of spelling, pronunciations and even semantic bearing.

80
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang expression was
to make fun of the other interlocutor by throwing slang
terms that will partly provoke or infuriate him/her. The
speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang expression was to
decisively make fun of him/her. “Kalawsi” is another slang
expression that is used in the conversation. This is an
interjection used to express a sudden feeling of dismay and
disbelief.
Gunthe u? ()
S1: Go la ikaw la am pambato hahaha

S2: Ahay ahhah
Salbahis ini
Bakit?
Gunthe u?
Ewwws
HAHAHAHAHA
S1: Kalawsi mo hahaha
At least tawo
Ikaw kay pinatatag nala ng panahon hahahah
The change of spelling of a word is an indication of
modifying a pitch and a play in words to make it more
appealing and fun to use. Slang expressions Hushay mo!,
bekenemen, walwal, Gunthe u? and opkursi,” are slang
expressions which may be used by group of teenagers.
American scholar, P. Roberts mentioned that one of the
reasons why people constantly use slang is for them to be
qualified as members of a certain group. Basically, if an

81
individual uses the language or slang exclusive to that
group, he/she wants to be identified as one of them. One of
Zhou and Fan’s three interpersonal functions of slang
focuses on expressing feelings and emotion of the slang
users towards someone or something. One of the important
functions of language is the need to convey or express an
emotion, and slang helps people in expressing their selves
in various ways.
“Anez? and wes,” these slang terms back then are used
exclusively by the LGBTQ+ community but because the internet
dominated the world, it has become a genderless slang used
by the young and the old. The fast pace of the internet
helped to a faster adaptation of the slangs, as what
happened and concluded in the study conducted by Jacob
Einstein and his colleagues, a study conducted by examining
30 million tweets sent from different location in U.S. and
concludes that internet and technology allows the
transmission of slang terms pass from one group to another
much more quickly and contributes largely to the evolution
of language.
Slang expressions “lodi, Makati, and pabebe” the theory
of Hymes “Ethnography of Speaking,” notes reasons why people
use slang, and one of the reasons is to show intimacy. In
the context, it is obvious that they are friends. Speakers

82
cannot just randomly throw slang expressions especially when
the other participants of the conversation are not friends
or close with the speaker. Because it will surely bring
discomfort and might just offend the other conversation
participant.
The Shortenend Form
Slang term “beshie,” is a shortened form for “Best
friend.” Just like the Filipino slang term “mumshie,” beshie
is an endearment between friends. It originates from the
word “best friend” and has resulted in many variations such
as “bestie and bes.”
Beshie is widely used in daily conversations,
especially in social media. However, in some cases, people
do not limit the word to their friends and use it to refer
to anyone. For example, the provided conversation in the
screenshot “Beshie, when na kit padagat?” (Beshie, when are
we going to the beach?). The speaker meaning in the usage of
the slang expression beshie and its other forms refers to a
person. It is a slang word that directly translates to “best
friend.” The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang term

83
was to show intimacy using the stated slang term as an
expression of endearment to his/her closest friend.
The slang “Anek,” is also used in the conversation.
This slang is equivalent to “What” in English and is used
when someone is asking about something but in the context,
it was used as response because the other participant calls
her attention.
Beshie, Bestie, Bes
S1: Pa virgin epek lang

HAHAHAHAAH
Ngaian bakla
S2: Anek mare?
S1: Maree
S2: Anek mare?
S1: Beshie when na kit padagat?
S2: Waeyo?
S1: Kay mamara na kit
Kailangan ta na mabudburan asin hahahaha
S2: Gagiks ka gud hahahha
Traditionally, slang expression “awit” is the Filipino
word for “Song.” However, awit in today’s internet slang is
derived from the expression “Awts (ouch) ang sakit!”.
Nowadays, the slang term used to describe a situation that
is rather unfortunate. For example, when someone is playing
an online game and losses, they can type “awit” to express
their dismay or disappointment. This slang can also be
spelled as “awitt,” adding another -t to emphasize the
weight of the intended meaning. Because of the frequent use

84
of slang, the participants of the conversation sometimes get
bored by typing the same word again and again so they engage
their selves in playing with the spelling of the word to add
a little uniqueness. They also do it to establish or
initiate a relax conversation between participants.
Establishing a relax conversation is one of the reasons for
using slang according to the theory from Hymes which is the
“Ethnography of Speaking.”
The slang expression awit, although this slang was
previously intended to refer to a “song” many young people
today use it as a contraction of “awts ang sakit!”, which
means “ouch!” in English. Many millennials, however, do not
use it literally to refer to physical pain, but rather as a
broad term to refer to a negative or disagreeable condition.
Awit, is usually used to indicate a feeling of discomfort or
disappointment. For example, the speaker caught his/her
partner cheating with another girl/boy, “Awit! Cheater ak
jowa.” (Ouch! My partner is a dumb cheater.) In this
context, the speaker meaning was to convey his/her
disappointment towards his/her partner. The speaker’s reason
in the usage of the slang was to show disappointment and
frustration brought by his/her cheater partner. The
speaker’s light reaction to the supposed to be “pain” is
also noticeable.
85
Awit
S1: Dre gad man haa

Pero totoo?
S2: Oo hahah
Nakit an mismo sira
Awitt haha
Cheater ak jowa
Shookt talaga ak
S1: Uy okay la iton
Kaya mo iton.
Slang expression “Share Ko Lang,” usually means (I’m
just sharing). This slang expression is commonly used in
social media mostly by millennials. It is usually used after
someone shared a random statement or comment.
If someone opt to express their thoughts and share them
with others. For example, “Tapos naak saak modules, skl.” (I
finished answering my modules, just sharing.) “Share ko
lang” indicates information that the speaker is trying to
convey about whether he/she is through or not with his/her
modules. The speaker meaning indicates information regarding
the modules they have been eager to answer for days. The
reason of the speaker for sharing her thoughts is to let
everyone be aware that he/she has finished doing his/her
modules and that he/she is now free to do outdoor stuffs or
do things to enjoy his/her free time.
Another slang used in the conversation is the slang
“Momshie.” It is commonly used to refer to a close friend

86
and does not necessarily pertain to one’s mother or parent.
Another is the “Witit.” As explained, this slang is the
slang for “None.” This is used when someone is asked if
he/she possess something and as a response they say “witit.”
SKL
S1: Momshieee
Tapos naak sak module, skl
HAAHAHAHAH
S2: Witit gad may naghapot
S1: Sagdat ini hahah
Skl nga diba
Kay kahappy ko langs bwesit ka
S2: Bwisit ka liwat hahah
The slang term “nimal,” originates from the English
word “Animal,” the letter a- was deleted. This expression is
widely used by the teenagers and youth. It is an expression
used to indicate anger and annoyance towards a particular
person or event.
In the given conversation, nimal was used as an
interjection upon hearing what has been said by the other
interlocutor. The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang
expression implicates anger and annoyance. The reason in the
usage of the slang is to address discomfort and annoyance.
The slang “Agiii,” is also used in the conversation. It
is used to tease a person as it was used in the given
context.
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Nimal
S1: Agiiii hahaha

Maupay la ay frend ko
Pakilala ko ikaw hahaha
S2: HUYYY
Ayaw siton hahaha
Pero nimal gud ito tricycle
Wara na ibalik ak cp
(sent angry emoji’s)
“Epek!” is a millennial product of the English term
“Effective.” The slang is usually used as a remark when
impressed or enthralled by a particular event, person, or
thing. The conversational exchange took place between two
familiar individuals talking about a particular dress to
wear. The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang implies
admiration and the speaker’s reason in the use of the slang
is to show impression. “Pak na pak!” is also an expression
that conveys the proper emotion of extremely good. It is a
hilarious expression that serves as an encouragement and
commendation. This slang is widely used back then but not in
today’s generation, same as to the slang “Kabog,” that was
also use in the conversation. Kabog is an expression also
uttered when someone or something is worth to be praised.
Epek!
S1: Kan Shizane la mami

Kalisto na niya
88
Bagay balitaw?
S2: Pak na pak!
S1: Aysus mao na gud ano?
HAHAHAHHAHA
S2: Epek im entrance sa TOGAYTHER ahhhh
Kaboogggg tanan bakla hahahah
I miss youuu naa (sent heart emoji)
According to Cox, in her article titled “The Evolution
of Language: How Internet Slang Changes the Way We Speak,”
exposure of people to social media or any kind of technology
that is being used in communication paved way for new words
and phrases to be developed. The fast pace of the internet
means more words are adopted than ever before. Slang
expressions such as “beshie, awit, SKL, and epek!” was first
used and observed in social media.
Slang expression “nimal” is commonly used to implicate
annoyance and anger. According to Zhou and Fan in their
three interpersonal functions of slang which to be exact the
functions related to the relationship or communication
between people. The emotive function exposes the speaker’s
attitude towards the subject, and slang is not only used for
stressing group identity, but also for the psychological
need for expressing emotion, which is one of the basic
functions of language as well.
The Interjection Form

89
The slang expression “shuta!” this is evident in social
media and widely used by teenagers. Shuta is originally a
language exclusive for LGBTQ community and a combination of
“sh*t” and “p*ta.” It is originally a curse word but is now
use more often in an informal setup by many so it is
considered as expression already and is jokingly said with
friends to form a light atmosphere. It is an expression of
surprise, an immediate reaction to a shocking news,
information, or event. This slang expression is attached to
a conversation when a particular speaker is shocked about
the idea or information presented to him /her.
In this particular conversation the use of the slang
shuta! does not mean to swear. The situation of the
utterance is informal, hence, both speakers can say words
that may sound inappropriate to others but mean nothing to
them but a mere casual conversational exchange. The speaker
meaning in the use of the slang indicates surprise. Further,
the speaker’s reason in the use of the slang shuta! was to
address the feeling of being completely surprised.
Shuta!, Shotacca!
S1: Shotaaa kaliya pa san facebook san kanan election.

S2: Kay mayda pinaglalaban hahahahhahja
S1: Basta ako Leni ak kahit ano mangyari.
S2: No, BBM tayo haha
90
S1: Huyy waray ka gudman pamati history class potaa ka

Pero kay nanu waray na si Neri Colminares sa senatorial stat ni ate Leni?
S3: Lugaw is issential <3
S2: Absent am teacher permi hahahhaha
“Depunggol!” is a slang term commonly used by the
speaker to respond to a conversation where he/she is quite
amazed and shocked of something. It is less taboo to use
than “demonjo.” It is commonly used as a surprise reaction.
Two individuals are having this conversation, the
speaker meaning in the usage of the slang is to indicate
surprise and shock. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the
slang is to promote a relax conversation.
Slang “Sanaol,” is also used in the given conversation.
This is used when someone is wishing for something to be
possessed by her/him. Another slang is the “Afam.” Afam is
the slang used to refer to a foreigner husband/partner of a
Filipina.
Depunggol!, Demongker!, Deputeks!
S1: Sanaol nagudla saem ano

Ngan sa imo afam haha
S2: Nagkulaw naak sa Netflix
Kaupay ngean talaga
Gaga ka hahahha
S1: Oo maree
Sanaol ma taga sponsor sa tanan nga rampa
S2: Syempre ganda ak HAHAHA
S1: Depunggol!
Oo nala bisan dire hahahahahahahha
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“Kalamre!” is a slang expression that is commonly used
by the speakers to express discomfort, anger, and annoyance.
People insert this expression in various contexts, hence, it
resulted to different meanings in conversations. Kalamre!
sounds inappropriate to adults and even to other speakers,
especially if they are not close to the person they are
talking with.
The slang term kalamre! is commonly used when a
particular speaker is confronted with an unexpected news or
rumor. The speaker meaning in the use of the slang was to
express surprise and shock. The speaker’s reason in the
usage of the slang term was to show surprise and amusement
towards the shared conversation. There are other slang
expressions that was used in the conversation. SKL,
shortened for “Share ko lang” and is used after sharing a
random topic while in the middle of a conversation.
“Kalawsi” is also used which is the meaning is the same with
kalamre and can also be used in the same context.
Kalamre!
S1: Sagdat ine hhahah

Skl nga diba
Kay happy ko langs bwisit ka
S2: Bwisit ka liwat
Oo man
Surest saak info
S1: Kalamre!
92
Nagcheat siya saat exam

Tapos highest
S2: Mao ngani
Kalawsi saat part kay nag inaram
Sabay pa kit
The meaning of this word is associated to someone who
is described as insane, evil, and greedy. But people today,
use this to express discomfort at the same time amazement
towards someone. People use slang to convey different
emotions and “Mananas man!” is used in the conversation to
express annoyance. Using this slang indicates a relax
atmosphere between interlocutors which is one of the given
reasons for using slang in the Theory of Hymes, “Ethnography
of Speaking.”
The conversation is informal. The speaker meaning
indicates surprise towards the other interlocutor. The
speaker also inexplicitly expresses annoyance. The speaker’s
reason in the usage of the slang is to reveal anger and to
show impression.
Mananas man!
S1: Kay mapadara ak in kumadto ka buas

S2: Nano man m ipapadara?
S1: Yaon ak kasi nalat kuruhaon na order kra Krisna, Ahahaha
S2: Igkibre ak cto bitayan s facemask lugod ahahah
Tag 30 la iton.
S1: Mananas man ine
Ayaw sun pagpinalit wara naman covid
S2: Hahaha joke gadla hala gad balitaw.
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“Demonjo!” is considered as a taboo language. It is
very offensive in nature since people use it for swearing
and to curse someone in particular. It has been widely used
by people across online messaging conversations, and with
its frequent use, the meaning is now less offensive. This
came from a curse word “Demonyo,” modified the spelling to
make it sound less offensive. This is also originally a
language of LGBTQ community but because it is widely used
today especially by the youth, it is now considered as slang
expression.
The conversation is in informal situation. The speaker
meaning in the use of the slang is to express envy but at
the same time showed support towards the other interlocutor.
The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang is to address
being surprised about the rumor relayed by the other
interlocutor.
Demonju!, Demu!
S1: Hoooo
S2: Kulawi man ako nabubuhi san kada adlaw niya nga harok hahahah
S1: HAHAHAH demonju, sana all
S2: Pasensya ka kay dre all hahahaha
S1: HAHAHAHAH oks la importante paborito ak sak parents
S2: Wak labot basta paborito ak sak jowa hahahah
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Speakers often use the slang expression “Imos haon!” to
jokingly call a person mentally ill. This slang is one of
the most common slang expressions that the researchers
encountered while gathering data. This is said when a person
is surprised. It is also sometimes used as expression when
someone does not believe what have been said by the other
person.
The situation or context of the conversation is
informal. The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang
implicates surprise and annoyance. The speaker’s reason in
the usage of the slang is to show emotive feeling.
“Charr” is also used in the conversation. This slang
expression is said after saying a joke to indicate that what
the speaker said is just a joke and should not be taken
seriously. Another slang used in the conversation is
“Opkursi.” This is said when agreeing or with what is being
talk about.
Imos haon!
S1: Gin okray ak ni Mirel, gin inupod upod kkaw kuno wara kikaw didi pakauna sab haws.
Hahahahhaha
S2: Imos haon hahahaa sugara damo sugo saak sa catar hahhaha
S1: Haha mao ngani ak sugad hahaha attitude paak kuno
S2: Ah sygara FO nakammm
Hahahah charr
S1: Ano kara Joel ka sakay?
Diak nahahadok hahahahahah
S2: Opkurse, kasakoy ito magdedebut diba nanbalyo sira mga something hahahahah
S1: As inn? An yaon tawo na picture? Hhahahahh
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S2: Bale ka invited hahahah

The slang “kalawsi!” is used to express disbelief and
annoyance. The usage is the same with the slang “kalamre.”
It is a slang that is used to indicate displeasure and
irritation towards someone’s behavior or conduct.
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang kalawsi!
is to indicate irritation and dismay towards a particular
person. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang was
to indirectly reveal anger.
Slang expression “Charot” is also used in the
conversation. It is said after saying a statement that
should not be taken seriously.
Kalawsi!
S1: Huyy
S2: Anekkk
S1: Nagchat kanina si bebang
Waray na siya makaagi saem kay nag aapura kay may himuon.
S2: Talang kalawsi
Naghinulat man ak para maipadara ko adi na application fir renewal
S1: Hala, itext nala bast sinsugad kikaw.
S2: Kay hala kay mga awa awa man kam
Charot
S1: Loka haha
“Panulay!” is commonly referred to a person who is
playful and silly. It is used by the speakers to implicate
frustration and sometimes embarrassment.

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The situation or context in the use of the slang
panulay! is very informal, the speakers of the conversation
have intimate relationship with each other. The speaker
meaning in the usage of the slang expression indicates
frustration or disbelief. The speaker’s reason in the usage
of the slang is to reveal intimacy, annoyance, and or
surprise. Slang expression “Shuta” is also used. It is used
to convey emotion, which is in the conversation it was used
to express disappointment.
Panulay!
S1: Hala na panulaydt hahha

S2: Hoy edams. An bayad mo shutaaa ka HAHAHA
S1: Pagbalik ko nala UEP HAHAH
Ay diba ipapaagi mo kan Sheena?
S2: Animang ka. Hhahah nagchika nak haim nga mag kema kan Sheena. Shutaaa talaga. Panulay
aada na hi Sheena HAHAHA
S1: Waray mo ak sugara hahaha ta kay hit 21 pa tak sched ha biometric hahaha
“Hiyay!” slang expression is commonly used by speakers
when expressing disagreement or disapproval over the subject
matter.
The slang expression hiyay! was used in an informal
context wherein both speakers are close to each other,
hence, the way how the conversational exchange occurred was
influenced by the intimacy that they have. The speaker
meaning in the usage of the slang term indicates disbelief

97
over the opinion of the other speaker. The speaker’s reason
in the usage of the slang term is to totally show that
he/she cannot accept and is doubtful of the other speaker’s
opinion regarding a certain individual that is unfortunately
one of the victims in the viral scandal.
Hiyay!
S1: Dre manggud haah

Naman to scandal ni kuan
S2: Hala oo nabatian ko iton kan mama
Pero mala dire ak matuod
S1: Hiyay! Dre ka pa siton?
Nakaduwa na iton baya
Naman sito HS pa liwat kit
S2: Bisan pa
Nakila man gad ak kanya
Dre ka la matuod talaga
A slang expression used by the speakers to show
disbelief. “Pastikom!” is a Latin phrase “Pax Te Cum” for
“Peace Be with You” but the original meaning changes as the
passage of time. Pastikom! is now commonly used to indicate
disbelief and surprise towards the approach or utterances of
the other conversation participants.
The conversation is very informal since it took place
between circle of friends. The speaker meaning in the usage
of the slang pastikom! was mainly to indicate surprise and
disbelief. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang is

98
to express being surprised and dismayed. As noticed, the
slang expression “Salamatin” is also used in the given
conversation. This term is originally “Salamat” which has an
equivalent meaning of “Thank you” in English.
Pastikom!
S1: Hinay dida ante hahah

S2: Thanks. Lunch tayo mga bb
S3: Go lang salamatinnn!
S1: Send him and be may food hahahaa
S2: Pastikom! Hahaha
S1: Kahusay diba? Haha
S2: Sino na him kay damo adi haha
The slang expression “Ata Nanay!” is commonly used as
an interjection for disbelief and uncertainty.
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang “Ata
Nanay!” is commonly used to indicate reservation and
disbelief towards an action, thing, person, and event. The
speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang is to address
uncertainty and disbelief. “Keri” is another slang that was
present in the conversation. Keri is like “Kaya mo yan!”
(You can do it!) in Tagalog language or it suggests that the
task at hand is easy or doable. You say this slang when you
are encouraging someone or cheering for them. In the

99
context, the slang is used to cheer for the other
participant of the conversation that he can pass the test.
Ata Nanay!
S1: Auntie Janeque?

S2: Nano
S1: Diba ada ka nagtatrabaho sa ofiz san dept of Agriculture?
S2: Oo mi kay?
S1: Pwede ak mag aro reservation sa scholatship?
*scholarship
S2: Ata nanay hahaha
Kailangan mo gad mag exam
S1: Hala pwede man ada magpakapit saem? Hahaha
S2: Kapti udi kay pustiso hahahaha
Balita to be fair lang, pag apply gihap.
Kay machismis kit masugad yadto in taga baryo malaksi la nakakuha slot.
Which is very wrong
S1: Sige po, auntie. Salamat!
S2: Sige God bless. Keri mo iton kay bright ka man.
The slang expression “piste!” is commonly used in
situations wherein the speaker is confronted with utterances
that amuses them or in some cases angers them.
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang
expression piste! is a random expression uttered when faced
with circumstances that entertains them or in some cases
angers them. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang
is to initiate relax conversation. Pak na pak! is again used
in the conversation. It is said when the speaker approved a
certain thing that was said by the other participant of the
conversation.
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Piste! Peskat!
S1: Kalisto niya

Bagay balitaw?
S2: Pak na pak!
HAHAHAHHAHA
S2: Oomami kagwapo piste hahahaa
S1: Agiiii hahaha
Maupay la kay frend ko
S2: HUYYYY
Ayaw siton hahaha
The slang expression “kalambor!” is an alternative word
for “demonjo.” It is used by the speakers to express anger
and annoyance. On the other hand, kalambor! is less
offensive in pronunciation and meaning. It is a slang word
used to disagree or disapprove someone’s utterance or
statement.
expression kalambor! is to show surprise towards the person
he/she was talking to. The reason in the use of the
expression is to show disagreement. There are some other
slang expressions that was uttered in the given
conversation. “Shuta,” a slang epression used in the context
to express annoyance. Shuta is a combination of both curse
word “sh*t” and “p*ta.” Another slang is “Kalawsi,” a slang
that the meaning is the same with kalambor and can be used
with the same context with it. It is also said to express

101
annoyance. Another one is “Anez?” Which translates “What?”
in the Standard English.
Kalambor!/Kalam-od!
S1: Shuta ka bakla hahah

Gurlll
S2: Nano naman?
S1: Kalawsi talaga ni Jenny ano?
S2: Kay anez gurl?
S1: Tanan issue nala siton na mananap
Kalambor!
Karasa ipilak sa pasakay!
S2: Kalma ka gurl
Hahahaha
Ine gud
HAHAHAHHAH
Slang expression “agii!” is commonly used between
circle of friends who are ridiculing one another. In some
cases, speakers use the slang to tease a person who has a
crush on someone.
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang agii!
implicates teasing someone. In this manner, the speaker is
initiating a relax conversation by means of teasing the
other participant of the conversation. Initiating relax
conversation is one of the reasons of using slang listed in
the Theory of Hymes which is the “Ethnography of Speaking.”
Agik!, Agii! Aguyy!
S1: Kalisto niya

Bagay balitaw?
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S2: Pak na pak!

HAHAHAHHAHA
S2: Oo mami kagwapo piste hahahaa
S1: Agiiii hahaha
Maupay la kay frend ko
S2: HUYYYY
Ayaw siton hahaha
Slang expression “kolera!” is particularly used to
describe an unpleasant person. It is a remark used to
express displeasure and dislike. Kolera! comes from the word
“Cholera” which is a serious desease that causes severe
vomiting and diarrhea. There is no fix reason as to why it
is used now as an expression but in the given conversation,
the slang is used to describe a person to express
displeasure.
expression kolera! indicates agitation and annoyance towards
a particular person. The speaker’s reason in the usage of
the slang is to humiliate and reveal anger.
Kolera!
S1: Today ta an pagpasa kan daffy?

S2: Depende kun mahibaro dayon paghimo link
S3: Kolera ka po danay mam purya sssss
S4: Halata na di nahibabaro mag manage gclass tsktsk naman maam……
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From the English word “Correct” which means the state
of being true. Speakers use this slang expression in
response to someone’s statement where he/she is in agreement
with. Thus, it could mean a validation and or agreement.
In this particular conversational exchange, the slang
“korekong!” was used by the speaker to agree with the other
speaker he/she is conversing with. The speaker meaning
indicates being in favor with the other speaker. The reason
why the speaker used the slang korekong! was to initiate a
relax conversation and express agreement. Slang expresion
Bettt is also use in the conversation. When using this
slang, it means you are approving something or it is simply
a slang equivalent to “I like it!” statement.
Korekong!
S1: Betttt an kolor

Damu ta gad didto
S2: Yes hahaha naruyagan ko liwat
Tapos sa door man aniz an color siton dida
S1: Paingona gad ta sun
Pareho la tala
S2: Oo nga dapat ad la sa knra nga duha an kulay sa door
S1: Korekong!
Either brown or cream ta
S2: Upaya haha
Mao na brown out or cream bongga.. ayaw sa dekolores
Creamy nala
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The slang expression “hatik!” is usually used to
express shock and disbelief. This is commonly used in
situations wherein the speaker is in the state of surprise.
expression hatik! indicates shock and surprise. The
speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang is to address
disbelief. Another slang present in the conversation is the
“Sinek,” comes from the word “Sino?” in Tagalog which means
“Who?” in English. This is originally a language of LGBTQ+
community but then widely used by the youth up to the
present.
Hatik!
S1: Amo itun tiyan nga nagkinanta ma’am

S2: Seminar ituw
S3: Hatik. HAHHAHAHA
S4: Huyy may naghuhumming???
S1: Sinek an ibong Adarna? Hahaha
S3: Sino adto HAHAHAHA
Slang expression “ngek!” is usually used by the
speakers to express being surprised and shocked. Ngek is a
slang word for “Eh!”. Ngek has different variations, such as
“ngi! and nye!” and they all mean the same. It is commonly
used in situations where one would feel pleasantly surprised
or shocked — usually upon hearing corny jokes and puns or
disappointed over someone or something.

105
Ngek! is oftentimes used in situations where a
particular person is surprised but with a little
disappointment. For example, “Ngek! Kahuna ko ba sarabay kit
magsumbit sa modules?” (Eh! I thought we’ll all submit our
modules at the same time?). The speaker meaning in the usage
of the slang indicates a little disappointment since their
plan on passing their modules together did not happen since
one of their friends decided to go solo in submitting
his/her activities. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the
slang was to show disappointment towards his/her friend’s
attitude of not sticking to the plan.
Ngek!, Ngi!, Nye!
S1: What time kit unina?

S2: May nano?
S1: Magsubmit diba kit?
S2: Modules? Haha
Tapos naak
Kahapon pa hahah
S1: Ngek! Kahuna ko ba sarabay kit magsubmit sa modules?
S2: Nalimot ak haha
Ngan si mader man an pinasa
S1: Aws mao man haha
Sgee mamii
Magsubmit naak lugod haha
Slang expression “Jusko!” is an informal expression and
a contraction of the Filipino word “Diyos ko!”, which means
“My God!” or “Oh my God!”. Jusko! is usually followed with
an exclamation point for effect. The slang term indicates

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that something is considered surprising, shocking,
thrilling, etc.
Jusko! is often used in different occasions such as
disbelief, amazement, fear, exasperation, and other events
wherein one could not expect what happened. Like for
example, “Jusko! Dre pa ada kit makakasulod sa Caba yana na
week kay lockdown daw.” (My God! We cannot possibly enter
Caba this week since a lockdown was imposed.) The context of
situation indicates disbelief since their plan in going to
the mentioned place would not be possible because of a
certain restriction imposed. The reason in the usage of the
slang is to express unhappiness and disbelief. However, in
some cases it is considered socially improper to say such
expletive. Slang expression “Anez?” is also used in the
conversation. It means “What?” in English and originally a
language exclusive to LGBTQ community. Social media plays a
very important role in the fast dessimination of this slang,
so other slang that is exclusive to a certain community
spreaded fast and is now used by majority of youth or people
that have access to social media.
Jusque!/Jusko!
S1: Anez na kit?

Tuloy
S2: Damo daw an nagpositive eh
Bangin mag lockdown muna sira
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S1: Jusko!
Dre pa ada kit makakasulod sa cab yana na week kay lockdown daw
S2: Bagtik la muna hahaha
S1: Umay nah aha
S2: Sa iba nala kit kaya
S1: No mag trek baya kami pa Imaga
So noooo
Slang expression “lodi,” is a backward speech which is
used to express admiration for someone in a casual way. This
is a popular word in millennials, who tend to make generous
use of it in Facebook posts. To congratulate someone for
getting things correct or for achieving a significant
milestone, Filipinos often get creative by saying lodi!
instead of saying “wow!” or “magaling!”.
Lodi! is the reversed spelling of the English word
“Idol” that is mostly used to refer to a familiar person who
just did something impressive. It is widely used in social
media platforms and in gaming community. Whenever someone
has passed board examinations, graduated from college, or
makes any significant achievement, you would call that
person a lodi to congratulate them. The slang is commonly
used to refer to an impressive person. Like for example,
“Lodi! Pasado ka sa exam sa Ched!” (Idol! You passed the
Ched examination!). In this context, the speaker refers to a
person in the usage of the slang and the speaker meaning
indicates being impressed and indirectly congratulates the

108
other person. The reason in the usage of the slang is to
commend and lowkey praise and revere the other person.
Lodi!
S1: Pokerns
Naimdan mo na an list?
S2: Anek?
List man?
S1: Sa page sa ched mami
Lodi!
Pasadoo ka sa exam sa ched!
S2: As in?
Troot gud?
Bangin scam ah
S1: Gagiks ka
Yesss
Slang expression “Edi Wow!” is a sarcastic phrase
locals use to comment on someone who has praised themselves
or bragged about their achievements. While it has the
English word “Wow,” it does not necessarily mean to express
admiration for someone. Rather, it is a slang expression
that can mean “I do not care,” so the phrase is usually
spoken lightly among close circles as it can be offensive to
say it to a person, one barely knows.
Edi wow! is commonly used by group of friends to tease
one another usually with a sarcastic tone attached. For
example, “Edi wow sa iyo na duwa, manta magbuburublag kam.”
(Just wow for the both of you, just wait and you will break
up.) The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang indicates

109
sarcasm but does not actually mean what he/she just said.
The reason in using the slang expression is to tease the
other person because his/her relationship with his/her
partner is going well.
Edi Wow!
S1: Edi wow sa iyo na duwa

Manta magburoblag kam
HAHAHAHAHA
S2: Maragoso naman im sudo ano hahahah
S1: TSEE KA!
Slang expression “Werpa lods!” similar to the previous
slang expressions mentioned, Werpa lods! is a millennial
product of twisting words and establishing them as part of
everyday conversation. This relatively new Filipino slang
expression is read as “pawer” (power) when reversed. It is
normally used to encourage someone and give them more
support.
Werpa lods!, is another syllabic reversal slang. This
slang expression has been part of everyday conversation and
can be used to show an utmost support to someone. For
example, “Go la! Werpa lods!” (Just go for it! More power
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idol!). The speaker meaning in the use of the slang
expression was to express a paramount support to their
friends and that they wish them the best of luck. The
speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang expression is to
show support to their friends in their upcoming games.
According to an article titled “The Lexical Trend of
Backward Speech Among Filipino Millennials on Facebook,”
internet neologisms are creative and playful words which
contribute to increasing English vocabulary. Example of
these words are the slang spelled backwards as werpa for
pawer (power). The continuous invention of new words in any
possible way contributes to the changes that is happening to
the language.
Werpa lods!
S1: HUYY
Linarga na kam?
S2: Wara pa gad
Kaiha sa iba imabot
S1: Aws hinay kam sa byahe ahh
S2: Sige salamat hihi
S1: Ayaw kam padaog sa kalaban hahah
Go la! Werpa lods!
S2: Uy salamat ahahaha
S1: Go for the win!
Slang expression “grabe!” usually means “Too much” if
the thing referred to has a negative impact to the person
reacting. “Wow” which has a positive connotation is the

111
opposite. For example, “Grabe! Kalisto niya mag gitara!”
(Wow! He’s a guitar genius!). However, grabe! is sometimes
used to express an overwhelming experience over a certain
person or event but most of the time a negative reaction or
comment is implied when the so-called slang is used. Klaus
Krippendorf in his book, “Content Analysis: An Introduction
to its Methodology,” argued that there is no single correct
meaning for a word. Its meaning depends on the context and
the entirety of the conversation.
For example, “Grabe! Dre talaga matapuran si Marites sa
mga sekreto.” (Just wow! Marites seriously cannot be trusted
with secrets.) The context of situation based on the example
is that two persons are talking about a certain Marites that
is a lousy gossiper. The speaker meaning indicates
disapproval and disappointment since it is drawn out to
emphasize sarcasm and extreme dismay. The speaker’s reason
in the usage of the slang expression was to show
disappointment and dismay towards this certain individual,
who cannot be trusted and has a bad habit of spreading both
rumors and secrets.
Grabe!
S1: Mao ngani

Mao an iristorya pala ngadi sa hall
S2: Grabe! Dre talaga matapuran si marites sa mga sekreto
S1: Kaya ngani
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Kay better watch out gud kit

S2: Mao na
Hala kay pila naak hahaha
Unina nala kit sa release
S1: Maupay iton hahahah
Slang expression “sana all!” is a slang expression used
to wish or hope for an individuals’ accomplishments or
success. Sana all! is a combination of the Filipino and
English language. It is a common slang expression coined as
a millennial language. Sana all! is one of the indirect ways
of saying that a person is envious about something or being
hopeful in a way that one way or another, that person is
also in the same situation.
Sana all! is a slang expression for an indirect way of
showing envy, or another way of conveying jealousy or
hopefulness. Take for example the conversation in the
screenshot, the speaker exclaimed “Sana all!” to the news
about their friend passing as topnotch in the recent
Licensure Examination for Teachers. The reason for the usage
of the stated slang expression was to indirectly praise
their friend and also somehow to express envy in a joking
manner. The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang
expression was that he/she also wants the same thing to
happen to them, and at the same time shows appreciation for
their friend’s luck and success. Slang expression “Kalawsi”

113
is also used in the conversation. This slang is uttered when
the speaker is expressing disbelief about what has been said
by the other participant.
Sana all!, Sanaol!, Naol!
S1: Aysus ine

Nabalitaan ko topnotch ka daw
S2: Ay ooh aha
Parambang la
S1: Kalawsi sini hahahahha
CONGRATSS!
S2: Salamat bakls
S1: Sana all talaga baks!
S2: Aysus baks hahah
Mas bilib pa nga ak saim
Slang expression “petmalu!” is a syllabic reversal of
the word “malupit/ malupet,” the Tagalog term for “Cruel.”
It is popular in the millennials which refers to someone or
something that is extremely interesting or cool.
Petmalu! is a slang term, the reversed order of
“malupit” which originally means “cruel,” but is now closer
to saying something or somebody is “cool” or “amazing,” the
way it is frequently used today. For example, “Petmalu kam!
Kaupay sa iyo entry sa sayaw!” (Awesome! Your dance entry is
just great!). The speaker meaning indicates being completely

114
astounded with the performance of the group he/she is
pertaining to. The reason in the usage of the slang is to
spell appreciation and commendation of the group.
“Salamatin” is another slang expression uttered in the
conversation. This is a slang expression for “salamat”
adding –in at the end of the word and simply means “thank
you” in English.
Petmalu!
S1: Panlibre na huyy

S2: And why?
S1: Buraot talaga ine ahay hahahha
May kam lugok 15yaw haha
Petmalu kam!
Kaupay s aiyo entry sa sayaw!
S2: HAHAHAHAHAHA
Salamatin
Buwas nala im piso
Slang expression “Susmaryosep!” is also a creative
version for the English terms “My gosh!”. Aside from
denoting surprise, the slang expression can also mean anger
and frustration.
While OMG is a common term for astonishment, you may
become more local by saying “Susmaryosep!” a combination of
the words Jesus, Mary, and Joseph. Aside from astonishment,
the slang phrase can also be used to express rage and
irritation. So, for example, if someone damages one of your
belongings, you can express your displeasure by stating

115
“Susmaryosep! Giwakay mo ahay ak gamit!” (My gosh! You broke
my stuff!). It can be observed that the speaker displays
annoyance in this circumstance. When someone hears a
shocking news, for example, “Susmaryosep! Na disgrasya sira
Aleah.” (My gosh! Aleah got into an accident). The speaker
meaning in the latter example gives information about the
shocking news and the reason for using the mentioned slang
expression is to notify everyone about the horrific news.
Susmaryosep!
S1: Kunta okay ka la hahahaha

S2: Nabatian mo?
S1: An nanu baya iton?
S2: Susmaryosep!
Na disgrasya sira Aleah!
S1: Hala!
Kamusta man sira?
Mayka balita?
S2: Wara ngani
Kunta man okay la sira
According to Burke, many researchers define slang in
direct opposition to the conventional and standard language,
and view it in terms of its deviant and rebellious nature.
They argue that slang is improper, unsystematic,
unacceptable language usage, with unconventional
vocabularies that diverge from that of standard lexicon. In
the three interpersonal functions of slang enumerates by
Zhou and Fan, the emotive feeling of the slang users exposes
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the speaker’s attitude towards the subject. Slangs such as
“hatik, kolera, kalambor, piste, pastikom, panulay, kalawsi,
Imos haon, demonju, mananas man, kalamre, depunggol, grabe,
ngek, Ata Nanay, hiyay, and shuta,” are examples of slangs
that expresses emotive feeling. These slangs are highly
informal words but considered as standard in the speaker’s
dialect but is restricted in all forms of formal
communications.
According to Hymes, in his theory “Ethnography of
Speaking,” there are seven reasons why speakers use slang
and one of the reasons is to initiate a relax conversation.
For example, “agik, korekong, lodi, sanaol, and petmalu.”
These are slang expressions commonly used to initiate a
relax conversation with the other interlocutors. One of the
speaker’s reasons also in starting a conversation is to
address disbelief and surprise. These are the common slang
used to denote shock and surprise.
The Reinvented Form
Slang expression “freshdtt,” usually pertains to
someone who is looking attractive and beautiful. Switching -
ed to -dtt at the end of the slang does not really make
sense but it gives these kinds of words an extra bite.

117
Freshdtt seem fairly self-explanatory. Jumping off from its
literal meaning, to say someone is freshdtt does not just
mean that, that someone is appearing great. There is a
particular mean streak about it, just like calling someone
ugly and or looking unpleasant.
Freshdtt is a slang term usually used to praise someone
who is appearing great. For example, “Ay freshdtt! Bagay
saim an im bago na kulay sa buhok.” (You look fresh! Your
new hair color suits you well.) The speaker meaning in the
usage of the slang expression is to appreciate the pleasant
appearance his/her friend is giving off. The reason in using
the slang expression is mainly to appreciate their friends
delightful and appealing new look.
“Pak na pak!” is a slang expression that is barely used by
the youth today. It is said when someone agreed to certain
things in a very excited tone to uplift the mood and to
indicate the speaker’s strong approval.
Freshdtt
S2: (sent pictures)

S1: Ayy freshedtt.
Bagay saim an bag-o na kulay saim buhok!
Ngain ka nagpa-ayos?
S2: Kan Shizane la mami. Kalisto na niya. bagay balitaw?
S1: Pak na pak!
118
Slang expression “Stressedtt ak bangs!” usually means
“I’m stressed” or “worn out.” It is commonly used when
someone is stressed over something. Sometimes, the phrase
can even be substituted with the term “Haggardo Versoza na”
without actually referring to Gardo Versoza, a Filipino
actor. “Haggardo Versoza,” a play on the actor’s name, is a
slang phrase that means “Haggard” or “Worn out.”
Stressedtt ak bangs! is usually used when a person is
tired about something. For example, “Stressedtt ak bangs
sini naat mga pinanhihimo”. (I am definitely stressed for
everything that we have been tasked to do.) The speaker
meaning in the usage of the slang expression is to indicate
his/her difficulty in completing and performing their work.
The reason in using the slang expression is to give more
emphasis on what he/she is feeling right at the moment.
“Kafagal” is also used in the conversation. It is a
slang expression which indicates extreme tireness. Another
slang that is seen in the conversation is “Anez?” or “What?”
in English. Another one is litse! a slang that is said when
the speaker suddenly feels annoyed but, in the context,
given, the slang is used as a response to what has been said
by the other participant of the conversation.
Stressedtt ak bangs!
119
S1: Hooooh! Katanglay. Kafagal

S2: Anez itun? hahaha
S1: Acads mami
S2: Ayy oo paktay nalat ak. Haggard na gud.
S1: Stressedtt ak bangs sin inga at pinanhihimo.
S2: Kaya yan mami. Go lang! Kahit usad linta hahaha
S1: Letse ka! Haha
The slang expression “Labandtt dzae!” came from the
word “Laban” and is usually uttered to someone to extend
their support towards a friend or someone of importance to
them. “You can do it” or “Go, fight for it” is an English
equivalent for the abovementioned slang expression. Lavarn
is another variant of the slang which can also be seen in
the conversation.
Labandtt dzae! is a shout of encouragement or to give
comfort and support to a friend who needs the cheering and
the comfort of words. Like for example, “Labandtt dzae! Ez
la iton saim na task.” (You can do it! The task is just a
piece of cake for you.) The speaker meaning in the usage of
the slang expression is to extend support and let the other
interlocutor know that they got his/her back. That they are
the proudest. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang
expression is to show support to his/her friend.
Lavarn/Labandtt dzae!
S1: Aysus bakla

120
S2: Aysus bakla. Mala man.

S1: Kay oo ngani
S3: Padayon gadla. Aja!
S1: Gagiks ka! Lavarn lang baks. Labandtt dzae! Ez la itun saim na task.
S4: Go lang ikaw am pambato.
Slang expression “goshedtt” is commonly used to express
one’s excitement, surprise, or fear rather than using its
original phrase “Oh my gosh!” or “Oh my goodness!”. The
slang originates from the word “gosh.” This slang expression
has already carried over into electronic communications as
well. When texting became the norm, abbreviations were
formed to hurry the typing process, which brought to
goshedtt overload.
Goshedtt is mostly used when a particular individual is
surprised or sometimes used to give emphasis. For example,
“Gosheddt! Totoo nga mag f2f na kit next year?” (Oh my gosh!
Is it really true that we will have face-to-face classes
next year?). The context of situation indicates that the
speaker is surprised of the news that face-to-face classes
would be possible next school year. The speaker meaning in
the usage of the slang is to express his/her surprise
regarding the news. The reason in using the slang term is to
give more emphasis on the overwhelming news. Slang
expression “Wiz” is also uttered in the conversation. This
means “nothing” or “none” in English.

121
Goshedtt
S1: Heard the news?

S2: Wiz mami. Y?
S1: F2f na by jan
S2: As in? surest?
S1: 101%
S2: Gosheddtt! Totoo nga magF2F na kit next year?
S1: Yes nga.. unli la?
(Refer Appendix 4, Image 4
Slang expression “shetted,” is a widely used slang
expression used as an exclamation roughly meaning “Oh no!”.
This comes from the word “shit” and despite its commonness,
shetted is still considered inappropriate. It is commonly
used by the millennials to express their anger, surprise, or
disappointment.
Shetted is as very volatile slang expression and can be
used in a day-to-day basis especially in the Visayan Region
of the Philippines. The slang can be used as an offensive
swear when used to point a person in an angry manner but can
also be used to express being shocked, surprised, or
perplexed. For example, “Shetted! Kamakalalangot la, ikaw na
nga an binulig tapos mga ingrata pa!” (Shit! It is very
vexing to good and be repaid with ingratitude!). The speaker
meaning in the usage of the slang expression indicates
annoyance over an ingrateful individual. The reason in the
usage of the slang is to express his/her anger and
displeasure. “Amimiste!” is a curse word in Ninorte Samarnon

122
dialect but was adopted also as a slang expresson to convey
a certain disgust or disapproval to certain things.
Shetted
S1: Maupay iton. Hahaha

S2: Aysus nahimangraw ka pa. aram mo naman nga mao na talaga iton siya.
S1: Shetted! Kamakalalangot la.
Ikaw na an binulig tas mga ingrate pa!
S2: Sagdi nay yun maree haha ayaw na siton paraisipa pa
S1: Amimiste na gad
S2: Ahay nagbinagaw na gad hahaha nga babayi ini hahhah
Slang expression “shockedtt,” came from the English
word “Shock” which implies surprise or a feeling of terror
to a particular person, occurrence, experience, and event.
This can both mean negative or positive depending on the
context. The spelling is also different from the original
word.
The slang expression shockedtt, is commonly used to
indicate surprise. The speaker meaning in the usage of the
slang term signifies surprise of the sudden news regarding
the proposed face-to-face approach of learning that might be
possible the next school year. The speaker’s reason in the
usage of the slang expression is to express his/her surprise
reaction regarding to what he/she has learned.

123
Shockedtt
S1: Heard the news?

S2: Wiz mami. Y?
S1: F2f na by jan
S2: As in? surest?
S1: 101%
S2: Gosheddtt! Totoo nga magF2F na kit next year?
S1: Yes nga.. unli la?
S2: Shockeddtt. Tae. Why naman? Hahahah
“Ok lang” is the most common, but for a desired
uniqueness, the spelling of “lang” is changed into lungs.
“Lung” is a body organ but functions differently in this
slang expression. “Oks lungs!” means still the same with “Ok
lang.”
There is no single correct meaning of a word, according
to Krippendorff. “Lung” in English is a body organ and when
it was adopted as one of the common slang expressions in an
online messaging conversation mostly composed of the
millennials, another meaning was attached to it. The speaker
meaning indicates agreement to a statement or gradually
saying that he/she is just fine with it. The speaker’s
reason in the usage of the slang is to show approval and
agreement to the matter they are discussing with. “Sanaol”
is a slang expression also used in the exchange of
conversation between interlocutors. It is said when someone
desired something to be in his/her possession.

124
Oks lungs!
S1: Sanaol pabeach beach lang

S2: Hehe hope you were able to join.
You can join next time haha
S1: Oks lungs. Hindi naman masakit parang kagat lang ng langgam.
Wala nang next time
Wag mo akong pinapaasa.
S2: Hahaha loka I’ll invite you next time.
Biglaan kasi kanina. Yay! Hahaha
S1: Pero kkb
Slang expression “linggay” is a term used to call
someone that is feeling tipsy or wasted from drinking
alcohol.
expression linggay is to refer to a person who is
intoxicated. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang
is to address a person who is in the state of drunkenness.
Linggay
S1: Anes yan loading. Sige makada ak

S2: (sent photos)
S1: Yay linggay
The slang term “okied” means “Okay” in English. The
spelling is not similar to the original word but, the
meaning conveyed is still the same.
Text acquires significant meanings in the context of
their use, as Krippendorff points out. The speaker meaning

125
indicates understanding about the subject matter they are
discussing. The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang
is to show understanding and agreement to what they are
talking about.
Okied
S1: No mag trek baya kami pa imaga..

So noo kailangan daw attendance sa 3day seminar.
Para mareimburasan an gastos.
S2: Okied!
Sino ba mag attend?
Pira tanan para mahimuan ko tseke dayun.\
S1: 6 participants pala po nagconfirm.
Sige update ak pag may ka na date doon.
S2: Sige po salamat
Slang expression “danceriszt,” is an invented word
pertaining to someone who is good at dancing or has a talent
in it. It is widely used by the youth especially in any
social media platforms. It was invented during pandemic
where people spent hours in social media as a major source
of entertainment and escape from boredom.
In the conversation, danceriszt is used to call someone
who is good at dancing. The speaker meaning in the usage of
the slang term is to express appreciation of how good of a
dancer the other interlocutor was. The reason in the usage
of the slang term is to show that the other communication
participant’s dancing skills is highly praised and

126
appreciated. The slang expression “Sanaol” is also present
in the conversation. The speaker said it to convey that
he/she is wishing for something to be in his/her possession.
Danceriszt
S1: Salamat bakls <3

S2: Sanaol talaga baks <3
S1: Aysus baks hahah mas bilib pa ak nga saim.
Bakla nag imod ak sa dc ngada s aiyo bungto hahah
S2: Inay haha adi ka ngean kagabi?
S1: Yes baklaa sanaol danceriszt hahaha.
Kalisto man
S2: Shuta ka bakla hahah
Slang expression “songeriszt,” is similar with the
slang term danceriszt, this term was also invented during
pandemic. The slang is an equivalent term for singers or to
someone who is good at singing. The word is deviated from
its formal term “singer” for the purpose of creativeness and
uniqueness.
Songeriszt is somewhat similar to danceriszt as they
are both being used to address someone who is good at
dancing (danceriszt) and singing (songeriszt). Songeriszt is
simply a slang term used to address someone who is good at
singing but in the context above, it was given a negative
connotation and was used as an insult as “Dire ka lat
songeriszt sugaron ko la saem.” (Let me just tell you, that
you are not a singer yourself). The speaker meaning in the

127
usage of the slang term indicates sarcasm. Gradually telling
the other person that he/she also is not a good singer. The
speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang expression is to
show a hint annoyance to the other speaker. “Okied” was also
present in the exchange of conversation. It is said when
agreeing to something that has been said by the other
speaker.
Songeriszt
S1: Dire ka lat songerizt sugaron ko la saim.

Tama na iton na ilusyon mo. Salamat nala sa tanan…
S2: In other words, di ka mahal ni Lord.
S3: Huyy may kam saak problema?
Hahaha sana happy kayo.
Songeriszt ak choir ngani ak. Yay kam hahahaah
S1: Pasang awa la kuno adto
S2: Uwata imo kalugaringon dzae hahaha
S3: Okied. F.O. dayun niyan? Chozz hahaha
Slang expression “tiktokeriszt,” originated from a
mobile application TikTok. The speaker meaning in the usage
of the slang expression tiktokeriszt is to refer to an
individual who is fond of doing TikTok videos. The speaker’s
reason in the usage of the slang is to address a person who
is fond of doing various contents using the TikTok app.

128
Tiktokeriszt
S1: Naimod ko na naman imo TikTok story
S2: Hahaha pasensya na po, skip nala niyo
S1: HAHAHA sagdi gad udi. Naipa laak.
Sanaol kasi tiktokeriszt
S2: HAHAHA gagi man. Mas masayon kasi magtiktok kesa mag answer module haha.
S1: Esus esus bawo man hahaha
S2: Ayaw nala niyo pagpansina ak pagkinimas kay pure na pagkimas na talaga itun HAHAHA
S1: Hahaha madiscover ka ngani san the voice. HAHAHHAHA
S2: Lah HAHAHHAHA the voice pa nga
Slang expression “patronizer,” is a reinvented term
referred to a person who keeps on attending and going to
fiesta celebrations. It is derived from the word “Patron.”
expression patronizer is to tease the other interlocutor
about going to fiesta celebrations without invitations. The
speaker’s reason in the use of the slang is to express
intimacy, and to initiate an interactive conversation.
Patronizer
S1: May ka aram buwas what time an misa sa Bulao?

S2: Niyan mangutana ak
S1: Sige
S2: 7 am kuno
S1: Ayyy hala kaagap man. Salamatin
S2: Kay? Patron ngadto?
S1: Kay di paak sun mata haha. Oo.
S2: Ahh kay patronizer haha. Kahapon naimdan ko lat ikaw. Nano kay pirmi ka adi?
Slang expression “afam,” is an invented word which
pertains to a “Foreigner.” It is way far from the original
word and can cause confusion to people who is not familiar

129
to the slang. Afam is originally a gay lingo and was used
repatedly by the certain community to mean a foreigner
he/she met in dating sites. Afam is usually a term being
used when a particular foreigner is in a relationship with a
Filipina. But nowadays, as long as it is a foreigner, it
will be addressed as afam.
Afam is a slang term commonly used in addressing a
foreigner. And in the conversation, the meaning of afam is
maintained but has additional connotation. The context of
afam in the conversation is similar to “Sugar daddy” who
gives money to his Filipina partner. The speaker meaning in
the usage of the slang is to address his/her friend’s
partner who happened to be a foreigner. The speaker’s reason
in the usage of the slang is mainly to address the
foreigner.
Afam
S1: Bakla
S2: Sanaol na gudla saim ano. Ngan saim afam haha
S1: Nagkulaw naak sa Netflix.
Kaupay ngean talaga. Gaga ka talaga.
S2: Oo maree. Sanaol may taga sponsor sa tanan na rampa.
S1: Syempre ganda ak HAHAHAHAHA
This slang is used by the speaker to mean something is
done, or something is over. It is a backward spelling of the
native word “tiwas” meaning finally over.

130
The slang was used in an informal conversation with
friends. A conversational exchange between two people who
are very much close with each other. The speaking meaning in
the use of the slang is to express conclusion and ending.
The speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang expression is
to initiate relax conversation.
Wasti na!
S1: Huyyy katurog kit buwas naman ahhaah

S2: Pass diak nakaturog HAHAHAHA
S1: Sige ak tawa dd kasuol sak braso. Wow huh sanaol.
S2: Sanaol naturokan. HAHAHAHA
S1: Pagpaturok na
S2: Diak ude, bata paak.
S1: Kadamu saak himuon. Wasti na ak future hahahaha
Parang kagat lang ng langgam.
Slang expression “Minerva,” pertains to individuals who
are members of the New People’s Army. It is how people
address it in order to hide the term NPA. People use it so
that, the true meaning of the slang expression will only be
limited to their group.
The speaker meaning in the usage of the slang Minerva
refers to the terrorist group here in the Philippines. The
speaker’s reason in the usage of the slang is to address a
particular individual who is anti-government.

131
Minerva
S1: Shotaaa kaliya pa sa facebook san kanan election

S2: Kay mayda pinaglalaban HAHAHAHA
S1: Basta ako Leni ak kahit anong mangyari.
S3: No, BBM tayo
S2: Huyy waray ka gud pamati history class potaa ka hahaha. Pero kay nanu waray si Neri
Colmenares
Sa senatorial slate ni ate Leni?
S2: Lugaw is essential <3
S3: Absent am history teacher pirmi
S2: Kay dire man si Leni a nagdedecide, nagvoting a kanya mga parte tas a ginpili si Trillanes
Hindi pu aqo sure ito’y batay lamang sa aking narinig sa balita HAHAHAHAHA.
Kay Minerva aon ini si Trillanes mau nagkakahadok a mga kaalyado
HAHAHHAHAHA HA joke!
Disclaimer: joke po ine
S3: Bain si Neri an menirva. Joke la liwat
S1: Hala oo mau ak nababati si Colminares minerva gudman
S2: Hoy digad
This slang term came from an English word “Award,”
added with the prefix word ma- and mean completely different
from its original meaning. Award in English is giving
recognition or appreciation to a person who did something
remarkable.
expression “Maaward” indicates and impose punishment after a
certain behavior or an action is taken. The speaker’s reason
in the usage of the slang is to inform the other
interlocutors about a probable punishment when an action is
taken.
132
Maaward
S1: Dzaee
S2: What
S1: pakadto sa ofiz niyan, inpapakadto ka ni maam
S2: Ay dire ak hahaha. Bain maaward ak
S1: Loka ka ngadto na. adto lat iba pa naton na klasmet. Dire gad itun si maam man award kalamay
pa.
S2: HAHA di mo sure
S1: Hala na kadto na.
S2: Niyan hahahaha
Slang expressions “freshedtt, stressedtt, labandtt,
goshedtt, shetted, shockedtt, danceriszt, songeriszt,” and
tiktokeriszt qualify and support the “Characteristics of
Slang,” proposed by Allan and Burridge. It is stated that
slang is fresh and creative, and imitative. The
abovementioned expressions are totally anew in terms of its
spellings. The addition of -edtt and -iszt at the end of the
slang words indicates the youth’s playfulness towards
language. One of the functions of slang according to Zhou
and Fan is the pursuit of self-identity. Whenever a person
uses this slang expression this signals to what group they
belong. It is because slang is used within different social
groups.
Krippendorff also pointed out in his book “Content
Analysis: An introduction to its Methodology,” a word or
slang could mean different according to context. “Lung” in
English basically a body organ but when it was adopted as

133
one of the common slang expressions in an online messaging
conversation mostly composed of the millennials, another
meaning was attached to it and the speaker meaning indicates
agreement to an opinion or gradually saying that he/she is
just fine with it.
The state of being an informal language is usually used
by the millennials to establish group identity and exclude
others outside the group. There are some words that are
naturally offensive, but with the use of slang some were
able to be pronounced and sounded like less offensive.
“Linggay” is an alternative term and softened version of
calling someone drunk. “Maaward” is an expression that has a
negative meaning unlike its original English semantic
bearing. Thus, the context how it is used should be taken
into consideration. As Krippendorff also stated that, a
slang used in a negative environment will bear a negative
connotation.
According to Zhou, slang is the result among the youth
playing with words and renaming things, and sometimes invent
new words for the pleasure of being in fashion or in-group.
Speakers of slang language are mostly millennials since they
are said to be the trendsetters of language according to
Lumabi’s study titled “The Lexical Trend of Backward Speech
Among Filipino Millennials on Facebook.” Most of the changes

134
happening to the language is the result of the youth’s
desire to be unique and in fashion. Like for example, the
slangs “Minerva, Wasti na, afam, patronizer and okied.”

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46

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Table 1 presents the collected slang expressions in

online messaging conversations and its classifications

according to form and the codes. Some of the collected slang

expressions are endearment, swearing, and showing support.

Slang expressions has no societal boundaries or limitations

as it can exist in all cultures and classes in society as

well as in all languages. For instance, in Ninorte-Samarnon

such as “demongker,” Tagalog slang like “awit,” English

The slang expressions were classified according to its

slang expressions wherein the spelling of a word is modified

which affects how it is pronounced, thus, results to strange

and mischievous language. Second is the Shortened Form of

slang which contains slang expressions that are shortened

and contracted in terms of its spelling. Third is

Interjection. These are expressions that are usually used to

express feelings or emotions. Lastly, is the Reinvented.

These are the existing slang or new coinages that was

developed and basically created because of the millennial

play in words. To reinvent is to remake or make over in a

Reinvented form of slang is the new form proposed and

discovered by the researchers. This new form of slang

qualifies to the characteristics of slang according to Allan

and Burridge. They affirm that there are five different

types of slang namely: fresh and creative, flippant,

imitative, acronym and clipping. Reinvented expressions that

are fresh and creative means they are totally new

vocabularies, informal, clever, imaginative, and up-to-date

words (see Chapter 2, page 22-23).

A total of 58 slang expressions were collected and

classified according to Bloomfield’s form of slang and

proposed form by the researchers which is the Reinvented

form. Majority of the collected slang expressions are used

to express emotions of the speaker making the interjection

form of slang dominant among the other forms.

Table 1. Slang Expressions

SLANG EXPRESSIONS SLANG FORM CODES

Hushay mo! Wrong talk funny one A

Stressedtt ak bangs! Reinvented New Form

Forms of Collected Slang Expressions

Table 2.1 covers the slang expressions classified as

category are expressions that has a modification of pitch

and a strange question which is used as a rough language

that is funny or expresses a mistrust feeling of something.

Slang expression “Anez?”, is another slang expression

which asks question. Anez is a slang term for the Tagalog

word “ano?” (what?). This slang expression has another

variation in spelling, “Anek?”. Speakers use this

interchangeably based on whichever they prefer. The slang

Slang expression “walwal,” is derived from a popular

slang that millennials frequently use today, and which

emanates from the phrase “Walang pakialam.” According to the

young, its closest English translation is “To get wasted”

from drinking too much alcohol.

Slang expression “Pabebe,” is a popular millennial

slang said to someone who tries to look cute and endearing

them look dumb. Pabebe, is a combination of a Filipino

prefix ‘magpa’ which is shortened to ‘pa’ and ‘bebe’ which