FCDS

Programming I

Lecture 1: Introduction to JAVA

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 Text Book

Building Java Programs: A Back to Basics Approach

(2nd Edition) Stuart Reges & Marty Stepp;

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 Evaluation
Category Percentage Location Date
Lab 10% In Lab Weekly
Assignments
Mid 20% In Class 8th week
Term/Quizzes
Final Lab Exam 20% In Lab 14th week

Final Exam 50% In Class 15th week

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 Course Objectives
• Help students to understand the fundamentals
of programming such as variables, conditional
and iterative statements, methods, recursion,
arrays, etc.
• Develop the student’s ability to write a well-
structured computer program to solve specified
problems using Java
• Teach students to use the Java SDK environment
to create, debug and run simple Java programs
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 What is Programming?

• Given a well-defined problem:

1. Find an algorithm to solve a problem.

2. Express that algorithm in a way that the
computer can execute it.

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 What is programming?
• program: A set of instructions
to be carried out by a computer.

• programming language: A systematic set of rules

used to describe computations in a format that is
editable by humans.
– For example: Java
• program execution: The act of
carrying out the instructions
contained in a program.
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Programming Life Cycle Phases

1. Analyze the problem.

• This involves identifying the data you have to work with it,
the desired results, and any additional requirements or
constrains on the solution.

2. Design the algorithm to solve the problem.

• An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem in
a finite amount of time.

3. Implement the algorithm.

• Each algorithm is converted into one or more steps in a
programming language. This process is called CODING.

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Programming Life Cycle Phases
4. Test and verify the completed program.
• Run the program several times using different sets of data, making
sure that it works correctly for every situation in the algorithm .

• if it does not work correctly, then you must find out what is
wrong with your program or algorithm and fix it--this is
called DEBUGGING

5. Maintain and update the program.

• maintenance begins when your program is put into use and
accounts for the majority of effort on most programs.

• MODIFY the program to meet changing requirements or

correct errors that show up in using it.

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 Algorithm Basic Control
Structures
• a sequence is a series of statements that execute one after
another

• selection (branch) is used to execute different statements

depending on certain conditions

• Looping (repetition) is used to repeat statements while

certain conditions are met.

• a subprogram (function) is used to break the program into

smaller units

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 Control Structures
Sequences

Statement1 Statement2 Statement3 ...

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 Control structures
Selection (Branching)

IF Condition THEN Statement1 ELSE Statement2

Statement1
Statement
Condition ...
Statement2

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 Control structures
Loop (Repetition)

WHILE Condition Statement1

False
...
Condition

Statement

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 Control structures
Subprogram (Function)

PROGRAM1 ...

SUBPROGRAM1
a meaningful collection
of SEQUENCE,
SELECTION, LOOP,
SUBPROGRAM

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 Sample Problem
Company payroll case study
A small company needs an interactive
program to figure its weekly payroll.

• The payroll clerk will input data for each

employee, and each employee’s wages.

• Display the total wages for the week on the

screen.

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 Sample Problem

A programmer needs an algorithm to

determine an employee’s weekly
wages.
How would the calculations be done by
hand?

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 Algorithm for Company
Payroll Program
• initialize total company payroll to 0.0
• repeat these steps for each employee:
1. Get the employee’s ID empNum
2. Get the employee’s hourly payRate
3. Get the hours worked this week
4. Calculate this week’s wages
5. Add wages to total company payroll
• write total company payroll on screen

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 How to calculate the weekly
wages ?
If hours are less than 40.0, then

wages = hours * payRate

otherwise

wages = (40.0 * payRate) + (hours - 40.0) * 1.5 *payrate

Example:
If h=50, r=10, then
w = 40*rate + (h-40)*rate*1.5
W= 40*10+(50-40)*10*1.5 = ?

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 Programming languages
• Some influential ones:
– FORTRAN
• science / engineering
– COBOL
• business data
– LISP
• logic and AI
– BASIC
• a simple language

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 Some modern languages
• procedural languages: programs are a series of commands
– Pascal (1970): designed for education
– C (1972): low-level operating systems and device drivers
• functional programming: functions map inputs to outputs
– Lisp (1958) / Scheme (1975), ML (1973), Haskell (1990)
• object-oriented languages: programs use interacting "objects"
– Smalltalk (1980): first major object-oriented language
– C++ (1985): "object-oriented" improvements to C
• successful in industry; used to build major OSes such as Windows
– Java (1995): designed for web apps/servers
• Created by James Gosling and released by Sun microsystems
• Runs on many platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, cell phones...)
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21
 Process of Programming
• Code: describes the act of programming (e.g., “Let’s code this into
Java”)
• The process of execution is often called running
• Program is stored in the computer as a series of binary numbers
known as machine language
– Machine language programs are executable programs
– Modern programmers use high-level programming languages such as
C++ and Java.

• High-level programming languages cannot be run directly on a

computer
– They first have to be translated into machine language
– Translation happens using Compilers
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 Process of Programming
• Compiler: software that often translates a program written in a programming
language into an equivalent program in another computer language
– Often but not always from a high level language into machine language

• Java programs compile into Java bytecodes (NOT machine lang.)

– Intermediate level (not as high as Java or as low as machine language)
– One set of bytecodes can execute on many different machines
– It represents the machine language of a virtual computer know as Java Virtual Machine
(JVM)

• Java Runtime Environment (JRE): a program that executes Java bytecodes

• Java development Kit (JDK) = JRE + Java compiler.
• Java Runtime Environment (JRE) = JVM + Library Classes
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 Process of Programming

Source Running
Editor Compiler
File Byte code JVM Program
(IDE) (javac)
(.java)

MyProgram.java MyProgram.class

Output

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 IDE (Editor)

• Eclipse is an integrated development environment

(IDE).
– Syntax highlighting editor
– Easy to compile and execute programs
– Debugging (finding and eliminating errors in the
program)

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Basic Java programs with
println statements

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 A Java program
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
• Its output:
Hello, world!

• Console window: Text box into which the

program's output is printed.
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 Structure of a Java program
class: a program
public class name {
public static void main(String[] args) {
statement;
Body of
main
statement;
method ... method: a named group
statement; of statements
}
}
statement: a command to be executed

• Every executable Java program consists of a class,

– that contains a method named main,
• that contains the statements (commands) to be executed.

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 Compile/run a program
1. Write it.
– code or source code: The set of instructions in a program.

2. Compile it.
– javac: translates the program from Java to bytecode
– bytecode: runs on many computer types (any computer with JVM)

3. Run (execute) it.

– output: whatever the programmer instructs the program to do

source code byte code output

compile run Hello, World!
javac Hello.java java Hello

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 System.out.println
• A statement that prints a line of output on the console.
– pronounced "print-linn"
– sometimes called a "println statement" for short

• Two ways to use System.out.println :

• System.out.println("text");
Prints the given message as output.

• System.out.println();
Prints a blank line of output.

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 Another Java program
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("This program produces");
System.out.println("four lines of output");
}
}

• Its output:
Hello, world!
This program produces
four lines of output

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 Names and identifiers
• You must give your program a name.
public class MyClass {
– Naming convention: capitalize each word (e.g. MyClass)
– Your program's file must match exactly (MyClass.java)
• includes capitalization (Java is "case-sensitive")

• identifier: A name given to an item in your program.

– must start with a letter or _ or $
– subsequent characters can be any of those or a number
• legal: _myName TheCure ANSWER_IS_42 $bling$
• illegal: me+u 49ers side-swipe Ph.D's
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 Keywords
• keyword: An identifier that you cannot use because
it already has a reserved meaning in Java.
abstract default if private this
boolean do implements protected throw
break double import public throws
byte else instanceof return transient
case extends int short try
catch final interface static void
char finally long strictfp volatile
class float native super while
const for new switch
continue goto package synchronized

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 Syntax
• Syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can
be used in a particular language.
– Every basic Java statement ends with a semicolon ;
– The contents of a class or method occur between { and }

• Syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the

structure of a program that causes the compiler to fail.
– Missing semicolon
– Too many or too few { } braces
– Illegal identifier for class name
– Class and file names do not match
...
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 Syntax error example
1 public class Hello {
2 pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.out.println("Hello, world!")_
4 }
5 }

• Compiler output:
Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected
pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
^
Hello.java:3: ';' expected
}
^
2 errors

– The compiler shows the line number where it found

the error.
– The error messages can be tough to understand!

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 Other types of Errors

• Logic errors: occur when you write code that doesn’t

perform the task it is intended to perform BUG!

• Runtime errors: are logic errors that are so severe

that Java stops your program from executing.

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 Strings
• string: A sequence of characters to be printed.
– Starts and ends with a " quote " character.
• The quotes do not appear in the output.
– Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string. It's very long!"

• Restrictions:
– May not span multiple lines.
"This is not
a legal String."

– May not contain a " character.

"This is not a "legal" String either."

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 Escape sequences
• escape sequence: A special sequence of characters used
to represent certain special characters in a string.
\t tab character
\n new line character
\" quotation mark character
\\ backslash character

– Example:
System.out.println("\\hello\nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");
– Output:
\hello
how are "you"?\\

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 Questions
• What is the output of the following println
statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");
System.out.println("\\\\");
System.out.println("'");
System.out.println("\"\"\"");
System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward
spiral");

• Write a println statement to produce this output:

/ \ // \\ /// \\\

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 Answers
• Output of each println statement:
a b c
\\
'
"""
C:
in he downward spiral

• println statement to produce the line of output:

System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ ///
\\\\\\");

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 Questions
• What println statements will generate this output?
This program prints a
quote from the Gettysburg Address.
"Four score and seven years ago,
our 'fore fathers' brought forth on
this continent a new nation."

• What println statements will generate this output?

A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you learn
the rules of "escape sequences."
Also, "" represents an empty String.
Don't forget: use \" instead of " !
'' is not the same as "

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 Answers
• println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println("This program prints a");
System.out.println("quote from the Gettysburg Address.");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("\"Four score and seven years ago,");
System.out.println("our 'fore fathers' brought forth on");
System.out.println("this continent a new nation.\"");

• println statements to generate the output:

System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is");
System.out.println("'much' better if you learn");
System.out.println("the rules of \"escape sequences.\"");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Also, \"\" represents an empty String.");
System.out.println("Don't forget: use \\\" instead of \" !");
System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");

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 Comments
• comment: A note written in source code by the
programmer to describe or clarify the code.
– Comments are not executed when your program runs.
• Syntax:
// comment text, on one line
or,
/* comment text; may span multiple lines */

• Examples:
// This is a one-line comment.
/* This is a very long
multi-line comment. */
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 Using comments
• Where to place comments:
– at the top of each file (a "comment header")
– at the start of every method (seen later)
– to explain complex pieces of code

• Comments are useful for:

– Understanding larger, more complex programs.
– Multiple programmers working together, who must
understand each other's code.
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 Comments example
/* Suzy Student, FCDS, Fall 2020
This program prints lyrics about ... something. */

public class BaWitDaBa {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// first verse
System.out.println("Bawitdaba");
System.out.println("da bang a dang diggy diggy");
System.out.println();

// second verse
System.out.println("diggy said the boogy");
System.out.println("said up jump the boogy");
}
}

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