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    1.6 India

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    The document summarizes the history and society of India. It describes the Dravidian period when the Indus Valley civilization developed major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro with skilled metalworking and agriculture. It then discusses the later Aryan period when Indo-Aryan nomads migrated in around 1500 BC and influenced the development of the caste system. Key aspects of Indian society included the four castes and 16 kingdoms emerging across the subcontinent. Major Indian religions developed like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism which focused on concepts like dharma, karma, and samsara.

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    1.6 India

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    9 views2 pages
    The document summarizes the history and society of India. It describes the Dravidian period when the Indus Valley civilization developed major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro with skilled metalworking and agriculture. It then discusses the later Aryan period when Indo-Aryan nomads migrated in around 1500 BC and influenced the development of the caste system. Key aspects of Indian society included the four castes and 16 kingdoms emerging across the subcontinent. Major Indian religions developed like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism which focused on concepts like dharma, karma, and samsara.

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    The document summarizes the history and society of India. It describes the Dravidian period when the Indus Valley civilization developed major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro with skilled metalworking and agriculture. It then discusses the later Aryan period when Indo-Aryan nomads migrated in around 1500 BC and influenced the development of the caste system. Key aspects of Indian society included the four castes and 16 kingdoms emerging across the subcontinent. Major Indian religions developed like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism which focused on concepts like dharma, karma, and samsara.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views2 pages

    1.6 India

    Uploaded by

    Regő Paszt
    The document summarizes the history and society of India. It describes the Dravidian period when the Indus Valley civilization developed major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro with skilled metalworking and agriculture. It then discusses the later Aryan period when Indo-Aryan nomads migrated in around 1500 BC and influenced the development of the caste system. Key aspects of Indian society included the four castes and 16 kingdoms emerging across the subcontinent. Major Indian religions developed like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism which focused on concepts like dharma, karma, and samsara.

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    E.1.

    7 INDIA

    Dravidian period:
    • vast territory, subcontinent→ different climate; to the north lays the
    Himalaya, south the ocean; two big rivers: Indus and Ganges, in the river
    valley irrigation economy based on the monsoon rain;
    • 3rd millennium BC: Dravidian culture
    • most important cities were: Harrappa and Mohenjo-daro
    buildings were built of from mud bricks ,houses had bathrooms and were
    well-provided with drains, which lined the major streets
    • citizens were skilled in the use of metals such as copper, bronze, and
    cultivated barley, wheat, peas, sesame, and cotton
    • writing system consisting of 250 to 500 characters has not been completely deciphered yet

    Aryan period:
    • in 1500 BC , maybe the arriving nomadic Indo-Aryans were responsible
    for the final blow to the Indus Valley Civilization→ the two nations mixed
    or the Dravidians moved to the southernmost part of India
    • Indo-Aryans: came from the steppes north and east of the Caspian Sea and migrated across
    the Iranian plateau, spoke archaic Sanskrit,
    • had vivid trade with other parts of Asia; Silk road was the most
    important trading route; exported cotton and spices

    society:
    • Development of specific caste system (the Indian expression is varna referring to
    skin colour, as Dravidian had darker skin; caste is a Portuguese word)
    • There were 4 castes:
    the Brahmans consisted of priesthood
    the Kshatriyas - the ruling and military class
    the Vaishya were the agriculturists and traders
    the Sudras comprising servants and labourers, who were meant to serve
    the other three varnas were on the bottom of the social hierarchy
    the lowest group was the Dalits -the untouchables, who handled meat
    and waste- they were Dravidians and subdued by the Aryans; didn’t
    belong to the castes

    • too big territory→ it was impossible to unify →16 kingdoms emerged in


    the northern part of the Indian subcontinent competing with each other
    for supremacy
    • Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian
    subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE The emblem of the modern Republic of India is an
    adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka
    religion:
    • originally had natural deities then the Brahmanism developed ( this is
    the precursor of Hinduism),it was based on the saint Vedas books
    • Vedic religion includes the concepts of transmigration of the souls,
    reincarnation, which was closely tied with the caste systems
    • karma is the principle of causality; the rule that directs the world
    the world is constant and unchangeable and it is in eternal circulation
    • polytheistic religion
    • god triads: ( trimurti=the trinity of supreme divinity )
    Brahma-the creator
    Vishnu -the preserver
    Shiva- the destroyer

    • the religious reformer Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) created his


    own religion of Buddhism ( Buddha means enlightened, awakened) Gautama was
    moved by the innate suffering of humanity and its endless repetition due to rebirth. He set
    out on a quest to end this repeated suffering, he turned to the practice of asceticism
    • their goal is to reach Nirvana, the liberation from cycles of rebirth,→ we
    have to give up desires as they cause dissatisfaction

    science:
    • great architecture e.g. stupas (hemispherical structure containing relics typically the
    remains of Buddhist monks or nuns, that is used as a place of meditation)
    • maths: Arabic numerals, trigonometry
    • literature: two great eposes: Mahratta, Ramayana

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