EE04 704: POWER SYSTEM III

EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE

CLASSMODULE II 1
1: MODULE
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
CLASS - 1
 Module II

Protective Relays: Protective zones, requirement of

protective relaying, different types of relays and their
applications, generalized theory of relays, protection
scheme for generator, transformers, lines and bus bars,
static relays, amplitude and phase comparators, lock
diagrams of static relays, microprocessor based
protective relaying- overcurrent & impedance relays
 Why A System Needs Protection?

• There is no ‘fault free’ system.

• It is neither practical nor economical to build a ‘fault
free’ system.
• Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of
faults.
• Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation
due to various reasons: system aging, lighting, etc.
 Electrical Faults
• Majority are phase-to-ground faults (LG)
• Phase-to-phase (LL)
• Phase-phase-phase ( 3phase fault)
• Double-phase-to-ground (LLG)
Why we need a Relay?
 Current Transformers
• Current transformers are used to step primary system currents to
values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc.
• CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5,
600:5, 300:5
• A 2000:5 CT has a “CTR” of 400

6
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
 Voltage Transformers
• Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down
and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective
device or relay
• VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary;
14400:120, 7200:120
• A 4160:120 VT has a “VTR” of 34.66

VP

VS
Relay
 Definition of Relay
(IEEE) define a relay as an electric device that is
designed to interpret input condition in a
prescribed manner and after specified
condition are met to respond to cause contact
operation .

A protective relay is defined as a relay whose

function is to detect defective line or
apparatus or other power system condition of
an abnormal or dangerous nature and to
initiate appropriate control circuit condition.
 Advantages for Using Protective Relays

• Detect system failures when they occur and isolate the

faulted section from the remaining of the system.

• Mitigating the effects of failures after they occur. Minimize

risk of fire, danger to personal and other high voltage
systems.
 What are Relays?
• Relays are electrical switches that
open or close another circuit under
certain conditions.

• Isolate controlling circuit from controlled

circuit.
• Control high voltage system with low
voltage.
• Control high current system with low
current.
• Logic Functions
Protective Devices Comparison

Relays Circuit Breakers Fuses

Acquisition
Activation
Actuation

Detection
 Protective Devices Comparison
Circuit Breakers V.S. Relays

• Relays are like human brain; circuit breakers are like human
muscle.
• Relays ‘make decisions’ based on settings.
• Relays send signals to circuit breakers. Based the sending
signals circuit breakers will open/close.
 Protective Devices Comparison
Fuses V.S. Relays

• Relays have different settings and can be set based on

protection requirements.
• Relays can be reset.
• Fuses only have one specific characteristic for a individual
type.
• Fuses cannot be reset but replaced if they blow.
 Functions of Protective Relaying
1. To sound and alarm or to close the trip circuit so as to
disconnect a component during the abnormal
condition.
2. To disconnect the abnormally operating part so as to
prevent the subsequent fault.
3. To disconnect the faulty part quickly so as to minimize
the damage to the faulty part.
4. To localise the effect of fault by disconnecting the
faulty part from the healthy part causing least
disturbance to the system.
5. To disconnect the faulty part quickly so as to improve
the system stability, service continuity and system
performance. (Transient stability can be improved by
means of improved protective relaying)
 Desirable Protection Attributes
i) Reliability: assurance that the protection will perform correctly.
ii) Selectivity: maximum continuity of service with minimum
system disconnection.
iii) Speed of operation: minimum fault duration and consequent
equipment damage.
iv) Simplicity: minimum protective equipment and associated
circuitry to achieve the protection objectives.
------------------------
v) Adequateness: Protection provided for any protective apparatus
should be adequate.
VI) Sensitivity: sensitivity of the protective scheme referes to the
smallest value of the actuating quantity at which the
protection starts operating in relation with the minimum
value of fault current in the protected zone.
VII)Stability: Stability is defined as the quality of the protective
system by virtue of which , the protective system remains
inoperative and stable under certain specified condition such
as system disturbance through faults transient etc.
 Reliability
• Reliability means trustworthiness
• There should not be any fault in the
components of the protective system
• Protective system should not operate
unnecessarily.
• Protective system is the team work
components and hence the basic requirement
of protective system is the reliability of all the
components.
 Selectivity
• The quality of being selective
• Protective system should able to discriminate
between normal and abnormal condition.
• It could able to select and disconnect only the
faulty part with out disconnecting the remaining
healthy part.
• If protective relaying is not selective and operates
for faults beyond the protective zone , a larger
portion of the system gets disconnected
unnecessarily.
 Sensitivity
• Sensitivity of a protective scheme is the
smallest value of the actuating quantity at
which protection starts operating in relation
with the minimum value of fault current in
the protective zone.
• Sensitivity can be defined in terms of the
sensitivity factor Ks equal to the ratio of
minimum short circuit current and minimum
operating current.
Is
Sensitivity Factor Ks = Is is the minimum short circuit current in the zone
Io is the minimum operating current of protection
Io
 Stability
Stability is defined as the quality of protective system
by virtue of which the protective system remains
inoperative and stable under certain specified
condition such as system disturbance through faults
transients etc.

Example: system should be stable for all fault within

the protective zone.
 Adequateness
The adequateness of protection is judged by the
following aspects

1. Rating of the protected machine

2. Location of the protected machine
3. Probability of abnormal condition due to
internal and external causes
4. Cost of the machine
5. Continuity of supply as affected by the failure
of the machine
 Art & Science of Protection
Selection of protective relays requires compromises:
• Maximum and Reliable protection at minimum equipment
cost
• High Sensitivity to faults and insensitivity to maximum load
currents
• High-speed fault clearance with correct selectivity
• Selectivity in isolating small faulty area
• Ability to operate correctly under all predictable power
system conditions
 Primary Equipment & Components
• Transformers - to step up or step down voltage level

• Breakers - to energize equipment and interrupt fault current

to isolate faulted equipment

• Insulators - to insulate equipment from ground and other

phases

• Isolators (switches) - to create a visible and permanent

isolation of primary equipment for maintenance purposes
and route power flow over certain buses.

• Bus - to allow multiple connections (feeders) to the same

source of power (transformer).
 Primary Equipment & Components
• Grounding - to operate and maintain equipment safely

• Arrester - to protect primary equipment of sudden

overvoltage (lightning strike).

• Switchgear – integrated components to switch, protect,

meter and control power flow

• Reactors - to limit fault current (series) or compensate for

charge current (shunt)

• VT and CT - to measure primary current and voltage and

supply scaled down values to P&C, metering, SCADA, etc.

• Regulators - voltage, current, VAR, phase angle, etc.

 Types of Protection
Overcurrent
• Uses current to determine magnitude of fault
– Simple
– May employ definite time or inverse time curves
– May be slow
– Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
– Inexpensive
– May use various polarizing voltages or ground current for
directionality
– Communication aided schemes make more selective
 One Line Diagram
• Non-dimensioned diagram showing how
pieces of electrical equipment are connected
• Simplification of actual system
• Equipment is shown as boxes, circles and
other simple graphic symbols
• Symbols should follow ANSI or IEC
conventions
1-Line Symbols [1]
1-Line Symbols [2]
1-Line Symbols [3]
1-Line Symbols [4]

30
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
 1-Line [1]

31
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
1-Line [2]
 3-Line

33
GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
 Typical
Bulk
Generation-typically at 4-20kV
Power
Transmission-typically at 230-765kV
System

Receives power from transmission system and

transforms into subtransmission level

Subtransmission-typically at 69-161kV

Receives power from subtransmission system and

transforms into primary feeder voltage

Distribution network-typically 2.4-69kV

Low voltage (service)-typically 120-600V

 Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)
Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone
Unit Generator-Tx zone Line zone
Transformer zone Motor zone
Transformer zone

~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor
 Zone Overlap

1. Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key source for protective
relays.
2. In some cases a fault might involve a CT or a circuit breaker itself, which
means it can not be cleared until adjacent breakers (local or remote) are
opened.

Relay Zone A Relay Zone A

Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B

CTs are located at both sides of CB-fault CTs are located at one side of CB-
between CTs is cleared from both remote sides fault between CTs is sensed by both relays,
remote right side operate only.
 Primary and Back Up Protection
• Cost of protective relays should be balanced
against risks involved if protection is not sufficient
and not enough redundancy.
• Primary objectives is to have faulted zone’s
primary protection operate first, but if there are
protective relays failures, some form of backup
protection is provided.
• Backup protection is local (if local primary
protection fails to clear fault) and remote (if remote
protection fails to operate to clear fault)
 Primary and Back Up Protection
• The methods of back up protection can be classified as
1. Relay Back Up:
– Same breaker is used by both main and back up protection.
– Protection systems are different
– Separate trip coils may be provided for the same breaker
2. Breaker Back Up
– Different breakers are provided for the main and back up protection
3. Remote Back Up
– The main and back up protection provided at different stations and are completely independent.
4. Centrally Coordinated Back Up
1. Central Control continuously supervises the load flow and the frequency of the system.
2. The information about the load flow and frequency is assess ed continuously.
3. If one of the components in any part of the system fails, the load flow is affected and the central
coordinating station receives the information about the abnormal condition through high
frequency career signals
4. The stored programme determines the current switching operation
5. The central coordinated back up is the team work of protective relaying equipment, high
frequency carrier current equipment and digital computer
 Back Up Protection by Time grading

• The tripping time at these locations are graded in such a way that the circuit
breaker/fuse near to the faulty part operate first giving primary protection.

• The circuit breaker/fuse at the previous station operates only as a back up.
Back Up Protection by Duplication Principle

• The important protective devices (protective transformers, protection systems ,

relays, circuit breakers etc) are duplicated.
• Both primary and back up protection are provided at the same station and are
arranged to operate at the same speed. (as fast as possible)
• Protection is costly.
• If the cost of the separate circuit is not justified, same circuit breaker with two
independent trip coils can be employed

Merits

• Fast and almost simultaneous fault clearing

• Improved stability
• Complete Reliability

Drawbacks

• Expensive
 Regards

sasidharan.webs.com
 EE04 704: POWER SYSTEM III

EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE

CLASSMODULE II 1
1: MODULE
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
CLASS - 1
 Module II

Protective Relays: Protective zones, requirement of

protective relaying, different types of relays and their
applications, generalized theory of relays, protection
scheme for generator, transformers, lines and bus bars,
static relays, amplitude and phase comparators, lock
diagrams of static relays, microprocessor based
protective relaying- overcurrent & impedance relays
 Terms and Definitions
1.Fault Clearing Time:
Time elapsed between the instant of occurrence of the fault and
instant of final arc extinction in circuit breaker. (ms or cycles).
2. Relay Time:
Time interval between occurrence of fault and closure of relay contact.
3. Breaker Time:
Time interval between the closure of the trip circuit and the final arc
interruption.
4. Pick Up
The operation of the relay is called the relay pick up. Pick up value or
level is the value of operating quantity which is on thresold above
which the relay operates and close its contacts
5. Reset, drop out
The value of the current/voltage etc below which the relay resets and
comes back to the original position.
 Actuating Quantities
• Magnitude
• Rate of Change
• Phase Angle
• Direction
• Frequency
• Wave Shape
• Duration (Time)
• Ratio
 Relay Types
• Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
– EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a
particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more contacts
that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by the
energized coil to open or close an electrical circuit.

• Solid-state Relays (SSRs)

– SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical
contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is
optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay.
The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with
low-voltage DC power.

• Microprocessor Based Relays

– Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly
used in power system monitoring and protection.
 Advantages/Disadvantages
• Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
– Simplicity
– Not expensive
– Mechanical Wear

• Solid-state Relays (SSRs)

– No Mechanical movements
– Faster than EMR
– No sparking between contacts

• Microprocessor-based Relay
– Much higher precision and more reliable and durable.
– Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power systems
before, during and after faults occur.
– Capable of both digital and analog I/O.
– Higher cost
 Electro Magnetic Relay
• In an electromagnetic relay, the operating
torque is produced by the electromagnetic
attraction/electromagnetic induction/thermal
effects of electric current.
• The restraining torque is produced by the
springs
F = Fo − Fr
F is the net torque Fo is the operating force.
Relay operates when the net Fr is the restraining force.
torque is positive
 Type of Relay units
• Attracted armature type relay (Electromagnetic)
• Balanced Beam relay(Electromagnetic)
• Induction disc relay (Electromagnetic)
• Induction Cup relay(Electromagnetic)
• Moving coil and moving iron relay
(Electromagnetic)
• Gas operated Relay
• Rectifier relay units
• Static relay
 Principle
• Simplest type of relays
• The relays have coil or electromagnet energized by the
coil
• Coil may be energized by the actuating quantity which
is proportional to circuit current and voltage.
• A plunger or vane is subjected to the action of the
magnetic field produced by the operating quantity.
• Respond to both AC and DC
• Very fast in action
• Don’t have directional feature
• Affected by transients
• Modern attraction armature type relays are compact,
robust and reliable.
Attracted Armature Type
 Applications

• Over Current Protection

• Definite time lag over current and earth fault
protection
• Differential Protection
• Auxiliary Relays
Balanced Beam Relay

• Difficult to design over wide

range of current
• Very fast and instantaneous
 Induction Disc Type
Shaded Pole Type
Watt hour meter type
 Plug Setting and Time Setting
• In these relays there is facility of selecting the
plug setting and time setting such that the
same relay can be used for wide range of
current time and characteristics.
 Induction Cup Relay

• Modern induction cup relays have 4 or more poles

• The relays can be responsive to voltage and current
• The double actuating quantity relay can be responsive to both voltage and
current
• The operating time characteristics depends on the type of structure
• Modern Induction cup relay may have an operating time of 0.010 second
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Relay
• Relay responds to DC only
• Uniform torque
• Inverse time current Characteristics
Operating Torque
Rectifier Relay Systems
 Thermal Relays

• Use bimetallic strips to open/close relay contacts

when temperature exceeds/drops to certain level.
• Require certain reaction time
• Inverse time/current relationship
Directional Relay
Directional Relays
 Frequency Relays
• Either electromagnetic or
static
• Relay can operate on under
frequency/over frequency
• Under voltage relay is
normally provided in
conjunction with under
frequency relay
 Under Voltage Relays
• Provided for AC circuits, bus bars, motors,
rectifiers, transformers etc.
• Necessary for voltage and reactive power control.
• Instantaneous or inverse characteristics
• Construction similar to usual induction relay or
attached armature relay
Frequency Relay
 DC relays
• Induction relays are not suitable for DC
• MI and PMMC are suitabe for DC
• PMMC high accuracy and low consumption
Applications:
• Controlling direct current either rise in
current or fall in current or reverse current.
• DC voltage relays are generally suitable for
control of DC voltage (rise or fall)
 All or Nothing Relays
• Pick up value not critical
• Does not perform precise measurement but it
does not operate and change its state (open
contacts , close contacts)
• Such relays assist in measuring relays and they
take over various duties such as time lag, tripping
indication etc.
• Works in coordination with protective relays such
that the protection relays can be designed for less
burden and more sensitivity.
 Regards

sasidharan.webs.com
 EE04 704: POWER SYSTEM III

EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE

CLASSMODULE II 1
1: MODULE
Different Types of Relays and its applications
CLASS - 1
 Module II

Protective Relays: Protective zones, requirement of

protective relaying, different types of relays and their
applications, generalized theory of relays, protection
scheme for generator, transformers, lines and bus bars,
static relays, amplitude and phase comparators, lock
diagrams of static relays, microprocessor based
protective relaying- overcurrent & impedance relays
 Terms and Definitions
1.Fault Clearing Time:
Time elapsed between the instant of occurrence of the fault and
instant of final arc extinction in circuit breaker. (ms or cycles).
2. Relay Time:
Time interval between occurrence of fault and closure of relay contact.
3. Breaker Time:
Time interval between the closure of the trip circuit and the final arc
interruption.
4. Pick Up
The operation of the relay is called the relay pick up. Pick up value or
level is the value of operating quantity which is on thresold above
which the relay operates and close its contacts
5. Reset, drop out
The value of the current/voltage etc below which the relay resets and
comes back to the original position.
 Actuating Quantities
• Magnitude
• Rate of Change
• Phase Angle
• Direction
• Frequency
• Wave Shape
• Duration (Time)
• Ratio
 Relay Types
• Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
– EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a
particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more contacts
that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by the
energized coil to open or close an electrical circuit.

• Solid-state Relays (SSRs)

– SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical
contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is
optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay.
The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with
low-voltage DC power.

• Microprocessor Based Relays

– Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly
used in power system monitoring and protection.
 Advantages/Disadvantages
• Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
– Simplicity
– Not expensive
– Mechanical Wear

• Solid-state Relays (SSRs)

– No Mechanical movements
– Faster than EMR
– No sparking between contacts

• Microprocessor-based Relay
– Much higher precision and more reliable and durable.
– Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power systems
before, during and after faults occur.
– Capable of both digital and analog I/O.
– Higher cost
 Electro Magnetic Relay
• In an electromagnetic relay, the operating
torque is produced by the electromagnetic
attraction/electromagnetic induction/thermal
effects of electric current.
• The restraining torque is produced by the
springs
F = Fo − Fr
F is the net torque Fo is the operating force.
Relay operates when the net Fr is the restraining force.
torque is positive
 Type of Relay units
• Attracted armature type relay (Electromagnetic)
• Balanced Beam relay(Electromagnetic)
• Induction disc relay (Electromagnetic)
• Induction Cup relay(Electromagnetic)
• Moving coil and moving iron relay
(Electromagnetic)
• Gas operated Relay
• Rectifier relay units
• Static relay
 Principle
• Simplest type of relays
• The relays have coil or electromagnet energized by the
coil
• Coil may be energized by the actuating quantity which
is proportional to circuit current and voltage.
• A plunger or vane is subjected to the action of the
magnetic field produced by the operating quantity.
• Respond to both AC and DC
• Very fast in action
• Don’t have directional feature
• Affected by transients
• Modern attraction armature type relays are compact,
robust and reliable.
Attracted Armature Type
 Applications

• Over Current Protection

• Definite time lag over current and earth fault
protection
• Differential Protection
• Auxiliary Relays
Balanced Beam Relay

• Difficult to design over wide

range of current
• Very fast and instantaneous
 Induction Disc Type
Shaded Pole Type
Watt hour meter type
Induction Disk Relay
 Plug Setting and Time Setting
• In these relays there is facility of selecting the
plug setting and time setting such that the
same relay can be used for wide range of
current time and characteristics.
 Induction Cup Relay

• Modern induction cup relays have 4 or more poles

• The relays can be responsive to voltage and current
• The double actuating quantity relay can be responsive to both voltage and
current
• The operating time characteristics depends on the type of structure
• Modern Induction cup relay may have an operating time of 0.010 second
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Relay
• Relay responds to DC only
• Uniform torque
• Inverse time current Characteristics
Operating Torque
Rectifier Relay Systems
 Thermal Relays

• Use bimetallic strips to open/close relay contacts

when temperature exceeds/drops to certain level.
• Require certain reaction time
• Inverse time/current relationship
Directional Relay
Directional Relays
 Frequency Relays
• Either electromagnetic or
static
• Relay can operate on under
frequency/over frequency
• Under voltage relay is
normally provided in
conjunction with under
frequency relay
Frequency Relay
 Under Voltage Relays
• Provided for AC circuits, bus bars, motors,
rectifiers, transformers etc.
• Necessary for voltage and reactive power control.
• Instantaneous or inverse characteristics
• Construction similar to usual induction relay or
attached armature relay
 DC relays
• Induction relays are not suitable for DC
• MI and PMMC are suitabe for DC
• PMMC high accuracy and low consumption
Applications:
• Controlling direct current either rise in current or fall in
current or reverse current.
• DC voltage relays are generally suitable for control of DC
voltage (rise or fall)
 All or Nothing Relays
• Pick up value not critical
• Does not perform precise measurement but it
does not operate and change its state (open
contacts , close contacts)
• Such relays assist in measuring relays and they
take over various duties such as time lag, tripping
indication etc.
• Works in coordination with protective relays such
that the protection relays can be designed for less
burden and more sensitivity.
Over Current Relay
Over Voltage relay
 Regards

sasidharan.webs.com