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Lab 05: Voltmeter and Ammeter Design Using

Galvanometer
A) Voltmeter Design Using Galvanometer
B) Ammeter Design Using Galvanometer
C) Determine The Internal Resistance of a Voltage Source

Pre Lab

A galvanometer is a sensitive device which can measure very small currents accurately.
A galvanometer itself may not be very useful for measuring currents in most of the
circuits where current is usually in milli amperes. However by slight alterations a
galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter or an ammeter with a reasonably larger
range. It is basically a current measuring device but by knowing its internal resistance
and using ohm’s law we can use it to measure voltage across a circuit element. However
such a usage of galvanometer has two serious limitations.

PART A: VOLTMETER DESIGN

If v = 5V then i = 300µA. Suppose the


internal resistance Rm of the galvanometer is
140Ω then KVL around the closed loop would
give the following equation:

Figure 1: Voltmeter design using galvanomet

The design of the voltmeter as explained in the theory section has two constraints:

1) The actual value of the internal resistance (Rm) of the galvanometer is unknown.
2) If found the actual value of internal resistance (Rm) still, it would be really fortuitous
if the calculated value of the resistance R is actually present in the laboratory.

So to overcome these two constraints a circuit as shown in figure 5.1 is build. A variable
resistance (1 MΩ) has to be attached in series with the galvanometer. The value of the
variable resistance is slowly varied until maximum deflection of the galvanometer is
achieved, thus our voltmeter design is complete and calibrated for -5 to +5 volt
measurement.
Measurement of the internal resistance of Galvanometer:
To calculate the actual value of the internal resistance of the galvanometer:

1) Measure the voltage across the sensitive galvanometer (vg) in the circuit shown in
figure 5.1 using DMM, and record the value in Table 5.1.
2) Measure the current flowing through the galvanometer (ig) in the circuit shown in
figure 5.1, and record the value in Table 5.1.
3) Write down in the calculated and measured value of the internal resistance Rm.
4) Determine the calculated value of R using eq. (5.2). Use DMM to measure the value
of series resistance R and make a note in Table 5.1.

Vg(V) Ig(A) Rm meas. Rm calc.(Ω) R meas.(Ω) R calc.(Ω)


(Ω)
0.0304 286H 105 100 17.73k 17.4k

Table 5.1Data collection to measure the internal resistance of galvanometer

PART B: AMMETER DESIGN USING GALVANOMETER


The selected galvanometer can measure currents from 0-300 micro amperes. The internal
resistance of different galvanometers is different but it ranges from 130-150 ohms.
Suppose we wish to convert the galvanometer into an ammeter with a range of 0 to 10
milli amperes. Galvanometer should give maximum deflection when a current of 10mA
flow through it. We know that the galvanometer would give maximum deflection only if
the current through it is maximum, i.e. 300 micro amperes.

Figure 2: Ammeter design using galvanometer


If i = 10mA then ig = 300µA and is = 9.7mA (is is the current flowing through the shunt
resistance Rs). Suppose the internal resistance Rg of the galvanometer is 140Ω then
according to Current Divider Rule, current through shunt resistance is:
(5.3)
(5.4)

The design of the ammeter as explained in the theory section has two constraints: First,
actual value of the internal resistance (Rg) of the galvanometer is unknown. Second, if
found the actual value of internal resistance (Rg) still it would be really fortuitous if the
calculated value of the resistance Rs is actually present in the laboratory. So we would
make a circuit as shown in figure 5.4. A variable resistance R of 1kΩ has to be attachedin
parallel with the galvanometer. The value of the variable resistance is slowly varied until
maximum deflection of the galvanometer is achieved, thus our ammeter design is
complete and calibrated for 0 to 10 mA measurement. You can verify that the designed
ammeter can measure current up to 10 mA by finding the total current flowing through
10V source using the DMM.

Part C: Determine the Internal Resistance of a Voltage Source


Any linear electric or electronic circuit or device which generates a voltage may be represented as
an ideal voltage source in series with some impedance. This impedance is termed the internal
resistance of the source. The internal resistance of a source cannot be measured using a
conventional ohmmeter, since it requires a current to be observed. However, it can be calculated
from current and voltage data measured from a test circuit containing the source and a load
resistance. Since both the internal and load resistance (Rv and Rl) are in series with the ideal
voltage source, Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law give

(5.5)

This equation can be solved for internal resistance:

(5.6)

Where vl is the voltage and il is the current associated with the load resistance Rl.

In Lab

Objective
 To convert a sensitive galvanometer into a voltmeter (measurement range: -5 volts to
+5 volts)
 To convert a sensitive galvanometer into a ammeter (measurement range: 0 to 10
milli-amperes)
 To verify that voltages and currents measured by designed voltmeter and ammeter are
comparable to that measured by Digital Multimeter
 To determine the internal resistance of voltage source

Equipment Required
Galvanometer, Variable resistor / potentiometer, Resistors, DMM, breadboard, DC power
supply, and connecting wires.

Knowledge Level
 Before working on this lab, students should have good understanding of how the
devices ammeter, voltmeter and galvanometer work.
 Students should be able to theoretically solve the circuit shown in circuit diagrams.

Task (1): Testing the designed voltmeter


Task 1.Remove the 5V supply from the designed voltmeter unit.
Task 2.Make a circuit of series resistors, shown in Figure 5.2, on the breadboard.
Task 3.Using the designed voltmeter, measure the voltage across each resistance and
record the value in Table 5.2. Make sure that you correctly measure the voltage across
each resistance. To measure the voltage across R1 (1kΩ), attach the designed
voltmeter as shown in Figure 5.3.
Task 4.The designed voltmeter would provide voltage in terms of divisions shown by the
deflection of galvanometer needle. Map these divisions into voltage values. Voltage
across other resistances can be measured in a similar manner.
Task 5.Use DMM to verify that the voltage values measured by designed voltmeter and
DMM are comparable.
Task 6.Record the difference in both the voltage values in table 5.2.

Figure 3: Test circuit to validate the voltmeter design


Figure 4: Measuring voltage across the resistor R1

Measurement Table 1:
V measured by the designed voltmeter V measured by the DMM %
Value of resistance (Ω)
(V) (V) difference

R1 =1k 1.6 2.2 2.7%

R2 =560 1.2 1.3 7.9%

R3 =560 1.1 1.2 8.3%

Table 5.2

Task (2): Testing the designed ammeter:


Task 1.Remove the 10V supply and the R1 (1kΩ) resistance from the designed ammeter

Test circuit to validate the ammeter design


Measuring current through the resistor R1

Measurement Table 2:
Value of Current measured by the Current measured by % difference
resistance (Ω) designed ammeter (A) the DMM (A)

R1 = 1K 6.6m 6.88 3.19%

R2 =2.2K 3m 3.13 3.93%

R3 =2.2 K 3m 3.12 3.84%

Table 5.3

Measurement Table 3:

Value of the test resistance Measured value of the Measured value of the voltage
Rx (Ω) current through Rx, ix (A) across Rx, vx(V)

0 (short circuit) 0.6mA 0

100 28.5mA 2.87

220 17.5 3.84

470 9.7mA 4.56

1k 5mA 5

3.3k 1.6mA 5.3

4.7k 114 μA 5.34

10k 540 μA 5.4

33k 164.8 μA 5.43

100M 0.05 μA 5.45

∞ (open circuit) 0A 6
Post Lab
Questions:
1. What do you mean by short and open circuit? What are the values of voltages
and currents in open and short circuits?

A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows
a current to travel along an unintended path with no or very low electrical impedance.
This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit.

A short circuit implies that the two terminals are externally connected with resistance
R=0, the same as an ideal wire. This means there is zero voltage difference for any
current value. And current is maximum.

The opposite of a short circuit is an “open circuit” , which is an infinite resistance


between two nodes. It is common to misuse “short circuit” to describe any electrical
malfunction, regardless of the actual problem.

Hence in an open circuit, the current flowing through the circuit is zero, and voltage is
present (non zero), and the current is equal to zero.

2. Why high resistance is a desirable attribute of voltmeter?

A voltmeter measures voltage difference between two different points, but it should not
between those two points. So, it should have very high resistance so that it does not allow
current to pass through it.

3. What is the basic motivation behind converting galvanometer into ammeter?

The basic motivation behind converting galvanometer into ammeter is, it has very small
resistance and is connected in series. A galvanometer can detect only small current. Thus,
to measure large current it is connected into an ammeter.

Conclusion:
In this lab we learnt to build ammeter and voltmeter using galvanometer. Galvanometer is
used to measure very small currents, which is reason behind converting it into ammeter.
Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by adding a variable resistance and into
ammeter by adding a shunt resistance along with variable resistance.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EEE 2
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS – I
LAB REPORT 5
Submitted to:
Dr. Obaid Ur Rehman
Submitted By:
Ahmed Hasan
(FA22-EEE-004)

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