"Cou-Lo Aquamax ": KF Moisture Meter

“Cou-Lo Aquamax KF”
Moisture Meter
User Manual
Aquamax KF v.08.07
Aquamax KF Moisture Meter
CONTENTS
Introduction …………………………………………………….……… Page 3
Principle of Measurement ……………………………………………… Page 4
Specifications & Features ……………………………………………… Page 5
Unpacking & Parts List ……………………………………………… Page 6
Titration Cell Assembly Instructions …………………………………… Page 7-8
Filling & Changing Reagents ………………………………………….. Page 9
Front & Rear Panel Description ………..……………………………… Page 10
Setting Time & Date …………………………………………………… Page 11
Connection & Start Up Procedure ……………………………………… Page 12
Programming A Method ……………………………………………….. Page 13-19
Example Methods & Applications……………………………………… Page 20 - 23
How To Run A Test………………Examples V/SG & W/w…………… Page 24 - 25
Printer …………………………… Loading the paper…………………. Page 26

Example Print Out…………………. Page 27
Drift Compensation ……………………………….……………………. Page 28
Overtitration ……………………………………………………………. Page 28
Reagent Life ……………………………………………………………. Page 28
Cleaning the Glassware ………………………………………………… Page 29
Troubleshooting ……………………………………………………….. Page 30
Warranty ……………………………………………………………….. Page 30
Accessories ………………………………………………………………..Page 31
2
G.R. Scientific Ltd.

Tel: +44 1525 404747 Fax: +44 1525 404848
E-mail: info@grscientific.com Website: www.grscientific.com
Correspondence Address: Delivery Address:
P.O. Box 242 Hiam Business Centre

Ampthill Russell Farm, New Road
Bedfordshire Maulden
MK45 5AQ Bedfordshire
United Kingdom MK45 2BG
United Kingdom
INTRODUCTION
Key personnel at G.R. Scientific are recognised experts in coulometric Karl Fischer titration technology.
They have designed and manufactured coulometric titrators since the early 1980’s and are widely
regarded as some of the leading specialists in this technique.
The Aquamax KF model has a small footprint, is easy to use, and supplied complete with a specifically
designed low drift cell which is also suitable for outdoor use. The built-in battery and optional carry
case, provide the versatility required by the laboratory and also the ease of use and portability required
by the field engineer.
Cou-Lo Formula reagents have been specially formulated for use with Aquamax KF titrators. Formula
A anode reagent is suitable for most routine applications and is especially useful for water content
determination of oil samples, e.g. transformer oils, crude oils, etc. This anode reagent is supplied in
“single shot” bottles of 100ml – No measuring of volumes required – No mixing of other solvents
required. Cathode reagent Formula C is supplied in “single shot” 5ml vials which have “safety
snappers” pre-fitted thereby reducing risk to the operator.
Where appropriate G.R. Scientific products include traceable calibration certificates and are backed up
by a two year warranty. Extended warranties upto 5 years are also available, see the enclosed Cou-Lo
Safe registration form for details. These titrators are used by many leading companies in the oil,
petrochemical, gas, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, automotive and power generation industries.
For a list of users, typical applications or details of our network of international distributors, please visit
our website, www.grscientific.com , or contact G.R. Scientific Ltd. on:-
Tel: +44 1525 404747. Fax: +44 1525 404848. E-mail: info@grscientific.com
To obtain the full benefits that this instrument can offer it is recommended that you read this user
manual before assembling the unit.
Cou-Lo is a registered trade mark of G.R. Scientific Ltd. “ACE” control system is patented technique owned by
G.R. Scientific Ltd.
(All Cou-Lo power supplies are double insulated units that do not need an earth (ground) connection. These units
are sealed and conform to CSA(LR84459), UL listings and CE requirements. Cou-Lo titrators only require a low
voltage 15V input to the electronic / control circuitry. The moulded plastc casing of the instrument also provides
additional insulation.)
3
PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT
Karl Fischer titration is simply a means to measure water content of samples. Modern instruments, such as
the Aquamax, use the coulometric principle, whereby the water present in the sample is coulometrically
titrated to a predefined end point at which there is a minute excess of free iodine present.
Stoichiometrically, 1 mole of water will react with 1 mole of iodine, so that 1 milligram of water is
equivalent to 10⋅71 coulombs of electricity. Combining the coulometric technique with Karl Fischer
titration, Aquamax titrators determine the water content of the sample by measuring the amount of
electrolysis current necessary to produce the required iodine. This is an absolute technique which does not
require calibration of the reagents. For further information, visit www.grscientific.com, and download the
PDF article titled “Recent Advances”.
SO2
I2+SO2+3C5H5N+H2O → 2C5H5N.HI+C5H5 N
O
SO2 SO4CH3
C5H5N +CH3OH → C5 H5 N
O H
2I - 2e → I2
Using the latest pulse current technology and our patented “ACE” control system, (Patent No.GB2370641),
the Aquamax KF automatically selects the appropriate titration speed dependent upon the amount of water
present in the sample. The titration speed is reduced as the end point is approached, and when the titration
is completed the instrument prints out and displays the results. For a more detailed explanation of the
technique, and a comparison with volumetric Karl Fischer titration, please visit our website,
www.grscientific.com
4
SPECIFICATIONS & FEATURES
Cou-Lo Aquamax KF Moisture Meter
Titration method Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

Electrolysis control Patented “ACE” control system (GB2370641)
End point detection AC polarisation
End point indication Visual display / print out / acoustic beep
Display 40 character alphanumeric backlit LCD
Measuring range 1µg – 10 mg water
Moisture range 1 ppm – 100 % water
Max. sensitivity 0 • 1µg
Max. titration speed 2 mg per minute
Max. electrolysis current 400 ma
Drift compensation Automatically controlled
Start delay time 0 – 30 minutes user programmable
Min. titration time 0 – 30 minutes user programmable
Power supply 90-264 VAC, 47-63 Hz, 12V DC car adapter/internal battery
Precision 10 - 100µg ± 3µg, 100µg – 1 mg ± 5 µg, above 1 mg ± 0•5%
Calculation modes User programmable calculations:- Weight/weight,
Volume/density, Volume/volume, Weight/Dilution ratio.
Display format µg, mg/kg, ppm, %
Print format µg count plus calculated mg/kg, ppm, % water
Statistics Upto 99 runs, user programmable
Method storage 10 programmable methods
Sample ID number User programmable
Printer 42 character high speed thermal printer
Stirrer speed Microprocessor controlled
Battery life 8 hours running time from fully charged
Charging time Fully charged 14 hours
Battery low indication Display & print out indication
Dimensions 10 x 9½ x 5 inches (250 x 245 x 120 mm)
Weight 6 pounds (3 kg)
Carry case Optional
Calendar / clock Analysis time & date print out
5
UNPACKING & PARTS LIST
Inside the shipping carton you will find a plastic case which contains the glassware and accessories pack
and the user manual. The Aquamax KF titrator is located underneath the glassware case (or inside the
optional carry case if ordered). The mains power lead, power pack and in-car adapter are inside the carry
case lid compartment.
Remove all of these items and check that they have arrived undamaged.
After unpacking your Aquamax KF check that the glassware/accessories pack contains:-
Item Description Low Drift Cell

1 pce Titration Vessel 71- 0102
1 pce Detector electrode 71- 0103
1 pce Generator electrode 71- 0104
1 pce Desiccant tube & cap 71- 0106
1 pack Injection septa (10) 71- 9507
1 pce Glass syringe 71- 9508
1 pce Luer needle 71- 9509
1 bottle Molecular sieve 71- 9512
1 pce Stirrer bar 71- 9514
1 pce Funnel 71- 9515
1 pce Thermal paper roll 71- 0119
ACCESSORIES
1 pce Mains lead 71- 4014 /18 /19/20 UK/EU/US
1 pce Mains power pack 71- 401607
1 pce In Car Adapter 71- 401421
1 pce User Manual 71- 9517
1 pce Dust cover 71- 301301
1 pce Carry case (optional) 71- 201109
6
AQUAMAX KF TITRATION CELL

STEP BY STEP ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
Position titration vessel on Aquamax KF

titrator
The glass joints do not require Teflon

sleeves or grease. The special screw fittings
seal the vessel from ingress of moisture
from the atmosphere and are easily
released, even after several weeks.
Position electrodes on titration vessel. It is

not necessary to overtighten these screw
joints.
Connect leads to generator and detector

electrodes then connect the leads to the
titrator. Generator electrode lead connects
to socket marked “GENERATOR” –
detector electrode lead connects to socket
marked “DETECTOR”
Place stirrer bar inside titration vessel
Fit injection septa into plastic screw cap

connectors and locate onto injection ports
of titration vessel.
Fill drying tube with molecular sieve and

locate on top of generator electrode
The assembled titration cell is now ready to be charged with reagents prior to use. Please be sure to
assemble correctly every time the cell is cleaned or re-filled. It is recommended that the titrator is NOT
switched on until after the titration vessel has been charged with reagents. This will avoid damage being
caused to the electrodes by the stirrer bar. Avoid twisting the electrode leads otherwise they may become
damaged.
7
AQUAMAX KF TITRATION CELL
8
FILLING & CHANGING REAGENTS
The Aquamax KF has been designed to operate with all major coulometric Karl Fischer reagents,
however optimum performance can be obtained by using Cou-Lo Formula reagents which have been
specifically formulated for use with these instruments. For most routine applications 100ml of
Formula “A” (anode reagent) and 5ml of Formula “C” (cathode reagent) are used. When analysing
Transformer oils, Crude oils and other petroleum products Formula “A” is especially suited as it
contains other solvents to improve sample miscibility and solubility.
(When analysing samples of Ketones, amines or others which may interfere with the reaction it is advisable to
use specialised reagents which can be obtained from various suppliers).
Although reagents can be poured into the titration vessel whilst

it is located on the titrator, we recommend that the vessel and
electrodes are removed from the instrument whilst this
procedure is performed to avoid reagent spillage onto the
instrument casing. (Any spillage onto the instrument casing should be
wiped off immediately to avoid damage or staining).
Remove the drying tube and injection septa. Using the funnel
supplied, charge the titration vessel upto the lower line with
Formula “A” reagent. For your convenience these reagents are
supplied in “single shot” bottles which contain 100ml so it is
not necessary to measure any volumes – simply pour in the
complete bottle
Also using the funnel, charge the inner chamber of the

generator electrode with Formula “C” reagent which are
supplied in “single shot” 5 ml vials which havce “safety
snappers” pre-fitted thereby reducing risk to the operator.
(It is not necessary to clean the funnel between reagents.)
Reconnect the drying tube and injection septa so that the

titration vessel is sealed from ingress of atmospheric moisture.
Locate the complete titration vessel onto the titrator and

connect the electrode leads onto the appropriate sockets
The colours of anode and cathode reagent are only an

illustration to show that there are two different liquids. These
are not necessarily the exact colours of the reagents being used.
The Aquamax KF titrator is now ready to be switched on.
Cathode Reagent Anode Reagent
9
DESCRIPTION
Front Panel
Rear Panel
RS232C port for
connection to a
personal computer On / off switch
Power in 3.15 Amp 20mm fuse.

socket Unscrew to check and
replace fuse
RS232 interface: All information that is printed out at end of each titration is simultaneously available from
this interface.
The rear panel of the Aquamax has a mains input socket and a separate power ON/OFF switch.
Whilst connected to mains power supply, a trickle charge is continuously applied to the battery. It is
therefore recommended that the instrument is used from mains power supply whenever possible so that the
battery is kept fully charged. Maximum battery operating time is 8 hours continuous use. This may be
reduced if repeated high water contents are being determined or if the printer is being continually used.
10
SETTING THE DATE AND TIME
1. Switch on the Aquamax KF and wait for it to display the following:
Cou-Lo Aquamax
Press START
2. Hold down the START key until the Aquamax KF displays:-
Set Date / Time:

DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM:SS
3. Use the • decimal point key to move the cursor across the screen.
4. Use the numerical keys to set / alter the required number
START
5. When completed press the ENTER key to save the changes and exit.
11
CONNECTION & START UP PROCEDURE
1. Assemble glassware (see Assembly Instructions)

2. Charge vessel and generator electrode with reagents (see Filling & Changing Reagents)
3. Locate assembled titration vessel onto the Aquamax
4. Connect electrode leads
5. Connect mains lead / power cord
6. Switch ON (using switch on rear panel) and wait for display to show:-
Cou-Lo Aquamax
Press START
(If required adjust the stirrer speed using the black toggle switch on the front of the instrument.)
7. Press START and allow the instrument to precondition (equilibrate).

microgram count
Aquamax xxxx µg
|||||||||| 4 Precondition
detector signal titration speed
At the end of the precondition period the display will show:-
Dft = xxxxµg
||| Drift Test
After the initial drift has been calculated, in micrograms of water per minute, the Aquamax KF is ready for
operation.
Dft = xx xxxxµg
|| 1 Ready
The background drift value will usually slowly decrease with time as the titration vessel becomes drier and
more stable. Although it is possible for the titrator to be used at high drift values, it is advisable to wait
until the drift value is below 20 µg/minute, and stable, before commencing, especially for low water
content samples in the ppm ranges. The lower, and more stable the drift – the more accurate the result.
12
PROGRAM FUNCTIONS
When the Cou-Lo Aquamax KF displays Ready you can enter titration parameters, recall or edit existing
methods, enter new method files, etc., by using the PROGRAM, ENTER, CLEAR and • keys.
Key Functions:-
PROGRAM press PROGRAM key to scroll through menus listed.
ENTER allows parameter values for the displayed menu to be entered into memory.
- this key has two functions:

(1) If you have finished entering data, press CLEAR and the Aquamax KF
CLEAR will return to the Ready condition.
(2) If you have started to enter an incorrect value, press CLEAR and the
Aquamax KF will display the previously stored value, you can now select
the correct value and press ENTER.
•] decimal point key allows scroll through of individual parameters in each menu.
When the required parameter is displayed, press ENTER to store it.
MENU LIST
Sample ID Number - upto 8 digits

Result Format - µg, ppm, mg/kg or % water
Calculation Mode - V/SG, W/W, W/K or V/v
Printer Mode - off, every result or full report
Statistics Print - upto 99 runs, will print min., max., mean, SD & CV
Print Drift - on or off
Start Delay Time - upto 30 minutes
Min. Titration Time - upto 30 minutes
End Sensitivity - 0 – 9 seconds
Beep Mode - off, keypress, end titration or both
Language - select language
Generator Electrode - with frit, without frit
Save Method - store upto 10 methods
See PROGRAMMING A METHOD for an explanation of each Menu List parameter
13
PROGRAMMING FLOW CHART
14
PROGRAMMING A METHOD
After the initial drift has been calculated, in micrograms (µg) of water per minute, the Aquamax KF is
ready for operation. It is now possible to step through the PROGRAM parameters and enter the required
calculation data.
Dft = xx xxxxµg
|| 1 Ready
The Flow Chart on the previous page may prove helpful. Press the PROGRAM key until the required
option is displayed then simply follow the Flow Chart to enter the specific data values. Pressing
PROGRAM will move you on to the next prompt, pressing CLEAR will return to Ready condition. It is not
necessary to step through all of the programme functions for every method, for example, if you only
require to change the
Beep Mode from Off to Both – simple press PROGRAM until display shows Beep Mode, press the decimal
point key • until display shows Both, then press ENTER and CLEAR to return to Ready.
SAMPLE ID NUMBER
Press PROGRAM → Display will show → Key upto 8 numbers → Press ENTER
PROGRAM Sample ID No. Sample ID No ENTER

12345678
If you do not want to enter any further parameters simply press CLEAR to go back to the Ready condition.
Press PROGRAM if you want to continue entering other parameters
RESULT FORMAT
Press PROGRAM → Display will show
Result Format
PROGRAM µg
Results can be selected in µg, ppm, mg/kg or % water.

If you want to select the format already stored in memory (and shown on display), press PROGRAM and
the instrument will go to the next prompt. If you want to change format to give results in ppm, mg/kg or %
you can scroll through these options by pressing decimal point key • until the required format is
displayed, then press ENTER to store this in memory and PROGRAM to move onto the next prompt. If
you have selected a result format in ppm, mg/kg or % the instrument will prompt you for the necessary
calculation mode and data values.
Result Format Calculation Mode

% ENTER
→ → PROGRAM V / SG
The display shows the calculated water content according to the programmed Result Format and
Calculation Mode program settings, ie. whatever has been chosen to be shown/printed at the end of the
titration. The only exception to this is in the W/w mode when the Tare Weight has not yet been entered. In
this case the display will show the µg count. The PROGRAM key can be used to enter the Tare Weight at
any time during the titration, once this has been done the display will start to show the calculated result in
ppm, mg/kg or % water.
15
CALCULATION MODE
The Aquamax KF has four standard calculation modes in memory. Each of these allow the instrument to
divide the microgram count by the gram weight of sample introduced so that the calculated result can be
printed out in either ppm or percentage of water.
Press the decimal point key • to scroll through the options available.
Select the calculation mode required and press ENTER.
The display will prompt you with the appropriate parameters.
Enter the numerical value for each parameter and press ENTER.
The four standard calculations are:-
1. Weight difference W/w

(This is the most accurate calculation and is suitable for almost all types of samples, powders,
liquids, gases, etc.)
Result (ppm or %) = microgram count
W - w
Where W = total weight of sampler + sample (gm)

w = tare weight of empty sampler (gm)
After entering the total weight (W) the instrument will return to the Ready condition. The Tare weight
(w) can be entered at any time during the titration by pressing PROGRAM, or at the end of titration. For
ease of operation it is possible to enter the Total weight (W) as 0.0000gm, then place the full sampler on
the balance and tare to zero. Thereafter it is only necessary to enter the weight difference (tare weight w)
for each titration. This procedure reduces potential data entry errors.
2. Weight/Dilution ratio W/K

(Use this method if you need to dissolve a sample in another solvent. Suitable for samples which
will not dissolve in the anode reagent or which might interfere with the KF reaction)
Result (ppm or %) = microgram count - bl

xK
W
where:
W = weight of sample dissolved (gm)
K = total volume of diluent + sample
volume injected into Cou-Lo Aquamax
bl = micrograms of water for same injected volume of diluent (µg)

e.g.
Accurately weigh approximately 2 gm of sample into a 20ml stoppered graduated flask. Make upto the
volume line with suitable solvent / diluent. Using appropriate syringe inject 100µl of diluted sample into
the titration cell. Calculation parameters for this example would be:-
W = 2 gm
K = 20ml = 200
100µl
bl = microgram count of 100µl injected volume diluent
16
3. Volume / Specific Gravity V/SG

(The most widely used technique for liquid samples. However, care must be taken to ensure
removal of all air bubbles from the syringe)
Result (ppm or % ) = microgram count
V x SG
where V = volume of sample (ml)

SG = specific gravity
4. Volume V/v
Result % volume = microgram count
V x 1⋅0
where V = volume of sample (ml)

This is essentially the same as V / SG mode, except that the sample S.G. is fixed at 1⋅0
PRINTER MODES
Selecting this program allows the printer to be turned ON or OFF. It also enables you to print out the
titration parameters being used at that time. Simply scroll through the options using the decimal point key
• until the required mode is displayed, then press ENTER.
Options available:
Off - no result print out
Every result - will print result after every titration, first result also prints all calculation input data.
Full Report - will print results after every titration and then print out statistical data after a selected
number of titrations.
STATISTICS PRINT
The Aquamax KF can be programmed to print out the statistical data from a series of results when using
“Full Report” print mode. If no number has been selected, the Aquamax will automatically clear after 99
runs. If 3 or more runs have been selected the Aquamax will print out the minimum, maximum, mean, SD
& CV values.
PRINT DRIFT
The Aquamax KF can be programmed to print out the drift value for each titration. This is a useful
indicator of titration cell stability. If drift is above 25 µg / minute print will show **XX**. This is a
warning that a high drift value was present at start of the titration.
17
DELAY TIMES
The Aquamax KF has been programmed to accept two different types of delay times, one at the start of
titration and one at the end as a minimum titration time.
START DELAY TIME
The Aquamax KF has a preset delay of five seconds which allows samples to be dispersed into the reagents
before the titration starts. Some samples, particularly powders and viscous samples, may need additional
time to fully dissolve. By selecting the start delay program, you can increase this time by upto 30 minutes.
Display shows: Start Delay Time

00 mins 00 secs
Select required time delay and press ENTER.

Whilst a delay time is in operation, the display will show “add sample” and the clock counter will show the
time remaining before the start of titration. A start delay can be overridden by simply pressing START
MINIMUM TITRATION TIME
For some applications, such as certain gas samples or when using the Aquamax KF combined with a solid
sample vaporiser unit, such as the Cou-Lo Vap, it can prove useful to delay the end point of the titration.
By selecting this parameter you can increase the minimum titration time by upto 30 minutes.
Display shows:
Min. Titration Time
00 mins 15 secs
Select required minimum time and press ENTER.
END SENSITIVITY
The sensitivity of detector signal as the end point is approached can be set from 0 – 9 seconds. The default
value is 3 seconds and there are very few occasions when this may need to be altered. Decreasing this value
can prove useful if samples cause interference, e.g. some Lube Oil samples.
BEEP MODE
Four options are available for the audible alarm (beeper) and they can be scrolled through using the
decimal point key • until the required one is displayed. Then press ENTER.
The options are:

Off - beeper inactive
Keypress - beep once every time a key is pressed
End titration - beep three times at the end of a titration
Both - beep after every keypress and three times at the end of a titration
18
LANGUAGE
The Aquamax KF can be programmed to show all display prompts and print outs in various languages. Use
the decimal point key • to select language then press ENTER.
Choose from English, Francais, Espanol, Portugues, Deutsch & Magyar.
GENERATOR ELECTRODE
The Aquamax KF can be operated using generator electrodes with or without frit (diaphragm). Use the
decimal point key • to select either with or without frit then press ENTER. The titration electrolysis
current settings are automatically adjusted for each style of generator and appropriate reagents.
SAVE METHOD
If you want to save a method for future use, this can be done by pressing a numerical key, 0 - 9, and
ENTER. All titration parameters, printer mode, beeper mode, etc. are stored automatically.
Display then shows:

Save Method
Done
Then press CLEAR and the instrument will revert back to the Ready condition.
RECALL METHOD
If any methods have been saved to memory then the first prompt (before Sample ID number) will be
“Recall Method”
When this prompt is displayed, simply press the number of the method file you wish to recall and press
ENTER. There are 10 method files available numbered from 0 to 9. The titration parameters etc will all
be automatically recalled. Press PROGRAM to view the recalled method parameters or press CLEAR and
the instrument will go back to the Ready condition.
If you do not want to recall a method, press PROGRAM to view the next prompt.
19
EXAMPLE COULOMETRIC METHODS
ASTM D 1533 Water Determination of Electrical Insulating Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer
Titration
ASTM D 4928 Water Determination of Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
ASTM D 6304 Water Determination of Petroleum Products by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
IP 386 Water Determination of Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
IP 438 Water Determination of Petroleum Products by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
IEC 60814 Water Determination of Insulating Liquids, Oil Impregnated Pressboard by

BS EN 60814 Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
ISO 10101-3 Water Determination of Natural gas by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
ISO 10337 Water Determination of Crude Petroleum by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
ISO 12937 Water Determination of Petroleum Products by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
20
EXAMPLE APPLICATIONS
LIQUID SAMPLES
Liquid samples are usually introduced into the titration vessel by using a syringe. The greater the amount of
water introduced into the titration cell will cause the titration to take longer and also consume the reagents
more quickly. It is recommended that the smallest representative amount of sample be used to ensure
fastest titration speed and maximum sample throughput before reagents have to be replenished. Supplied
as standard with every Aquamax KF titrator is a 1ml syringe and luer needle. These are suitable for
injection of oil samples and water standards. Other volume syringes are commercially available from
various suppliers. Please ensure that the needle is long enough to reach into the anode reagent.
This guide may be of assistance when selecting injection volume of samples:-
Expected water content…………….Suggested sample size
1 - 10 ppm……………… 1 or 2 ml
10 - 100 ppm……………… 1 or 2 ml
100 - 500 ppm……………… 0 ⋅ 5 or 1 ml
500 - 1000 ppm……………… 0 ⋅ 5 or 1 ml
0 ⋅ 001 - 0 ⋅ 01 % ……………… 1 or 2 ml
0 ⋅ 01 - 0 ⋅ 1 % ………..…..… 1 or 2 ml
0⋅1 - 0⋅5 % ……………… 0 ⋅ 5 or 1 ml
0⋅5 - 1⋅0 % ……………… 0 ⋅ 5 or 1 ml
1⋅0 - 5⋅0 % ……………… 0 ⋅ 2 ml
above 5⋅0 % ……………… 0 ⋅ 1 ml or less
Please note that these volumes are only a guide. You may wish to experiment with sample size to
determine the optimum balance between repeatability, reagent depletion and speed of analysis.
CRUDE OILS
(IP 386 & 438, ASTM D1533, D4928, D6304, API MPMS Chapter 10.9, ISO 10337 & 12937)
Most coulometric reagents contain Methanol as the main solvent and as such it is possible that waxy
deposits from crude oils can “drop out” and contaminate the electrodes, requiring more frequent and
thorough cleaning of the glassware. This problem can be reduced by using Cou-Lo “Formula A” anode
reagent which has been specially formulated for this application. The most common interference in crude
oil samples is usually caused by mercaptans or sulphides. Samples containing alkyl groups will react
stoichiometrically so that:
100 ppm Mercaptans would show as approximately 30 ppm water
100 ppm Sulphides would show as approximately 50 ppm water
In normal practice oils containing less than 500 ppm mercaptans or sulphides are regarded as having no
appreciable effect. Repeatability problems are usually caused by sampling inaccuracies or improper
homogenisation of the sample.
21
TRANSFORMER/INSULATING OILS
(ASTM D 1533, BS EN 60814, IEC 60814)
Due to the viscosity of these samples, and the fact that typical water content levels are in the range 5 – 40
ppm, it is usually necessary to inject sample volumes of 1 ml. This means that upto 50 samples would fill
the titration cell. Provided that the other criteria governing reagent life, (total water titrated and reagent
age), have not been reached, then it is possible to switch off the titrator and allow the oil to separate from
the reagent. The oil can then be siphoned off and the instrument switched on again. After this operation it
may take upto 30 minutes before the instrument settles down to a stable baseline. If it takes longer than 30
minutes then it is advisable to clean the cell and recharge with fresh reagents. For optimum performance
use Cou-Lo “Formula A” reagent.
TURBINE / LUBRICATING OILS

For most Lube Oil applications a sample size of 1ml is sufficient. However, if it is suspected that the water
content is above 1 %, then a sample size of 0 ⋅ 2 to 0⋅ 5 ml is suggested.
Some lubricating oils contain additives which can coat the detector electrode or block the glass frit of the
generator electrode. These problems can be reduced by modifying the Anode reagent with 20 – 40 %
volume Chloroform. If difficulties continue, contact G. R. Scientific Ltd for further information.
KETONES AND AMINES

These can react with the Methanol present in most coulometric reagents resulting in inaccurate results and,
in extreme conditions, titration end point being unattainable. For samples containing ketones, amines or
aldehydes the use of specially formulated coulometric reagents for ketone samples is recommended.
POWDER SAMPLES
One of the main advantages of the coulometric technique is that reagents do not have to be replenished
after every analysis, therefore the introduction into the titration cell of solid samples, which do not dissolve,
is not recommended.
Three options available:-
• Powder samples which readily dissolve in the Anode reagent can be introduced using the optional
powder sampler, part no. 2000-9511. Calculation mode W/w.
• Powder samples which cannot be dissolved in the Anode reagent should be extracted or dissolved in a
suitable solvent and then an aliquot injected. Calculation mode W/K.
• If neither of above methods are suitable you may need to use a VA2100 oven in conjunction with the
Aquamax KF titrator.
Powder sampler VA2100 Vaporiser
22
GAS SAMPLES
Gas samples can be introduced by fitting a needle onto the gas sampling bomb and selecting Calculation
mode W/w. Alternatively, gas samples can be bubbled through the titration vessel and the passed volume
measured. For this method we suggest using the optional Low Drift Cell (LDC-0101) complete with gas
analysis kit (LDC-0121).
1. Fit the gas inlet and outlet adapters in place of the injection septa.
2. Remove the drying tube and seal the top of electrode using the injection port septa and screw cap.
3. Connect outlet adapter to wet gas flow meter.
4. Flush the sample lines and allow instrument to stabilise.
5. Press START and allow gas sample to flow through the cell at an approximate flow rate of 0 ⋅ 5
litres/minute.
6. Turn off gas flow and allow titration to reach end point.
Calculation
G x (273 + t ) x 22 ⋅ 4
W= W = moisture content
V x 273 x 18 G = microgram count
V = gas volume, litres
t = water temperature of wet gas flow meter (°C)
Gas sample adapter Fitted to vessel
23
HOW TO RUN A TEST
Please read the section PROGRAMMING A METHOD then use the PROGRAMMING FLOW CHART
before running any samples,
Example: Transformer oil sample by V/SG
Program the Aquamax KF with parameters for the analysis. For Transformer Oil samples, these parameters
are usually:-
Result Format = mg/kg or ppm

Calculation Mode = V/SG
Sample Volume = 1.0 ml
Sample SG = 0.875
Other parameters such as Sample ID number, Printer Mode etc are optional.
ANALYSIS METHOD
1. Confirm that Aquamax KF is in “Ready” mode
2. Flush 1.0ml syringe several times (minimum 6 times) with sample
3. Fit luer needle and flush through with sample
4. Draw sample into syringe beyond the 1.0ml marking
5. Invert syringe so that any air bubbles can be ejected through the needle and adjust syringe
plunger to the 1.0 ml mark
6. Wipe off excess sample from outside of needle using a clean, dry tissue or paper towel
7. Pierce needle through injection septa of titration vessel (1 – 2 cm)
8. Press START
9. Push needle into anode reagent and inject sample
10. Withdraw needle from titration vessel
11. Read result, in mg/kg (ppm) water, on display and printout
12. Repeat steps 2 – 11 if duplicate result required
24
Example: Powder sample by W/w
Program the Aquamax KF with parameters for the analysis.
ANALYSIS METHOD (1)

2. Place a suitable amount of sample in the powder sampler (p.n. 2000-9511) and seal with stopper
provided.
3. Weigh sampler
4. Press PROGRAM until Calculation Mode displayed then select W/w
5. Enter the sampler weight when prompted by display, then press ENTER / CLEAR
6. Remove the injection septa port, press START, and pour the sample inside the titration vessel ensuring
that sample does not stick to the inside of the vessel wall.
7. Reweigh the sampler.
8. The net weight of sampler can be entered either during the titration by pressing PROGRAM or waiting
until the end of titration when display will prompt TARE Weight. Enter the weight then press CLEAR.
ANALYSIS METHOD (2)

2. Place a suitable amount of sample in the powder sampler (p.n. 2000-9511) and seal with stopper
provided.
3. Place sampler on balance and tare to zero
4. Press PROGRAM until Calc. Mode displayed then select W/w
5. Enter the sample weight as 0.0 gram, then press ENTER / CLEAR
6. Remove the injection septa port, press START, and pour the sample inside the titration vessel ensuring
that sample does not stick to the inside of the vessel wall.
7. Reweigh the sampler.
8. The weight difference of sampler can be entered either during the titration by pressing PROGRAM or
waiting until the end of titration when display will prompt TARE Weight. Enter the weight then press
CLEAR.
25
LOADING THE PRINTER
To load the paper into the printer, first open the paper roll holder lid above the print head and remove the
old roll and rollers. Now fit rollers to new paper roll (LDC-0119), load as shown and insert the paper into
the slot at the rear of the print head. As soon as the printer sees the paper it will automatically load it. To
avoid damage to the printer mechanism it is advisable to only use the correct part number (LDC-0119)
thermal paper rolls.
Cut the end of the paper roll at a

slight angle as shown. This will
make it easier to feed into the printer
The mechanism has optical sensors

which detect the paper and will auto
feed.
Schematic of paper feed
Fit rollers onto both sides of paper

roll
Locate paper roll in to compartment
26
PRINT-OUTS
The Aquamax KF allows you to select different print modes. If you choose to have the printer on, you will
receive a hard copy of the result obtained, together with the selected parameters for that particular titration
every time a titration is performed. Options available;
Off - no result print out
Every result - will print result after every titration, first result also prints all calculation input data.
Full Report - will print results after every titration and then print out statistical data after a selected
number of titrations.
The Aquamax KF automatically increments the next run number every time you press the start button. The
run counter is reset to zero when power is switched off and back on again. A duplicate set of results can be
printed out simply by holding down the start button for 3 seconds. Results memory is cleared after
duplicate print out or when power is switched off.
PRINT OUT EXPLANATION
EXAMPLE OF V/SG CALCULATION

Aquamax Titrator model
V 2.5j Software version
Serial No. 71000 Titrator serial number
Calibrated DD/MM/YYYY Date titrator calibrated
Run Date Date sample run
Run: 1 Run Time F Run number & time of analysis (F = generator electrode with frit)
Nett Count 0.0 µg Nett microgram count (after drift correction)
Drift 00 Drift value at start of titration
Result Format % Result format selected
Calculation Mode V/SG Calculation mode selected
Volume 1.0000 ml Sample volume
Density 1.0000 Sample density
Res: 0.0000% Calculated result water content
Subsequent runs of the same sample and calculation parameters show run
Run: 2 Run Time number, run time, nett count,
Nett Count 0.0 µg Drift value and calculated result.
Run number & time of analysis
Drift 00
Res: 0.0000%
EXAMPLE OF W/w CALCULATION

Aquamax
V 2.5j
Serial No. 71000
Calibrated DD/MM/YYYY
Run Date
Run: 1 Run Time N Run number & time of analysis (N = generator electrode without frit)
Nett Count 0.0 µg Nett microgram count (after drift correction)
Drift 00 Drift value at start of titration
Result Format % Result format selected
Calculation Mode W/w Calculation mode selected
Total Weight 0.0000 gm Weight of syringe plus sample
Tare Weight 0.0000 gm Weight of syringe after sample injected
Sample Weight 0.0000 gm Weight of sample analysed
Res: 0.0000% Calculated result water content
27
DRIFT RATE COMPENSATION
At the start of any titration, the drift value in the top left corner of the screen (in micrograms per minute), is
stored in memory. This ensures that the displayed result is corrected for any ingress of atmospheric
moisture during the titration period.
Whilst in READY condition, the Aquamax KF continually compensates for any drift caused by
atmospheric moisture ingress or reagent decomposition and displays this information, which is updated
every 10 seconds. If the drift value is above 25 µg /minute the display will show High Drift **XX**. This
is a warning that the value is high, however the instrument can still be used by simply pressing START to
continue. Provided the drift rate is stable then it usually acceptable to continue operation. The Aquamax
titration cell design can provide drift values down to less than 5 µg /minute but can also operate at much
higher values. The maximum drift value is 60 µg /minute but we recommend operating upto a maximum of
25 whenever possible.
If the drift value is above 60 µg per minute the display will read
“EXCESS DRIFT - SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL”
Most common causes of excess drift are:
Titration vessel not properly sealed (check septa & fittings).
Reagent almost depleted (clean & recharge the cell).
Sample introduced before pressing START key.
Trace moisture on cell walls.
If excess drift occurs, switch the instrument off, remove titration cell from clamp, gently swirl the anode
reagent around the cell walls, replace cell in clamp, switch instrument on and allow to precondition.
OVERTITRATION
If the detector electrode senses too much Iodine in the titration cell, usually caused by instrument being left
unoperated for a long period, the display will read :-
“OVERTITRATION - SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL”
Simply add 3 - 5 microlitres of water, or a small amount of a known wet sample, until the detector signal
bars on bottom left of display are activated. Then instrument will automatically carry out its precondition.
REAGENT LIFE
There are three main factors which govern the life of reagents, and therefore, the frequency of cleaning and
recharging the titration cell:
1. The physical size of the titration cell allows for 50 – 60 mls of sample to be added. For the analysis
of most liquid samples (e.g. solvents) the Aquamax normally only requires a few microlitres to be
injected, therefore the maximum volume of 50 – 60 mls should not become a limiting factor. (Oil
samples are an exception and are dealt with elsewhere in this manual).
2. The total amount of water that can be analysed before saturation of the reagents varies slightly
from one reagent manufacturer to another. Typically a 100 ml charge of Anode reagent (Formula
“A”) will analyse upto 1 gm water, whilst a 5 ml charge of Cathode reagent (Formula “C”) will
analyse upto 250 mg water. Considering that the injected sample volume is normally small, and
also that the analysis is usually for the determination of low levels of water, these water capacity
values are not normally a limiting factor.
3. Similar to all other Karl Fischer reagents, coulometric reagents will deteriorate when exposed to
sunlight and with increases in temperature. Placing the instrument in direct sunlight or near to a
heat duct can decrease the reagent life. As reagents age, the titration speed will reduce and the drift
value will increase.
28
CLEANING GLASSWARE
IMPORTANT
The platinum mesh and wires of the electrodes are fragile and can be easily bent or broken. Extreme care
MUST be taken when disassembling, cleaning and reassembling the titration cell. The generator electrode
is the most expensive part of the Aquamax KF glassware. DO NOT USE BRUSH TO CLEAN INSIDE
ELECTRODE AS THIS COULD DAMAGE CONNECTIONS. Coulometric reagents are flammable
and toxic, so care should always be taken when handling them and when cleaning the glassware. Whenever
possible this should be done in a safe area, e.g. inside a fume cupboard. Reagents should not be recharged
while the titration cell is still attached to the titrator. See page 11 on charging procedure.
Under normal circumstances the titration cell can be used for a large number of samples before having to
replenish the reagents. Once the reagents have been exhausted, or when the titration cell maximum volume
has been reached, it should simply be necessary to:-
1. DISASSEMBLE titration cell (disconnect leads from titrator)

2. EMPTY the titration cell and generator electrode
3. RINSE all parts with methanol. Do not use brush on electrodes.
4. DRY all parts
5. REASSEMBLE glassware
6. RECHARGE with fresh reagents
If the cell is heavily contaminated then it may be necessary to clean it more thoroughly. For oil samples,
cleaning with chloroform or xylene is suggested, whilst for salt deposits a water wash may be required. Use
whichever solvent is most suited for the sample type. The titration vessel can even be cleaned with hot
soapy water and a bottle-brush. However, after cleaning with suitable solvent, all glassware parts, MUST
be rinsed inside and out with methanol. They can then be dried with a warm air blower, such as a domestic
hair dryer, placed in a low temperature oven at 40 – 50 ° C, or left in a desiccator.
After being fully dried, reassemble the titration cell and charge with fresh reagents.
THE MORE THOROUGHLY THAT THE TITRATION CELL IS CLEANED AND DRIED, THE
FASTER THE INSTRUMENT WILL STABILISE READY FOR OPERATION AFTER
RECHARGING REAGENTS.
Under normal conditions, the Aquamax KF should be ready for operation within 5 – 10 minutes after
reassembly, however it could take up to 20 minutes before to completely stabilise if the drying procedure
has not been properly carried out.
29
TROUBLESHOOTING
OVERTITRATION
Detector senses too much Iodine. Usually caused by old reagents or stirrer switched off. Check
stirrer speed. Add 3-5 microlitres of water until detector bars activate, and allow to precondition.
EXCESS DRIFT
Indicates excess moisture ingress or condensation on cell walls. Switch OFF. Remove titration cell
from clamp and gently swirl anode reagent around the cell walls. Reconnect, switch ON, and
allow to Precondition.
LONG PRECONDITIONING TIME

Normally caused by glassware not being sufficiently dried before assembly. Re-clean glassware
and electrodes, dry thoroughly and charge with fresh reagents.
PROGRESSIVELY LOWER RESULTS FOR SAME SAMPLE

Moisture contamination of syringe. Flush syringe and needle with sample several times before
beginning new test.
POOR REPEATABILITY FOR SAME SAMPLE

Sample size probably too small or moisture contamination of syringe. Increase sample size and
flush syringe and needle several times before beginning new test.
WARNING LETTERS ON PRINT OUT

Warning letters will be printed after time of each analysis to signify the following:-
U – Uncalibrated, E – Calibration expired, B – Battery level low, A – ACE system active
Call G.R. Scientific Ltd or your local dealer for suggestions on sampling technique for your application.
E-mail: info@grscientific.com
TEL: +44 1525 404747 FAX: +44 1525 404848
INSTRUMENT CARE
Although the instrument casing is highly resistive to most solvents care should be taken to ensure
that any spillage is wiped off immediately to avoid staining or possible damage to the paint surface.
WARRANTY
Under the conditions of our warranty, all faults which are proved to be due to material, construction or
manufacturing defects, which occur within 24 months of the delivery date, will be repaired or replaced, (at
our discretion), free of charge at our premises. Freight costs will be chargeable along with any inspection
work which was not necessitated by manufacturing or material defects. Breakages of glassware or
electrodes are not covered by this guarantee. In the event of instrument failure during the warranty period,
written authorisation must be obtained from the manufacturer prior to shipping.
The Cou-Lo Safe Warranty Registration Form must be returned so that we can register your details.
30
ACCESSORIES
CARRY CASE
Optional Carry case provides the portability

required by the field engineer. The Aquamax
KF can be transported, complete with
glassware assembled, ready for immediate
use on arrival at destination. Power cords,
syringes, etc, can all be carried inside the
carry case lid which has a special
compartment for this purpose.
(Part no. 201109)
RESULTS MANAGER
Results can be stored, whilst in the field, onto

the removable memory card and later
downloaded via the Results Manager
software package onto pc spreadsheet format.
(Part No. 101005)
COU-LO FORMULA REAGENTS
Specially formulated to ensure optimum

performance, our uniquely packaged reagents
provide improved sample miscibility and
solubility. Packaged in “single shot” 100ml
bottles and 5ml “easy snap” vials, Cou-Lo
Formula reagents are safer to use and safer to
store.
For further information about any of our products, pricing or details about local representatives, just contact
Telephone: +44 (0) 1525 404747 Fax: +44 (0) 1525 404848
Email: info@grscientific.com Web: www.grscientific.com
31

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“Cou-Lo Aquamax KF”

Introduction …………………………………………………….……… Page 3

Principle of Measurement ……………………………………………… Page 4

Specifications & Features ……………………………………………… Page 5

Unpacking & Parts List ……………………………………………… Page 6

Titration Cell Assembly Instructions …………………………………… Page 7-8

Filling & Changing Reagents ………………………………………….. Page 9

Front & Rear Panel Description ………..……………………………… Page 10

Setting Time & Date …………………………………………………… Page 11

Connection & Start Up Procedure ……………………………………… Page 12

Programming A Method ……………………………………………….. Page 13-19

Example Methods & Applications……………………………………… Page 20 - 23

How To Run A Test………………Examples V/SG & W/w…………… Page 24 - 25

Printer …………………………… Loading the paper…………………. Page 26

Drift Compensation ……………………………….……………………. Page 28

Overtitration ……………………………………………………………. Page 28

Reagent Life ……………………………………………………………. Page 28

Cleaning the Glassware ………………………………………………… Page 29

Troubleshooting ……………………………………………………….. Page 30

Warranty ……………………………………………………………….. Page 30

G.R. Scientific Ltd.

Correspondence Address: Delivery Address:

P.O. Box 242 Hiam Business Centre

SPECIFICATIONS & FEATURES

Cou-Lo Aquamax KF Moisture Meter

Titration method Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

UNPACKING & PARTS LIST

Item Description Low Drift Cell

AQUAMAX KF TITRATION CELL

Position titration vessel on Aquamax KF

The glass joints do not require Teflon

Position electrodes on titration vessel. It is

Connect leads to generator and detector

Place stirrer bar inside titration vessel

Fit injection septa into plastic screw cap

Fill drying tube with molecular sieve and

AQUAMAX KF TITRATION CELL

FILLING & CHANGING REAGENTS

Although reagents can be poured into the titration vessel whilst

Also using the funnel, charge the inner chamber of the

Reconnect the drying tube and injection septa so that the

Locate the complete titration vessel onto the titrator and

The colours of anode and cathode reagent are only an

The Aquamax KF titrator is now ready to be switched on.

Cathode Reagent Anode Reagent

Power in 3.15 Amp 20mm fuse.

SETTING THE DATE AND TIME

1. Switch on the Aquamax KF and wait for it to display the following:

2. Hold down the START key until the Aquamax KF displays:-

Set Date / Time:

4. Use the numerical keys to set / alter the required number

CONNECTION & START UP PROCEDURE

1. Assemble glassware (see Assembly Instructions)

7. Press START and allow the instrument to precondition (equilibrate).

detector signal titration speed

At the end of the precondition period the display will show:-

||| Drift Test

PROGRAM press PROGRAM key to scroll through menus listed.

- this key has two functions: