In This Chapter You Will:

● Write fractions, decimals, and ratios ● Calculate sales tax, tips, discounts,
as percents markups, profit, loss, sale prices,
● Find a percentage, a percent, and an and commissions
original number (or base) ● Use a formula to find simple interest
● Write fractions and decimals greater ● Use a table to find compound interest
than 1 or less than 0.01 as percents ● Apply the strategy: Reason Logically
● Find a percent increase or ● Look for new vocabulary words
percent decrease highlighted in each lesson

● A ratio is a comparison of two

numbers, or like quantities,
by division.
For Chapter Support:
● A rate is a ratio that compares two
unlike quantities, such as miles per
hour or dollars per week.
● A proportion is an equation stating • Skills Update Practice • Calculator Activities
that two ratios are equivalent. • Practice Activities • Enrichment Activities
• Audio Glossary ● Electronic SourceBook
● The Cross-Products Rule states
• Vocabulary Activities
that, in a proportion, the product of
the means equals the product of
the extremes. If a  c , b  0
b d
and d  0, then
ad  bc.

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Chapter 7 173
 Update your skills. See page 410.
7-1
Percents
Objective To model percents • To write percents as equivalent ratios and to
write ratios as equivalent percents

Some turtles lay their eggs on beaches and bury them

in the sand to protect them from predators. A nest
of turtle eggs may contain as many as 100 eggs.
If 48 out of 100 turtle eggs in a nest produce hatchlings,
what percent of the eggs in the nest produce hatchlings?

䉴To find the percent of the eggs in the nest that produce
hatchlings, express the ratio 48 : 100 as a percent.
Key Concept
Percent
A percent (%) is a ratio or comparison of a quantity to 100.
part n
whole
  n%
100
n per hundred or n to 100

part whole

48 out of 100  48 : 100

 48 Write as a fraction with a denominator of 100.
100
 48% Write as a percent.

So 48% of the turtle eggs produce hatchlings.

䉴When the second term of a ratio is 10 or 1000, you can use n

Remember: 100  n%
mental math to find an equivalent fraction with a denominator
of 100 and then rename that fraction as a percent.

Write each as a percent.

1 7
10
7  7 • 10  70 Think
10 10 • 10 100 10 • 10  100

So 7  70%.
10

2 70 3 87
1000 1000
70  70  10  7 Think 87  87  10  8.7
1000 1000  10 100 1000  10  100 1000 1000  10 100
So 70  7%. So 87  8.7%.
1000 1000

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䉴When the second term of a ratio is a factor of 100,

multiply both terms to rename the ratio as a percent.
Serena took a mathematics test that had 25 questions.
She had 18 correct answers.
What percent of Serena’s answers were correct?

part : whole  number of correct answers  % 18 • 4 72

total number of answers 25 • 4 100
18 : 25  18  18 • 4  72  72% Think
25 25 • 4 100
25 • 4  100, so multiply
So 72% of Serena’s answers were correct. both terms by 4.

1 Rename 3 as a percent. 2 Rename 12 as a percent.

20 50
3  3 • 5  15  15% 12  12 • 2  24  24%
20 20 • 5 100 50 50 • 2 100

So 3  15%. So 12  24%.
20 50

䉴You can rename a percent as a ratio.

Write each percent as a ratio in simplest form.

1 65% 2 8% 3 14.2%
65%  65  65  5  13 8%  8  8  4  2 14.2%  14.2  142  71
100 100  5 20 100 100  4 25 100 1000 500
Think Think Think
The GCF of 65 and 100 is 5. The GCF of 8 and 100 is 4. The GCF of 142 and 1000 is 2.

Rename each ratio as a percent.

1. 50 2. 3 : 10 3. 60 to 1000 4. 9 5. 4 6. 7
100 20 5 50
Rename each percent as a ratio in simplest form.
7. 25% 8. 35% 9. 60% 10. 84% 11. 4% 12. 13.5%

13. Jeff won 6 out of the 20 games he played with his sister.
What percent of the games played did Jeff win?

14. Discuss and Write Explain why 1 and 10 both represent 10%.
10 100
Use models to justify your answer.

Lesson 7-1 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 7-2
Fractions, Decimals, Percents
Objective To write percents as fractions and decimals • To write fractions and decimals
as percents • To compare fractions, decimals, and percents

In Nina’s collection of half dollars, 25% are Walking Liberty, 30% are
Benjamin Franklin, and the rest are Kennedy half dollars. What fraction
and what decimal represent the percent that are Kennedy half dollars?

䉴To answer the question, first add the given percents (the parts), and
then subtract their sum from 100% (the whole).
25%  30%  55% and 100%  55%  45%
So rename 45% as a fraction and as a decimal.

䉴You can rename a percent as a fraction or as a decimal.

To rename a percent as a fraction: To rename a percent as a decimal:
• Write the percent as a fraction • Remove the percent symbol.
with a denominator of 100. To divide by 100, move the decimal
point two places to the left.
45%  45
100
45%  0.45  0.45
• Divide both terms by their GCF.
45  45  5  9
100 100  5 20
So 9 and 0.45 represent the percent of Nina’s collection that are Kennedy half dollars.
20

1 Rename 12 1 % as a fraction. 2 Rename 14.5% as a decimal.

2
14.5% 0.145
12 1 %  12.5 12.5 • 10  125
2 100 100 • 10 1000 So 14.5%  0.145
 125 125  125  1
1000 1000  125 8
So 12 1 %  1 .
2 8

䉴You can rename a decimal as a percent.

• Move the decimal point two places to the right
to multiply by 100, and write the % sign.
or
• Write the decimal as a fraction that has a denominator
of 100. Then write the numerator with a % sign.
Rename 0.2 as a percent. Write 0.5638 as a percent. Round
to the nearest tenth of a percent.
0.2 0.20  20% Write zeros Think
or
as needed. 0.5638  0.5638% Multiply by 100. 5638
 56.38
10,000 100
 56.38%
0.2  2  2 • 10  20  20%  56.4% Round.
10 10 • 10 100

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䉴You can rename a fraction as a percent.

Rename 3 as a percent.
8
Method 1 Write as a Decimal Method 2 Use a Proportion
• Divide the numerator by the denominator. • Write x : 100 as one ratio
• Write the decimal as a percent. and the fraction as the other.
Move the decimal point two places • Solve the proportion.
to the right. • Write the percent symbol.
• Write the percent symbol. x 3 part
3  3 ÷ 8  0.375 100 8 whole
0.375
8 8x  300 Cross multiply.

 37.5% or 37 1 % 8x  300 Divide both sides by 8.

2 8 8
x  37.5 or 37 1 3  37.5% or 37 1 %
2 8 2

1 Write 1 as a percent by using a proportion. 2 Write 7 as a percent by writing it as a decimal.

3 8
n 1 part 77÷8 Divide the numerator by
100 3 whole 8
the denominator.
3n  100 Cross multiply.
 0.875 0.875 To multiply by 100,
3n  100 Divide both sides by 3. move the decimal point
3 3 2 places to the right.
n  33.3
 87.5% or 87 1 %
So 1  33.3% or 33 1 %. 2
3 3

䉴To compare fractions, decimals, and percents, first rename them to be in like form.
Compare: 9 ? 90% 9  90 and 90%  90 , so 9  90%
10 10 100 100 10
Compare: 3 ? 40% 3  37 1 % and 37 1 %  40%, so 3  40%
8 8 2 2 8
Compare: 0.04 ? 25% 0.04  0.16  0.25  25  25%, so 0.04  25%
0.16 100 0.16

Write each fraction or decimal as a percent. Write each percent as a decimal and as a
1. 4 2. 0.38 3. 5 4. 0.925 fraction in simplest form.
10 8
5. 70% 6. 35.5% 7. 68.67% 8. 18 3 %
4
Compare. Write , , or .
9. 4 ? 40% 10. 5 ? 60% 11. 2 ? 35% 12. 0.03 ? 20% 13. 0.05 ? 25%
10 8 5 0.12 0.25

14. Discuss and Write Explain how you would order 10.2%, 0.1, and 1 from least to greatest.
5

Lesson 7-2 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 7-3 Percents Greater Than 100%/
Less Than 1%
Objective To write fractions and decimals greater than 1 and less than 1 hundredth as percents
• To write percents greater than 100% and less than 1% as fractions and decimals

If the attendance at today’s game is 1.5 times greater than

expected, what percent of the expected attendance is the
actual attendance?
To find the percent, rename the decimal 1.5 as a percent.

䉴You can rename decimals greater than 1 as percents.

To multiply by 100, move the decimal point
two places to the right. Write the percent symbol.
1.5 1.50  150%
Key Concept
The decimal 1.5 is equivalent to 150%, so the actual
Percents , , or  100%
attendance is 150% of the expected attendance.
100%  100  1,
100
䉴You can rename fractions greater than 1 as percents. so a percent greater than 100% is
Rename 5 as a percent. greater than 1, and a percent less
4 than 100% is less than 1.

Method 1 Write as an Equivalent Decimal Method 2 Write a Proportion

• Divide by the denominator to write the 5 n
equivalent decimal. 4 100
• Multiply by 100 to write as a percent. 500  4n Cross multiply.

5  5  4  1.25 500  4n Divide both sides by 4.

1.25  125% 4 4
4
125  n 125%

䉴You can rename percents greater than 100% as decimals or fractions.

Rename 225% as a decimal. Rename 145% as a mixed number.
To divide by 100, move the decimal point Write the percent as a fraction with a
two places to the left. Remove the % sign. denominator of 100. Simplify.
225%  2.25 145%  145  145  5 29
100 100  5 20
So 225%  2.25.
So 145%  29 , or 1 9 .
20 20
䉴You can rename some percents as mixed numbers by breaking them into parts.

116 23 % 100%  16 23 %  1  50% Rename 16 2 as a fraction greater than 1.

3 3

 1  50 • 1 To rename 50% as a fraction, divide by 100.

3 100 3
as multiplying by 1 .
 1  1  11
This is the same
100
6 6
So 116 23 %  1 1 .
6

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䉴You can rename decimals less than 0.01 as percents.

Rename 0.007 as a percent.
Method 1 Multiply by 100 Method 2 Rename as a Fraction
• To multiply by 100, move the decimal 0.007  7  0.7  0.7%
point two places to the right. 1000 100
• Write the percent symbol.
0.007 0.007  0.7% Key Concept
Percents  1%
So 0.007 is equivalent to 0.7%. 1%  1  0.01,
100
so decimals less than 0.01 and fractions
less than 1 are less than 1%.
䉴You can rename fractions less than
1 as percents. 100
100
Rename 1 as a percent.
200
Method 1 Rename as a Decimal Method 2 Write a Proportion
• Divide by the denominator to write the n  1
equivalent decimal. 100 200
• Write the decimal as a percent. 200n  100 Cross multiply.

1  1  200  0.005 200n  100 Divide both sides by 200.

0.005  0.5% 200 200
200
n  0.5, so n  0.5  0.5%
100 100
䉴You can rename percents less than 1 as decimals or fractions.
Rename 0.85% as a decimal. Rename 0.2% as a fraction.
• To divide by 100, move the decimal point • Write as a fraction with a denominator of 100.
two places to the left. • Rewrite as an equivalent fraction with a
• Remove the percent symbol. whole-number numerator.
0.85%  0.0085 0.2%  0.2  0.2 • 10  2  1
100 100 • 10 1000 500
So 0.85%  0.0085.
So 0.2%  2  1 .
1000 500

Write each fraction or decimal as a percent.

1. 4 2. 0.003 3. 8 4. 0.0092 5. 1
1 5 400
Write each percent as a decimal and as a fraction in simplest form.
6. 750% 7. 0.25% 8. 185% 9. 0.004% 10. 150.5%

11. Discuss and Write What percent is equal to the fraction 3 ?

2
What percent is equal to the fraction 1 ? Explain.
500

Lesson 7-3 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 Update your skills. See page 412 XIII.
7-4
Find a Percentage of a Number
Objective To use the percent formula to find a percentage of a number • To use a percent
proportion to find a percentage of a number

A school poll showed that 15% of the 0 ? (percentage) 180 (base)

180 students who responded wanted to
lengthen the school year. How many 0% 15% (percent) 100%
students wanted a longer school year? Key Concept
Percent Formula
To find the number of students, find 15% of 180.
r•bp
rate (r) • base (b)  percentage (p)
䉴Here are two ways to find a percentage of a number:
Method 1 Use the Percent Formula percent number number
You can write the percent as a decimal or a fraction. (whole) (part)

• Write the percent as a decimal, • Write the percent as a fraction, then multiply.
then multiply. r•bp Think
r•bp 15% • 180  p 15%  15  3
100 20
15% • 180  p Substitute for r and b. 9
3 • 180  p Simplify. Use the GCF.
0.15 • 180  p Simplify. 20 1
1
27  p 27  p
Method 2 Use the Percent Proportion Key Concept
p
 15
Percent Proportion
Solve: Substitute 180 for the base
180 100 In a percent proportion, one number,
and 15 for the percent.
the part (called the percentage), is
100p  180 • 15 Cross multiply. being compared to the whole quantity
100p 2700 (called the base). The other ratio is
 Simplify. Divide both sides the percent written as a fraction,
100 100
by 100 to isolate p. where the whole is 100.
p  27 part percentage ( p) percent (%)
whole base (b)
 100
Check: 27  15
?
Substitute 27 for p. Cross multiply.
180 100
2700  2700 True

So 15% of 180 is 27. This means that 27 students are in favor of a longer school year.

1 Find 37 12 % of 80 using the percent formula. 2 Find 15.2% of 81 using a percent proportion.
p
r•bp  15.2 Write the proportion.
81 100
37 12 % • 80  p Substitute for r and b. 100p  81 • 15.2 Cross multiply.

0.375 • 80  p Write 37 1 % as a decimal. 100p  1231.2 Simplify. Divide both sides

2
by 100 to isolate p.
30  p Multiply.
p  12.312
So 37 12 % of 80  30.
So 15.2% of 81  12.312.

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䉴You can use the percent formula or a percent proportion to solve

measurement problems.

1 How many degrees are in a section of a circle that is 24%

of the whole circle?
Find 24% of 360°.
Hint
r•bp A circle measures 360°.
24% of 360  0.24 • 360
 86.4 Simplify.

The section of the circle measures 86.4°.

2 The mass of Earth expressed in scientific notation is 5.974 1024 kg.

What is 50% of Earth’s mass?
r•bp
1 5.974 1024  p 50%  1 , so substitute 1 for r.
2 2 2
5.974 1024  p Divide like terms.
2
2.987 1024  p Write in scientific notation.

So 50% of Earth’s mass is 2.987 1024 kg.

Use the percent formula to find each percentage.

Rename the percent as a decimal or fraction.
1. 40% of 45 2. 3% of 80 3. 111% of 32 4. 0.6% of 30

5. Erica took a 19-hour plane ride. She slept for about 30% of the time.
For about how long was she asleep?

Use a percent proportion to find each percentage.

6. 60% of 40 7. 115% of 90 8. 8% of 260 9. 0.4% of 50

10. Lake Superior is 350 miles in length. Avery kayaked 35% of the distance.
How many miles did Avery travel in his kayak?

11. Discuss and Write When finding a percentage of a number, when might
you prefer to express the percent as a fraction rather than as a decimal?
Provide an example to support your reasoning.

Lesson 7-4 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 7-5
Find a Percent
Objective To find what percent one number is of another using the percent
formula or a percent proportion
percentage base
A research group sent out questionnaires to (returned (total
determine how many hours teenagers typically questionnaires) questionnaires)
spend each week playing electronic games. Of the
500 questionnaires sent out, 350 were answered 0 350 500
and returned. What percent of the questionnaires
0% ?% 100%
sent out were answered and returned?
To find the percent, find what percent 350 is of 500. percent
(unknown)
䉴Here are two ways to find the percent
one number is of another:

Method 1 Use the Percent Formula Remember:

Percent Formula
r•bp r•bp
r • 500  350 Substitute 350 for the percentage, p, rate (r) • base (b)  percentage (p)
and 500 for the base, b.
r • 500  350 Divide both sides by 500 to isolate r.
500 500
70
r • 500 350
 Simplify.
500 500
100

r  70  70%
100

Method 2 Use a Percent Proportion Remember:

Percent Proportion
Let n represent the unknown percent. part percentage (p) percent (%)

Solve: 350  n
whole base (b) 100
Substitute 350 for the percentage, p,
500 100
and 500 for the base, b.
350 • 100  500n Cross multiply.
350 • 100  500n Divide both sides by 500 to isolate n.
500 500
70 1 1
350 • 100 500 n
 Simplify.
500 500
5 1
1

70  n

So n  70  70%.
100 100
Check: 350  70
?
Substitute 70 for n, and cross multiply.
500 100
35,000  35,000 True
Both methods show that 70% of the questionnaires sent out
were answered and returned.

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1 What percent of 20 is 0.5? Use the formula. 2 30 is what percent of 8? Use a proportion.
r•bp Let n  the unknown percent.
30  n
r • 20  0.5 Substitute 20 for b and 0.5 for p. 8 100
Write the proportion.
r • 20  0.5 Divide both sides by 20 30 • 100  8n Cross multiply.
20 20
to isolate r. 3000  8n
r 0.5 Simplify. 8 8
Divide both sides
20 by 8 to isolate n.
r  0.025  2.5% Divide. Rename the 375  n
decimal as a percent.
So 30 is 375% of 8.
So 0.5 is 2.5% of 20.

3 A circle graph shows how Earl’s cat spends 4 What percent of 10 is 1 ?

2
a 24-hour day. A 45° angle forms the section Use the formula.
of the circle representing the time the cat
r•bp
spends eating. What percent of a day does
the cat spend eating? Use a proportion. r • 10  1 Substitute 1 for p and 10 for b.
Let n  the unknown percent. 2 2
1
45  n Write a proportion.
r • 10  2 Divide both sides
360 100 10 10
by 10 to isolate r.
45 • 100  360n Cross multiply.
r1• 1 Multiply by the
4500  360n Divide both sides
2 10
reciprocal of 10.
360 360
by 360 to isolate n.
12.5  n r  1  5  5% Rename the
20 100
fraction as a
Earl’s cat spends 12.5% of a day eating. percent.
So 1 is 5% of 10.
2

Use the percent formula to find each percent.

1. What percent of 200 is 11? 2. 0.3 is what percent of 0.5? 3. 125 is what percent of 25?

4. For an important test, Juan studied for 2 h 20 min, while Ken studied for
two thirds of an hour. What percent of Ken’s study time was Juan’s?

Use a proportion to find each percent.

5. What percent of 2.5 is 2? 6. 4.6 is what percent of 25? 7. What percent is 1 of 10?
5
8. Ralph made 12 of his 25 free-throw attempts, while Maria made 20 of 50 attempts.
Who made the higher percent of free throws? How much higher?
350
9. Discuss and Write Show how you could use the fraction 500 to solve
the opening problem about questionnaires. Tell which approach you
prefer, and explain why you prefer it.

Lesson 7-5 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 Update your skills. See page 413 XIV.
7-6
Find the Original Number or the Base
Objective To find a number when a percent of it is known, using the percent formula or a
percent proportion • To determine whether the percentage, base, or percent is missing in a percent
problem and solve the problem
percentage base
Six of Greene County’s middle schools sent bands to the
0 6 ?
Earth Day Festival. If 30% of the county’s middle schools sent
bands to the event, how many middle schools are in the county? 0% 30% 100%
To find the total number, or base, solve: 30% of what number is 6?
percent
䉴Use the percent formula or a proportion to find the base.
Remember:
Percent Formula
Method 1 Use the Percent Formula: r • b  p r•bp
Let b  the total number of middle schools in the county. rate (r) • base (b)  percentage (p)

30% • b  6 Substitute 30% for r and 6 for p.

0.3b  6 Write the percent as a decimal.
0.3b  6 Divide both sides by 0.3 to isolate b.
0.3 0.3
b  20 Remember:
Percent Proportion
Method 2 Use a Percent Proportion part percentage (p) percent (%)
whole base (b)  100
Let b  the total number of middle schools in the county.

Solve: 6  30 Substitute 6 for p and Check: 6  30

?
Substitute 20 for b
b 100 20 100
30 for the percent. and cross multiply.
6 • 100  30b Cross multiply. 600  600 True
600  30b Simplify.
600  30b Divide both sides by 30
30 30
to isolate b.
20  b
So both methods show that there are 20 middle schools in the county.

1 60% of what number is 12? 2 120% of what number is 24?

Use the percent formula: r • b  p. Use a percent proportion.
60% • b  12 Substitute 60% for r and 12 for p. 24  120
b 100
0.6 • b  12 Rename 60% as a decimal.
24 • 100  120b Cross multiply.
0.6b  12 Divide both sides
0.6 0.6 2400  120b Divide both sides
by 0.6 to isolate b. 120 120
by 120 to isolate b.
b  20
20  b
So 60% of 20 is 12.
So 120% of 20 is 24.

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䉴You can use the percent formula or a proportion to solve three types of problems.
Represented Percent
Problem Proportion
by the Variable Formula
5 n
5 is what percent of 20? percent r • 20  5 
20 100
5 25
5 is 25% of what number? base 25% • b  5 
n 100
n 25
What number is 25% of 20? percentage 25% • 20  p 
20 100

1 Of the bands in a festival, 40% are 2 Chan spent an hour working on his essay.
performing for the first time. If 6 bands are He spent 24 minutes outlining and the rest
performing for the first time, how many of the hour writing. What percent of an hour
bands in all are performing? did Chan spend writing?
Let n  the total number of bands that Use the percent formula: r • b  p
are performing.
r • 60  24 Substitute 60 for b and 24 for p.
Solve: 6  40 r • 60  24
n 100 Divide both sides by
60 60
600  40n Cross multiply. 60 to isolate r.
600  40n Divide both sides r  24  12  2 Divide by the GCF, 12.
40 40 60  12 5
by 40 to isolate n.
2  40  40%
15  n 5 100
time spent outlining

Check: 6  40
? 100%  40%  60% time spent writing
15 100
600  600 True
So 15 bands in all are performing. So Chan spent 60% of an hour writing.

Solve for b, the original number.

1. 50% of b is 11.5. 2. 37.5% of b is 48. 3. 125% of b is 30.5.

Solve for the unknown percentage, base, or percent.

4. What percent of 25 is 30? 5. Find 250% of 250. 6. 12 1 % of b is 0.4.
2
7. If 130% of a number is 26, is the number greater or less than 26?
If 50% of a number is 26, is the number greater or less than 26? Explain.

8. Discuss and Write Lamar’s survey of the seventh graders in his school
showed that 25% of them would like to be in a rock band. The rest
of the seventh graders, 54 students, said that they would not care to
join a rock band. Explain how you would use this information to find
how many seventh graders there are in Lamar’s school.

Lesson 7-6 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 Update your skills. See page 411 X.
7-7
Estimate with Percents
Objective To estimate to find percent • To estimate a percent from a model that is not
100 units • To estimate a percent from a three-dimensional model

If a snack pack has a mass of 244 grams and the grams of

percent of carbohydrates is 26.4%, about how many carbohydrates total mass
grams of carbohydrates are in the snack pack?
0 p 244
䉴To find about how many grams, estimate.
0% 26.4% 100%
r•bp Use the percent formula.
26.4% • 244  p Substitute known values into the formula.
Remember:
26.4%  25%  1 Change the percent, r, to a common percent. Compatible numbers are
4 numbers that are easy to
244  240 Change the base, b, to a compatible number. compute mentally.
1 • 240  60 Compute mentally.
4
So the percentage of carbohydrates in the snack pack is about 60 grams.

䉴You can also use compatible numbers to estimate the rate and the base.

1 About what percent of 237 is 177? 2 Estimate the base if 38.6 is 18.8% of it.
177 Use the percent formula, and solve for b.
Write the numbers in
237 r•bp
ratio form.
177  180 Choose compatible 18.8% • b  38.6 Substitute known values for r and p.
237 240
numbers. 18.8%  20% Change 18.8% to a common percent.
180  3
240 4
Simplify. 38.6  40 Change the percentage to
a compatible number.
3  75%
4 20% • b  40 Substitute 20% for r and 40 for p.
1b  40 Use 20%  1 .
So 177 is about 75% of 237. 5 5
1b  1  40  1 Divide both sides by 1 .
5 5 5 5
b  200
So the base is about 200.

䉴Memorizing benchmark percents can help you use mental math and estimate.

Benchmark Percents
1 1 2
Percent 1% 10% 12 2 % 20% 25% 33 3 % 50% 66 3 % 75%
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
Fraction 100 10 8 5 4 3 2 3 4
Decimal 0.01 0.1 0.125 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.75

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䉴A quick, reliable way to estimate with percents is to use

benchmark percents, such as 1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75%.
• Estimate 6% of 39. • Estimate 15% of $32.05.
39  40 $32.05  $30
1% of 40  0.01 • 40  0.4 1%  0.01. 15%  10%  5% Use 10% benchmark.
Multiply by
0.01.
10% of $30  0.1 • $30  $3.00 Multiply mentally
by 0.1.
6% of 40  6 • 0.4  2.4 6%  6 • 1%.
Multiply 0.4
5% of $30  $3.00  2  $1.50 5 is half of 10,
so divide 10%
by 6.
of $30 by 2.
So 6% of 39 is about 2.4.
$3.00  $1.50  $4.50 Add the estimates
for 10% and 5%.
So 15% of $32.05 is about $4.50.

• About what percent of • About what percent

the bar is shaded? of the container is
Think of dividing the bar full?
into four equal parts. Then The container is filled
find a benchmark percent to about 350 mL, and
that is closest to the length 350
of the shaded part. 500  0.7  70%.
The shaded part is between 25% and 50%, but it The container is about 70% full.
is much closer to 25%. It is about 30% shaded.

• About what percent of the figure is shaded?

Think of dividing the length into equal parts. Then
use benchmarks to estimate the percent shaded.
The figure is about 80% shaded.

Estimate.
1. Estimate 53% of 67. 2. About what percent of 3. 3.9 is about 23.7% of
396 is 47? what number?

Estimate the percent of each figure that is shaded.

4. 5.

6. Discuss and Write Explain how you made your estimates for exercises 4 and 5.

Lesson 7-7 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 Update your skills. See page 408 III.
7-8
Percent Increase
Objective To find the percent increase • To find profit • To find the
selling price for an item sold at a profit

According to the United Nations Department of

Public Information, world exports had a total value
of $1.9 trillion in 1985. Fifteen years later, world
exports had a total value of $6.3 trillion. About what
percent increase was there in the value of world
exports from 1985 to 2000?
To find the percent increase in the value of world
exports, compare the amount of increase to the
original amount.

䉴You can use the formula or a proportion

to find the percent increase. Notice that since
both amounts in the problem are in trillions, Key Concept
the nonzero digits can be used to calculate Percent Change
the percent increase. Percent change is the ratio comparing a
change in a quantity to the original amount.
Method 1 Write an Equation A change in a number or a quantity is an
increase or a decrease.
percent increase  amount of increase amount of change
original amount percent change  original amount
Let RI  the percent increase.

RI  6.3  1.9 Subtract the original amount from the new amount
1.9
to find the amount of increase. Substitute 6.3 for
the new amount and 1.9 for the original amount.

RI  4.4 Divide to simplify.

1.9
RI  2.32 Round the decimal to the nearest hundredth.
RI  232% Multiply the decimal by 100 to write as a percent. Write the % sign.

Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion

Let n  the unknown percent increase.
6.3  1.9  4.4 Subtract the original amount from the new amount
to find the amount of increase.
part amount of increase percent increase (%)

whole original amount 100
4.4  n Substitute 4.4 for the amount of increase
1.9 100
and 1.9 for the original amount. Cross multiply.
440  1.9n
440  1.9n Divide both sides by 1.9. Round to the nearest one.
1.9 1.9
232  n
So the percent increase in the value of world exports from 1985 to 2000 was about 232%.

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䉴To find the amount of profit, multiply the original cost by the percent profit.
• The cost of an item is the original amount spent for it.
• Profit is the money gained when an item is sold above the cost.
A company buys microwave ovens for $200 each and then sells each at a gain of 15%.
What is the company’s profit from buying and selling each microwave oven?

Method 1 Write an Equation Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion

Let P  the amount of profit. profit (P) percent profit (%)

original cost 100
P  15% • $200 Multiply the original cost
by the percent of profit. P  15 Substitute $200 for
200 100
P  0.15 • $200 Write 15% as a decimal, the cost and 15 for
then multiply. the percent profit.
100P  200 • 15 Cross multiply.
P  $30.00 100P  3000 Divide both sides by 100.
100 100
P  30
So the profit per microwave oven is $30.

䉴The selling price (SP) of an item is the amount 0% 100% 30%

for which the item is sold. When an item is sold
cost profit
at a profit, the selling price is more than the cost.
Add the profit to the cost to find the selling price.
A video dealer imports large flat screen TVs for $1200 each. The dealer
then sells each TV at a profit of 30%. Find the selling price per unit.
SP  $1200  (30% of $1200) The cost is $1200, and the profit is 30% of $1200.
SP  $1200  (0.30 • $1200) Write 30% as the decimal 0.30, then multiply 1200 by 0.30.
SP  $1200  $360 The profit is $360, so add $360 to the cost, $1200.
SP  $1560
So the selling price for each flat screen TV is $1560.

Find the percent increase. If necessary, round to the nearest tenth of a percent.
1. from 12 to 15 2. from 0.3 to 0.66 3. from 40 to 45

Find the profit to the nearest cent.

4. Cost: $48.60 5. Cost: $124 6. Cost: $92.50
Percent profit: 25% Percent profit: 6.25% Percent profit: 9.2%

7. An antique car dealer made a profit of 18% on a car that cost $40,000.
For how much did he sell the car?

8. Discuss and Write Explain how you find the selling price of an item when
you know the original price and the percent profit.

Lesson 7-8 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 7-9
Percent Decrease
Objective To find the percent decrease • To find the selling price for an item sold at a loss

In the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, the

winning time in the men’s 100-meter sprint was
12 seconds. By the 2004 games, the winning time
had dropped to 9.85 seconds. To the nearest tenth
of a percent, what is the percent decrease in the
winning time from 1896 to 2004?
To find the percent decrease for the winning time
from 1896 to 2004, compare the amount of decrease
to the original amount.

䉴You can use the formula for rate of decrease,

or you can use a proportion to find the
percent decrease.

Method 1 Write an Equation Remember:

amount of change
percent decrease  amount of decrease percent change  original amount
original amount
Let RD  the percent decrease.

RD  12  9.85 Subtract the new amount from the original amount to find the
12
amount of decrease. Substitute 12 for the original amount and
9.85 for the new amount.
RD  2.15 Divide to simplify.
12
RD  0.17916 Multiply by 100 to rename the decimal as a percent.
RD  17.9% Round to the nearest tenth of a percent.

Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion

Let n  the unknown percent decrease.
12  9.85  2.15 Subtract the original amount from the new
amount to find the amount of decrease.
part amount of decrease percent decrease (%)

whole original amount 100
2.15  n Substitute 2.15 for the amount of decrease and
12 100
12 for the original amount, then cross multiply.
2.15 • 100  12n
215  12n Divide both sides by 12
12 12
n  17.916
n  17.9 Round to the nearest tenth.

So the percent decrease in the winning time for the men’s 100-meter sprint
from 1896 to 2004 is approximately 17.9%.

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䉴Merchants sometimes suffer a loss on the sale of items.

When there is a loss of money, the item is sold below its cost.
Finding the amount of loss is similar to finding the amount of profit:
Multiply the original cost by the percent loss.
A nursery bought spruce trees for $80 each. After the holidays, the
nursery sold the trees that were left at a loss of 20%. What was the
loss (L) per tree on the trees sold after the holidays?

Method 1 Write an Equation Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion

Let L  the amount of loss. loss (L)  percent loss (%)
cost (C) 100
L  20% • $80 Multiply the original cost, $80,
L  20
by the percent loss, 20%. Substitute 80 for the cost (C)
80 100
and 20 for the percent loss.
L  0.20 • $80 Write 20% as a decimal,
Cross multiply.
then multiply.
L  $16.00 100L  80 • 20
100L  1600 Divide both sides by 100.
100 100
L  16
So the loss on each tree was $16.

䉴When an item is sold at a loss, the selling price cost

is less than the cost. Subtract the loss from the
0% 100%
cost to find the selling price.
A family bought a car for $21,000 and then $0 loss selling price $21,000
sold it at a loss of 30%. Find the selling price. % loss

SP  $21,000  (30% of $21,000) The cost is $21,000, and the

loss is 30% of $21,000.
SP  $21,000  (0.3 • $21,000) Write 30% as the decimal 0.3,
and multiply 21,000 by 0.3.
SP  $21,000  $6300 The amount of loss is $6300, so subtract
$6300 from the cost, $21,000.
SP  $14,700
So the selling price is $14,700.

Find the percent decrease.

1. from $5 to $4 2. from 0.7 to 0.07 3. from 90.6 to 35.2

Find the loss to the nearest cent.

4. Cost: $385.20 5. Cost: $79.25
Percent loss: 3.5% Percent loss: 3.4%

6. Discuss and Write How is finding the percent decrease like finding
the percent increase? How is it different?

Lesson 7-9 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

7-10
Sales Tax and Tips
Objective To calculate sales tax and total cost • To read and use a tax table
• To calculate a tip and total cost

A calculator is priced at $29.95 with a sales tax of 6%.

What is the amount of sales tax to the nearest cent?
What is the total cost?
To find the total cost of the calculator, find the amount
of sales tax and add it to the marked price.
Sales tax is the amount of tax added to the marked price
of an item by a state or local government. The sales tax
rate is the ratio of the amount of sales tax to the marked
price expressed as a percent. The total cost of an item
is the sum of its marked price and the amount of
sales tax.

䉴You can write and solve an equation or a proportion total cost

to find the amount of sales tax. 0% 100% 6%

Method 1 Write and Solve an Equation marked price tax

amount of sales tax  sales tax rate • marked price
Let T  the amount of sales tax. Key Concept
Sales Tax
T  6% • $29.95 Multiply the marked price, $29.95, sales tax  sales tax rate • marked price
by the sales tax rate, 6%.
T  0.06 • $29.95 Write 6% as a decimal, then multiply.
T  $1.7970 $1.80 Round to the nearest cent.

Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion

sales tax (T ) ( )
 sales tax rate % part
marked price (MP) 100 whole
T  6
Substitute 29.95 for MP and 6 for the sales tax rate.
29.95 100
Cross multiply.
100T  6 • 29.95
100T  179.70 Divide both sides by 100.
100 100
T  1.797 $1.80 Round to the nearest cent.

Using either method, you find that the amount of sales tax is $1.80.
Add $1.80 to the marked price to find the total cost.
$29.95  $1.80  $31.75.
So the total cost of the calculator is $31.75.

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䉴You can use a Sales Tax Table to compute the

amount of sales tax and the total cost.
Use the 6% sales tax table at the right to Sale Tax Sale Tax
find the amount of sales tax and the total $0.00–$0.08 $0.00 $20.09–$20.24 $1.21
cost of a printer cartridge marked at $20.95. 0.09– 0.24 .01 20.25– 20.41 1.22
Find $20.95 in the range of prices in the table. 0.25– 0.41 .02 20.42– 20.58 1.23
$20.95 is in the row for $20.92–$21.08. 0.42– 0.58 .03 20.59– 20.74 1.24
Look across the row. 0.59– 0.74 .04 20.75– 20.91 1.25
The tax for prices in that range is $1.26 0.75– 0.91 .05 20.92– 21.08 1.26
Add the sales tax to the marked price to 0.92– 1.08 .06 21.09– 21.24 1.27
find the total cost.
$20.95  $1.26  $22.21
The total cost of the printer cartridge is $22.21.

䉴A common application of percents is leaving a tip, or gratuity,

for service provided in places such as restaurants or hotels.
You can use rounding, benchmark percents, and mental math to calculate a tip.

Calculate the tip and total cost for a dinner that costs $31.50.
Round the amount up to the next dollar: $31.50  $32.

Calculate a 10% tip. Calculate a 15% tip. Calculate a 20% tip.

• Multiply $32 by 10%. • 15%  10%  5% • 20%  10%  10%
10% of $32  0.1 • $32
Move the decimal point • 10%  $3.20 • 10%  $3.20
one place to the left. • 5%  half of 10%, and • 20%  2 • $3.20  $6.40
Tip: $3.20 half of $3.20  $1.60 Tip: $6.40
• Add: $31.50  $3.20 • Add: $3.20  $1.60  $4.80 • Add: $31.50  $6.40
Total cost: $34.70 Tip: $4.80 Total cost: $37.90
• Add: $31.50  $4.80
Total cost: $36.30

Find the amount of sales tax and the total cost.

1. a $450 rug with 5 12 % sales tax rate 2. a $926 dresser with a 3.5% sales tax rate

Find the tip and the total cost. Round and use mental math.
3. a $48.75 meal with a 10% tip 4. a $31 food delivery with a 5% tip
5. a $39.85 dinner with a 20% tip 6. a $9.75 taxi ride with a 15% tip

7. Discuss and Write How can you estimate the amount of sales tax and
the total cost of an item? Support your explanation with an example
from this lesson.

Lesson 7-10 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 7-11
Discount and Markup
Objective To find the amount of discount • To find the sale price • To find the discount rate
• To find the amount of markup • To find the markup rate

A store sells game tables for $188 each. This week, every
game table has a 25% discount. What is the sale price of
each game table?

䉴To find the sale price, find the amount of the 25% discount,
and then subtract that amount from the original price.
A discount is the amount by which the regular or list price of
an item is reduced. The discount rate is the percent decrease
in the list price. The sale price of an item is the difference
between its list price and the amount of discount.

䉴Use an equation or a proportion to find the amount of discount.

Method 1 Write and Solve an Equation Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion
discount  discount rate • list price discount (D)  discount rate (%) part
list price (LP) 100 whole
Let D  the amount of discount.
D  25 Substitute the known values,
D  25% • $188 Multiply the list price, $188, $188 100
then cross multiply.
by the discount rate, 25%.
D  0.25 • $188 Write 25% as a decimal,
100D  25 • $188
then multiply. 100D  4700 Divide both sides by 100.
D  $47 100 100
D  $47
Using either method, you find that the amount of discount is $47.
To find the sale price, subtract the amount of discount Key Concept
from the list price: $188  $47  $141 Discount and Sale Price
discount  discount rate • list price
So the sale price for each game table is $141.
sale price  list price – discount
䉴You can find the discount rate of an item when you
know the list price and the sale price of that item. Key Concept
The list price of racquetball rackets is $39. Now they are Discount Rate
on sale for $31.20. What is the discount rate of a racket? discount rate  amount of discount
list price
discount rate  amount of discount
list price
Let R  the discount rate.

R  $39.00  $31.20 Subtract the sale price from the

$39.00
original price to find the amount
of discount.

R  $7.80 Simplify. Divide the amount of discount, $7.80,

$39.00 by the list price, $39.
R  0.2  20% Write the decimal as a percent.

So the discount rate for each racquetball racket is 20%.

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䉴Stores make a profit by selling items for a price higher

than the wholesale price. The wholesale price is the lower
price that stores pay for the items. The difference between
the wholesale price and the list price is called the markup.
To find the markup rate, which is the percent increase
in the wholesale price, find the amount of markup.
Key Concept
Markup and Markup Rate
markup  list price  wholesale price
markup
markup rate  wholesale price
The markup rate is expressed
as a percent.

A store buys golf umbrellas for $40 each and sells them for $56.
You can write and solve an equation to find the markup rate.
amount of markup
markup rate 
wholesale price
Let R  the markup rate.

R  $56  $40 Subtract the wholesale price from the

$40
list price to find the amount of markup.
R  $16 Simplify. Divide the amount of markup by
$40
the wholesale price.
R  0.40
R  40% Write the decimal as a percent.

So the markup rate for each golf umbrella is 40%.

Find the amount of the discount and the sale price to the nearest cent.
1. 15% discount rate on a $400 stereo system 2. a $45 headset at a 25% discount rate
3. 20% discount rate on a $6800 used car 4. 30% discount rate on a $250 DVD player

Find the discount rate.

5. a $3000 motorcycle on sale for $2400 6. a $64 phone on sale for $58.88
7. a $300 digital camera on sale for $250 8. an $850 notebook computer on sale for $650

Find the markup rate.

9. a CD bought for $24 and sold for $25.80 10. wholesale price: $48; list price: $58.56

11. Discuss and Write Explain how you could find (a) the list price,
given the wholesale price and the markup rate, and (b) the wholesale price,
given the list price and the markup rate.

Lesson 7-11 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

7-12
Commission
Objective To find the amount of commission • To find the commission rate • To find the
total sales • To compare commissions when the total sales and commission rates are given

A salesperson sells a computer system listed at $1500.

If his rate of commission is 7%, how much commission
does he earn on the sale?

䉴To find the commission the salesperson will earn,

multiply the total sales and the rate of commission.
Commission is the amount of money earned for
selling goods or services. The commission rate is
the percent of the total amount of goods or services
sold that is earned by the seller. The total sales refers Key Concept
to the total amount of goods or services sold. Commission
commission  commission rate • total sales
You can write and solve an equation or a
proportion to find the amount of commission commission rate  commission
total sales
when you know the total sales and the
commission rate. total sales  commission
commission rate

Method 1 Write and Solve an Equation Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion
commission  commission rate • total sales commission (C)  commission rate (%)
total sales 100
Let C  the amount of commission.
C  7 Substitute the known
C  7% • $1500 Multiply the total sales, $1500, $1500 100
values, then cross multiply.
by the rate of commission, 7%.
100C  7 • $1500
C  0.07 • $1500 Write 7% as a decimal,
then multiply. 100C  $10,500 Divide both sides by 100.
C  $105.00 100 100
C  $105.00
So the salesperson earns a commission of $105.

䉴You can write and solve an equation or a proportion to find the commission
rate when you know the total sales ($1500) and the commission ($105).

Method 1 Write and Solve an Equation Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion

commission rate  commission commission  commission rate (%)

total sales total sales 100
Let R  the commission rate. Let n  the unknown percent.
R  105 Substitute the known values. 105  n Substitute the known
1500 1500 100
values, then cross multiply.
R  0.07 Divide to simplify.
105 • 100  1500n
R  7% Write the decimal as a percent.
10,500  1500n Divide both sides by 1500.
1500 1500
7n

So n  7%.
100
So the commission rate is 7%.
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䉴You can find the total sales when you know the commission ($105) and
the commission rate (7%).

Method 1 Write and Solve an Equation Method 2 Write and Solve a Proportion

total sales  commission commission  commission rate (%)

commission rate total sales (TS) 100
Let TS  the total sales. 105  7 Substitute the known
TS 100
TS  $105
values, then cross multiply.
Substitute the known values.
7% 105 • 100  7TS
TS  $105 Write 7% as a decimal, then divide. 10,500  7TS
0.07 7 7
Divide both sides by 7.
TS  $1500 1500  TS
So the amount of total sales is $1500.

䉴You can write and solve an equation to compare commissions.

Ms. Spann sold a condominium for $380,000 at a commission rate of 9%.
Ms. Lee sold a condominium for $440,000 at a commission rate of 7.5%.
Which real estate agent earned a higher commission? How much higher?
Ms. Spann’s commission: Ms. Lee’s commission:
commission  commission rate • total sales commission  commission rate • total sales
Let C  the amount of commission. Let C  the amount of commission.
C  9% • $380,000 Substitute the C  7.5% • $440,000 Substitute the
known values. known values.
C  0.09 • $380,000 Write 9% as a decimal, C  0.075 • $440,000 Write 7.5% as a
then multiply. decimal, then multiply.
C  $34,200 C  $33,000
Subtract to find the difference in the two commissions: $34,200  $33,000  $1,200.

So Ms. Spann’s commission was $1200 greater than Ms. Lee’s.

Find the commission.

1. 6% commission on $25,000 in sales 2. 6.2% commission on $48,200 in sales

Find the rate of commission.

3. $1755 earned on $92,000 in sales 4. $4936 earned on $36,000 in sales

Find the total sales.

5. $3480 earned with 10% commission rate 6. $720.76 earned with 3.7% commission rate

7. Discuss and Write Explain how you would find a 3% commission for
an item sold at $7800. Then solve.

Lesson 7-12 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

7-13
Simple Interest
Objective To find simple interest • To find the total amount earned or due • To find the rate
of interest • To find the time that principal is left on deposit • To use spreadsheet software to
compute simple interest for different principals, rates, and lengths of time

Mr. Floyd borrowed $2500 from his brother to be paid back

in 3 years. He agreed to repay the money with interest at a
rate of 5.5% per year. How much interest will Mr. Floyd pay
at the end of the 3 years? What is the total amount or balance
due at the end of the 3 years?

Principal (p) is the amount of money borrowed or deposited.

Interest (I) is the amount earned or paid in exchange for the use
of money. Simple interest is interest earned or paid only on the
principal for a stated period of time. The rate of interest (r) is the
percent of interest earned or paid. Time (t) represents how long,
in years, the principal is borrowed or left on deposit. Time must
be in years or a fractional part of a year.

䉴To find the amount of interest Mr. Floyd will pay, multiply Key Concept
the principal, the rate of interest, and the time, in years. Simple Interest
To find the total amount, or balance due, add the interest Interest  principal • rate • time
to the principal. I  prt
Time must be expressed in years
You can use a formula to find the interest. or a fractional part of a year.
I  prt
I  $2500 • 5.5% • 3 Substitute $2500 for p, 5.5% for r, and 3 for t.
I  $2500 • 0.055 • 3 Write 5.5% as a decimal, then multiply.
I  $412.50
Add the interest to the principal to find the total amount or balance due.
$2500  $412.50  $2912.50
So Mr. Floyd will pay $412.50 in interest. The balance due will be $2912.50.

䉴You can find the annual rate of interest when you know the principal,
the time, and the interest amount.
Lupe has $365. If she deposits that money for 24 months and earns $36.50,
what is the annual rate of interest earned?
You can use the interest formula to find the rate of interest.
I  prt Think
36.50  365 • r • 2 Substitute 36.50 for I, 365 for p, and 2 for t. 24 months  2 years
36.50  730r Multiply to simplify.
36.50  730r Divide both sides by 730.
730 730
r  0.05 Write the decimal as a percent.
r  5%
So the annual rate of interest earned by Lupe’s deposit is 5%.

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䉴You can find the amount of time that interest is paid or earned when you
know the principal, the annual rate of interest, and the interest amount.
Darrin borrowed $1100 at an interest rate of 6% per year. If he paid
interest of $297, for how many years did he take out the loan?
To find the time of a loan or deposit, in years, use the interest formula
to solve for t.
I  prt
Think
297  1100 • 6% • t Substitute $297 for I, $1100 for p, Fractional parts of a year are
and 6% for r. represented as decimals:
297  1100 • 0.06 • t Write 6% as a decimal. 6 months  0.5 year
297  66.00t Multiply to simplify. 9 months  0.75 year
2 years 6 months  2.5 years
297  66t Divide both sides by 66 to isolate t.
66 66
4.5  t
So Darrin took out the loan for a period of 4.5 years, or 4 years and 6 months.

Find the simple interest, I, and the balance earned or due.

1. $800 at an annual rate of 8% for 9 months 2. $720 at an annual rate of 8.5% for 6 months

Find the annual interest rate, r.

3. $200 borrowed for 2 years, $24 in interest 4. $400 deposited for 9 months, $24 in interest

Find the time, t.

5. $350 at 8% per year, $84 in interest 6. $800 at 7% per year, $42 in interest

7. Discuss and Write Consider the interest on a savings account and the interest
on a car loan. How are they the same? How are they different?

The spreadsheet shows the balances for five different principal Cell B2 is the box in column B,
amounts at an interest rate of 5% over a period of 3 years. row 2.
Cell C2 is the box in column C.
row 2.
 A3*B3*C3 means that the
values in cells A3, B3, and C3
are multiplied using the formula
I  prt.

Cell D3  1000 • 5 • 3  150

100
Cell E3  1000  150  1150

Lesson 7-13 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

7-14
Compound Interest
Objective To compute compound interest using tables

Ms. Johnson deposits $12,000 in a savings bank account

that pays interest quarterly. The annual interest rate paid
by the bank is 6%. How much money will she have in the
bank at the end of 1 year?

䉴To find how much money Ms. Johnson will have in the
bank at the end of 1 year, compute compound interest.
Compound interest is the interest paid on the principal
and on the interest accumulated to date. The balance
of an interest-bearing account is the sum of the principal
plus the interest earned. interest rate per period

You can use a compound Compound Interest Table

interest table to compute Number of
1.5% 2% 2.5% 3% 3.5% 4%
compound interest and find Periods
the balance in an account. 1 1.0150 1.0200 1.0250 1.0300 1.0350 1.0400
2 1.0302 1.0404 1.0506 1.0609 1.0712 1.0816
The compound interest
3 1.0457 1.0612 1.0769 1.0927 1.1087 1.1248
table at the right shows
4 1.0614 1.0824 1.1038 1.1255 1.1475 1.1699
what factor the deposit
will be multiplied by to 5 1.0773 1.1041 1.1314 1.1593 1.1877 1.2167
find the balance. 6 1.0934 1.1262 1.1597 1.1941 1.2293 1.2653
7 1.1098 1.1487 1.1887 1.2299 1.2723 1.3159
8 1.1265 1.1717 1.2184 1.2668 1.3168 1.3686

To find the balance

in the account: factors

Find the interest rate per period.

Number of interest periods: 4 1 year has 4 quarters or periods.
Annual rate of interest: 6%
Quarterly rate of interest: 6%  4  1.5% Divide the annual interest rate by 4 to
find the interest rate per period.
Find the factor.
Look across the 4th period row and down
the 1.5% interest rate column to find the factor.
Multiply the deposit by the factor to find the balance.
1.0614 • $12,000  $12,736.80
Subtract the principal from the balance to find how much
interest is earned.
$12,736.80 – $12,000  $736.80
So Ms. Johnson will earn $736.80 interest, leading to a balance
of $12,736.80 at the end of the year.

 &KDSWHU
 &KHFN<RXU3URJUHVVIII

1 Mel deposits $5000 in an account. The annual interest rate is 8%,

compounded semi-annually. How much interest will he earn in 1 year?
What is the balance in his account after 1 year?
Hint: Semi-annual refers to 2 interest periods per year.
• Find the number of interest periods and the rate of interest.
The annual interest rate is 8%, compounded semi-annually.
8%  2  4% Divide the annual interest rate by 2 to find
the interest rate per period.
• Find the factor.
Look across the 2nd period row and down the 4% column to find the factor.
• Multiply the deposit by the factor to find the balance.
1.0816 • $5000  $5408
• Subtract the principal from the balance to find the amount of interest.
$5408  $5000  $408
Mel will earn $408 interest, leading to a balance of $5408 after 1 year.

2 Dylan deposits $4000 in his savings account. The annual interest rate is 12%,
compounded quarterly. How much interest will he earn in 2 years?
What is the balance in his account after 2 years?
Hint: Quarterly refers to 4 interest periods per year.
• Find the number of interest periods and the rate of interest.
The annual interest rate is 12%, compounded quarterly.
12%  4  3% Divide the annual interest rate by 4 to find
the interest rate per period.
• Find the factor.
Dylan will earn interest for 2 years, or 8 periods.
Look across the 8th period row and down the 3% column to find the factor.
• Multiply the deposit by the factor to find the balance.
1.2668 • $4000  $5067.20
• Subtract the principal from the balance to find how much interest he earns.
$5067.20  $4000  $1067.20
Dylan will earn $1067.20 interest, leading to a balance of $5067.20 after 2 years.

Use the compound interest table to find each balance.

1. $7000 at an annual rate of 8%, 2. $10,000 at an annual rate of 7%,
compounded quarterly, for 1 year compounded semi-annually, for 2 years

3. Discuss and Write How is earning an annual rate of 6% simple interest

for 1 year on $2000 different from earning an annual interest rate of 6%,
compounded quarterly for 1 year, on $2000? Explain.

Lesson 7-14 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

7-15 Problem-Solving Strategy:
Reason Logically
Objective To solve problems using the strategy Reason Logically.

Problem 1: Is it possible to cover a typical 8-by-8

checkerboard, such as the one pictured below, with
tiles of this shape ?
Problem-Solving Strategies
1. Guess and Test
2. Organize Data
3. Find a Pattern
4. Make a Drawing
5. Solve a Simpler Problem
6. Reason Logically
7. Adopt a Different Point of View
8. Account for All Possibilities
9. Work Backward
10. Consider Extreme Cases

Read to understand what is being asked.

List the facts and restate the question.
Facts: A checkerboard is an 8-by-8 arrangement of small squares.
Each tile is made up of 5 small checkerboard squares in a
fixed pattern.
Question: Can the checkerboard be covered exactly with tiles shaped
like ? If so, how?

Select a strategy.
Try using the strategy Reason Logically.

Apply the strategy.

Suppose it is possible to cover a checkerboard with such tiles.
This would mean that 64 little squares can be covered exactly
by tiles made up of 5 little squares each.
However, that would mean that 64 is a multiple of 5
(or, equivalently, that 64 is evenly divisible by 5).
You know that 64 is not a multiple of 5 (because 64  5  12 R4).
So it is not possible to cover the checkerboard with the tiles.

Check to make sure your answer makes sense.

Twelve tiles would have 12 • 5, or 60, small squares.
This is not enough to cover the board.
Thirteen tiles have 13 • 5, or 65, small squares.
This is too many to cover the board exactly.
Therefore, since it is necessary to use a whole number of tiles, it is not
possible to cover the board exactly with tiles of the given shape.

 &KDSWHU
 3UDFWLFH $FWLYLWLHV

Problem 2: Suppose you are given a jar containing 6 blue marbles

and 2 red marbles. So 68 , or 75%, of the marbles are blue.
You are challenged to reduce the percent of blue marbles in the jar
to 20% by adding more blue and red marbles. The only restriction is
that each time you add marbles, you must double the total number
of marbles in the jar. Can this be done?

Read to understand what is being asked.

List the facts and restate the question.
Facts: A jar holds 8 marbles—6 blue and 2 red.
So 75% of the marbles are blue.
You can add blue and red marbles to the jar.
Whenever you add any marbles, you must
double the total number of marbles in the jar.
Question: Can you reduce the percent of blue marbles
in the jar to 20%?

Select a strategy.
You could try to solve this problem by exploring what happens
when you add different numbers of red marbles and blue marbles
to the jar. However, this could take a very long time, and it might
not lead to the answer. Since it is not immediately obvious how
to approach this problem, you might first try to reason logically
about what you are being asked to do.

Apply the strategy.

You are starting with a jar that contains exactly 8 marbles. The first
time you double the number of marbles, there will be 16 marbles in
the jar. The second time you double the number of marbles, there will
be 32 marbles in the jar. You know that 8, 16, and 32 are all powers
of 2. Specifically, 8  2 2 2  23, 16  2 2 2 2  24, and
32  2 2 2 2 2  25. In fact, since you must always double
the number of marbles in the jar, the number of marbles in the jar
will always be a power of 2.
Now 20% is equivalent to 15 , so you would need 15 of the marbles
to be blue. This would mean that the number of marbles in the
jar would have to be divisible by 5. However, a number that is a
power of 2 is not divisible by 5 because its only prime factor is 2.
So no matter how many blue and red marbles you add to the jar,
it is impossible to double the total number of marbles and yet
reduce the percent of blue marbles in the jar to 20%.

Check to make sure your answer makes sense.

Using a calculator, you can try taking 20% of various powers
of 2. Each and every time, you will discover that the result is
not a whole number.

Lesson 7-15 for exercise sets. &KDSWHU 

 0RUH(QULFKPHQW7RSLFV
Enrichment:
Successive Discounts and Increases
Objective To determine the overall percent of change when
more than one percent discount or percent increase is applied.

Two stores in Diego’s town are having sales.

• At Big Bill’s, jeans were discounted 30% last week. This week,
jeans are marked down an additional 20%.
• At Small Change Shop, everything is 50% off.
The original price of the jeans was $60 at both stores.
Is the sale price the same at both stores?

Big Bill’s Small Change Shop

• Original Price: $60 • Original Price: $60
• First Markdown: 30% of $60, or $18 • 50% off: 50% of $60, or $30
First Sale Price: $60  $18  $42 Sale Price: $60  $30  $30
• Second Markdown: 20% of $42, or $8.40
Second Sale Price: $42  $8.40  $33.60

The sale prices are not the same. One discount of 50% off is a greater discount
than two successive discounts of 30% and 20%. To find a single discount that is
the same as a 30% discount followed by a 20% discount,
follow these steps:
Suppose the original price of an item is p. If you save 30%, then you pay 70%,
so the price after a 30% discount is 70% of p, or 0.7p.
Applying the second discount, you save 20% of 0.7p. This means you pay 80%
of 0.7p. So the final price is 80% of 0.7p, or (0.8)(0.7p), or 0.56p.
The final price, 0.56p, is 56% of p. Paying 56% of the original price is the same
as saving 44%. So a 30% discount followed by a 20% discount is equivalent
to a 44% discount.

Find a single discount equivalent to each set of successive discounts.

1. 40%, 20% 2. 25%, 25% 3. 10%, 20%, 30%

Find a single increase equivalent to each set of successive increases.

4. 40%, 20% 5. 20%, 40% 6. 10%, 20%, 30%

7. Discuss and Write True or False: A decrease of 10% followed by an increase

of 10% does not change the starting value. Explain your reasoning.

 &KDSWHU page 227 for exercise sets.

Test Prep: Extended-Response Questions
Strategy: Answer All Parts
Extended-response questions often contain more than one part and may
require several steps to complete each part. Show or describe your steps
to help to demonstrate your understanding.

Sample Test Item

April went to a shopping mall. She spent $28.95 on a jacket, $12.75 on
a belt, and $6.59 on socks, before tax. The tax rate was 7.5%.
Part A Part B
April had a coupon for 20% off the price What was the total cost of April’s purchases,
of the jacket. What was the discounted price including the coupon and tax?
of the jacket, before tax? Show all your work.

Read the whole test item carefully.

• Reread the test item. Use context clues to help
determine the meaning of any unfamiliar words.
Test-Taking Tips
• Reread the item.
• Determine the steps needed to solve each part.
• Use the Test-Prep strategy.
1. Find the amount of discount, then find the
discounted price. • Apply appropriate rules,
definitions, properties, or
2. Find the total cost of the items before tax, then
strategies.
find the tax and add it to the total.
• Analyze your answers.
Solve the problem.
• Apply appropriate rules, definitions and formulas.
To solve Part A, find the amount of discount. To solve Part B, add the prices before tax.
Think $23.16  $12.75  $6.59  $42.50
Discount  Rate of Discount • List Price Then find the amount of tax.
Think
20% • $28.95  0.20 • 28.95  $5.79 Sales Tax  Rate of Tax • Marked Price
Subtract the discount from the original price.
$28.95  $5.79  $23.16 7.5% • $42.50  0.075 • 42.50  $3.1875  $3.19
Answer: The discounted price of the jacket Add the tax to the total of the items purchased.
was $23.16. $42.50  $3.19  $45.69.
Answer: The total cost was $45.69.

Check your work. Review your notes.

Make sure you have completed all parts of the item.
• Analyze your answers. Do they make sense? Estimate the total price of the items, before tax.
Estimate amount of discount and new price. $20  $10  $10  $40
20% of $30  $6 Estimate the tax and add to total.
$30  $6  $24. 10% of $40  $4
The discounted price is reasonable. $40  $4  $44
The total cost is reasonable.

Chapter 7 205
 Item 1 is partially worked out for you.
Solve. Show or describe your steps.
1. At 6 A.M., the temperature at the Ski Resort was 6 F. By noon, the
temperature had risen 25 F. At 10 P.M., the temperature was 14 F.
Part A Part C
What was the temperature at noon? What was the temperature change
Show all your work. from 6 A.M. to 10 P.M.?
Part B Show all your work.
What was the temperature change
from noon to 10 P.M.?
Show all your work. Test-Taking Tips
• Reread the item.
Read the test item for a general idea of the problem.
• Use the Test-Prep strategy.
• Reread the test item. Use context clues to help
determine the meaning of any unfamiliar words. • Apply appropriate rules,
definitions, properties, or
• Determine the steps needed to answer the problem. strategies.
1. Find the new temperature.
• Analyze your answers.
2. Determine changes in temperature.

Solve the problem.

• Apply appropriate rules, definitions, properties,
and strategies.
To solve Part A, use the temperature Use your answer from Part A to solve Part B.
at 6 A.M. and the amount of change to find
To solve Part C, think about the direction
the temperature at noon.
of the temperature change.
Remember: Watch for signs when
adding and subtracting positive and
negative numbers.

Check your work. Review your notes.

Make sure you have completed all parts of the items.
• Analyze your answers. Do they make sense?
Check by working backward.
2. Greg is putting a fence around a square
garden with a side length of 9 feet.
The fence costs $15.50 per foot.
Part A Part B
What is the cost, before tax, of the fencing If there is a sales tax of 6% on the fencing,
Greg needs for the square garden? what is the total cost for the fence?
Show all your work. Show all your work.

206 Chapter 7
pages 229–230 for exercise sets.