Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

Graduate School
Magsaysay St., Sorsogon City

STATISTICAL METHODS:
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY 1
(GROUP 3)

Leader: Fruto, Gilbert Ian L.

Documenter: Borres, Jeselle B.
Group Monitor: Flores, Claire T.
Contributors: Failagmao, Roberto Jr. D.
Esperida, Aileen Faye
Gamit, Marife G.
I. TITLE:
“Effectiveness of the Different Visualization
Techniques in Presenting and Communicating
Results”

II. DESCRIPTION:

Charts and Graphs are visualization tools used in

Mathematics and Statistics to represent and interpret data in a
pictorial form. A statistical graph or chart is the pictorial
representation of statistical data in graphical form. They are used to
represent a set of data to make it easier to understand and interpret
statistical information. The effectiveness of these visualization tools/
techniques in presenting and communicating results plays a very
important role in data analysis and decision-making processes. The
common types of charts or graphs used in statistics are; bar
graphs, pie charts, line graphs, and histograms. In this paper, we
aim to differentiate the types of charts and graphs that are
commonly used in determining which type of visualization tools are
best suited for different types of data in presenting and
communicating results.

III. OBJECTIVES:
 To differentiate the various types of visualization techniques
graphically
 To be acquainted of which of them is easier to comprehend and
most effective in acquiring statistical information
 To provide illustrative examples showcasing the effectiveness of
different visualization techniques in different contexts.

IV. DISCUSSION

Different visualization techniques such as bar graphs, pie charts,

line graphs, scatter plots, and histograms offer unique advantages in
representing data in a clear and concise manner.
Bar graphs are a visual representation of grouped data in which the
length of the bars is inversely related to the measure of the data. The
vertical axis of the chart defines discrete data, while the horizontal axis
of the chart shows categorical data. This type of graph is used to
compare two sets of data by listing the frequency of the different
categories. It is effective in depicting visual summaries of large data
sets and clearly indicates trends, patterns, and comparisons between
different categories. A bar graph is simple, easy to understand, and
suitable for both qualitative and quantitative data.
 A simple example of a bar graph is shown in figure 1 below.

Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the number of Police in Crimeville for each year
from 2011 to 2019. Based on the table, there was a significant
decrease in the number of police officers from 2011 to 2014 but started
increasing again from 2015 to 2019.
A line graph is a type of graph that uses points and lines to show
change over time. In other words, a line connecting numerous points or
a line illustrating the relationship between the points is shown on the
chart. Line graphs are used to track trends, patterns, and correlations
between variables. For instance, a line graph can be used to represent
the temperature fluctuations over a week. A simpler example of a line
graph is shown in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2

The line graph shown above represents the sale of bicycles by a

company beginning January to June. Here, the x-axis represents the
time interval and the y-axis represents the number of bicycles sold
each month. The data point in the line graph represents the quantity or
a number that matches a particular time in the x-axis. In the example
shown, the number of bicycles sold in the month of January is 50.
Similarly, in the month of February 30 bicycles were sold. We can
interpret this data for each month using the data point. The line
segment connecting these individual data points gives a picture of
whether the sale of bicycles is in an increasing or decreasing trend.

A histogram chart shows the frequency of both discrete and

continuous values in a dataset using connected rectangular bars.
Histograms are similar to bar graphs but are specifically used to
represent the distribution of continuous data. They use rectangular
bars to display the frequency of data within specific intervals. A
histogram, for example, can be used to represent the distribution of
students grade in a class. Figure 3 shown below represents student
test scores. The student’s scores are classified into several ranges.
The height of each bar represents the number of students who
achieved a score in that range.

Figure 3

A pie chart shows a dataset's numerical distributions. In this graph,

a circle is divided into several sectors, where each sector shows the
percentage of a specific element as a whole. This is also referred to as
a circle graph or chart. This kind of chart is best suited for illustrating
proportions and percentages because it effectively communicates the
share of each component/ sector to the whole. For instance, a pie
chart can be used to represent the market share of different
smartphone brands, clearly demonstrating their respective market
dominance. As shown in figure 4 below.
 In Quarter 1 of 2017, the top 5 manufacturers controlled 58% of the
global smartphone market.

Figure 4

The scatter plot is another graphical representation that uses points

to represent data on a two-dimensional graph. Points are plotted on
Cartesian coordinates to identify relationships and correlations
between variables. This kind of tool is particularly useful when
analyzing large data sets to determine the correlation between two
variables. For example, a scatter plot might be used to visualize the
correlation between car price and fuel efficiency, providing insights into
potential patterns or trends as shown in figure 5 below.

Figure 5

In figure 5, the correlation between the price of a car (along the Y-

axis) and its fuel efficiency (along the X-axis) is shown. Each car model
 would be represented as a point on the scatter plot. With all the car
models plotted, it’s easier to see trends and clusters in the data. You
might notice, for example, that cars with higher fuel efficiency generally
cost less.

Visualization Technique Best suited for

Bar graphs Comparing and contrasting data
across different categories or
time periods.
Line graphs Tracking progress, illustrating
trends, and comparing data
points over time
Histogram Displaying underlying frequency
distribution, identifying central
tendencies and analyzing spread
Pie Chart Illustrating relative proportions,
displaying parts of a whole and
comparing percentages
Scatter Plot Identifying correlations,
relationships and clusters
between two variables.

Application in Different fields

The effectiveness of various visualization techniques in presenting
and communicating results is indeed influenced by the wide array of real-
world scenarios across different workplaces and professions. Consider, for
instance, a medical researcher aiming to convey the results of a clinical
trial. In this context, a stacked area chart could effectively illustrate how
different treatment groups responded over time, showcasing the
cumulative impact of treatments while allowing for easy comparisons.
Alternatively, in the realm of urban planning, a geographic
information system (GIS) map might be the most powerful visualization
tool. Planners could use a GIS map to overlay data layers, such as
population density, traffic patterns, and environmental factors, to make
informed decisions about city development. This approach enables them
to communicate complex spatial relationships and plan infrastructure
improvements effectively.
For financial analysts, a waterfall chart could be a valuable asset
when showcasing the components of a company's net profit. This
visualization method breaks down the sources of revenue, expenses, and
other financial factors in a clear, cascading manner, aiding in pinpointing
areas for improvement or growth opportunities.
In a marketing context, a word cloud could help highlight the most
frequently mentioned keywords in customer feedback surveys. By
visualizing these keywords in different sizes and colors based on their
frequency, marketers can quickly identify prevailing sentiments and
prioritize areas for improvement in their products or services.
 These examples demonstrate the adaptability of visualization
techniques to diverse professional settings. The choice of visualization
method should align with the specific data and the message to be
conveyed, ensuring that results are presented in a way that maximizes
clarity and impact for the intended audience.

V. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
A study conducted in 2022 by one of the students at the University of the
Cordilleras, Baguio, Philippines, College of Criminal Justice Education, Graduate
School where he studied crime rates in the Philippines with the title “Crime Rates
in the Philippines: A Comparative Analysis of Bulan and Irosin Municipalities from
Sorsogon, Province.” This is one application of the use of visualization tools. The
study used document analysis to analyze and compare the crime data in the
Municipality of Bulan and Irosin Sorsogon. Below are some of the graphical
representations used by the researchers to present ang interpret the data
gathered.
 In summary, the data reflected that in the comparison of the two
municipalities in the province, the Municipality of Bulan has the highest
crime rate (61%) compared to the Municipality of Irosin which has a (39%)
total crime rate.

Another example:
The following table shows a student’s grades in various subjects.
Subjects English Hindi Math Science Social Science
Scores 73 62 81 54 68

From the provided data, create a bar graph on graph paper.

Solution:
When making the bar graph, the following steps are followed:
Step 1: Make a horizontal line OX and a vertical line OY on graph paper to
represent the x and y-axes, respectively.
Step 2: Along OX, at regular intervals, write the names of the subjects.
Step 3: Decide on a scale: 1 mark = 1 small division
Step 4: Next, the various bars’ heights are:
73 in English
62 in Hindi
81 in Mathematics
54 in Science
68 in Social science
Step 5: At the positions highlighted in step 2, draw bars of equal width and height
on the x-axis using the measurements obtained in step 4.
The resulting bar graph is as follows:

V. COMPUTER INTEGRATION

The effectiveness of various visualization techniques in presenting and

communicating results is significantly enhanced by the integration of
technology. In today's digital age, technology plays a pivotal role in
transforming raw data into compelling and informative visuals across a
wide array of professional fields.

There are several computer software and programming that facilitates

the integration of different graphs and charts for data analysis such as;

1. Microsoft Excel: Excel is a widely used spreadsheet software that offers a

wide range of graphing and charting options. It provides a user-friendly
 interface to create, customize, and combine bar graphs, line graphs,
scatter plots, pie charts, histograms, and more.
2. In the field of data analytics, the integration of interactive dashboards
powered by tools like Tableau or Power BI has revolutionized the way
organizations communicate their findings. These dashboards enable users
to explore data dynamically, drilling down into specific details or zooming
out for a broader perspective. This level of interactivity not only makes
data more accessible but also empowers decision-makers to gain deeper
insights and make informed choices quickly.
3. In the context of scientific research, the integration of 3D visualization
technology has been a game-changer. Researchers can now visualize
complex molecular structures, geological formations, or medical imaging
data in three dimensions. This technology aids in better understanding
intricate relationships and patterns within the data, which might be
challenging to grasp with traditional 2D methods.
4. In the education sector, the integration of virtual reality (VR) and
augmented reality (AR) technologies has enriched the learning
experience. Students can step into immersive environments to explore
historical data, scientific concepts, or architectural designs, enhancing
their comprehension and engagement with the material.
In conclusion, technology integration has elevated the effectiveness
of visualization techniques in presenting and communicating results
across various professions. By harnessing the power of digital tools,
professionals can create more interactive, insightful, and engaging
visualizations, ultimately leading to better decision-making and a deeper
understanding of complex data.

VI. SUMMARY:

In conclusion, charts and graphs are very important ways to show and
understand facts in a visual way. They make it easier for us to understand
statistics and explain them to others. Different graphs and charts, like bar
graphs, line graphs, pie charts, histograms, and scatter plots, have their
own benefits and work best with different kinds of data and in different
situations.
Bar graphs are a good way to compare data and show how it
changes over time. Line graphs can be used to show how things change
over time and how they are related to each other. Histograms are used to
show how continuous data is spread out. Pie charts are the best way to
show how much of something there is. Scatter plots are useful for figuring
out how two or more factors are connected or related to each other.
Which display method to use depends on the data and the
message that needs to be sent. technology integration has elevated the
effectiveness of visualization techniques in presenting and communicating
results across various professions. By harnessing the power of digital
tools, professionals can create more interactive, insightful, and engaging
visualizations, ultimately leading to better decision-making and a deeper
understanding of complex data.
Visualization methods are a big part of how professionals in fields
like medicine, urban planning, finance, and marketing show and talk about
 results. Data that is shown in a clear way helps people make decisions
and find trends, patterns, and places to improve.
Overall, it's important to be able to show and explain statistical
information through charts and graphs. This is important for both analyzing
data and making decisions. By using the right visualization method and
incorporating technology, professionals can get their findings across to a
wide audience with the most clarity and impact.

VII. ASSESSMENT:

1. Make a bar graph based on the data shown below.

Analyze the bar graphs on the same chart. Determine the number
of categories, and determine which category has the highest frequency
and which has the lowest frequency.

2. Examine the graph below carefully and answer the following

questions. The graph depicts the results of a school’s students.

QUESTIONS:

(a) Which year has the smallest difference between the number of kids
who passed and those who failed?

(b) In the last five years, what was the average number of kids who
failed in school?

(c) How many times have the same number of kids failed?
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Multipurpose Graphical Representation Techniques Historgram,
scatter plot, surface plot based on subjective analysis. International
Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET),
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Tufte, E. R. (1983). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information.
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Types of Graphs in Statistics. Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/maths/types-of-graphs/
Berardo, R., Fischer, M. and Hamilton M. (2020), Collaborative
Governance and the Challenges of Network-Based Research. The
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Barreda, M. B. (2022). Crime Rates in the Philippines: A Comparative
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https://byjus.com/maths/bar-graph-questions/