Exercise Science Senior Synthesis– Interpretation of Results –Pre-Test

Aaliyah Speights

4. ACSM Risk Factors

Positive Risk Factors Defining Criteria Client

Age Men ≥ 45 yr. Women ≥ 55yr Positive

client is over the age of 55

Family History Myocardial infarction, Negative

coronary revascularization, or No past family history of
sudden death before 55 yr in myocardial infarction, sudden
the father or other male death, or coronary
first-degree relative or before revascularization
65 yr in the mother or other
female first-degree relative

Cigarette Smoking Current cigarette smokers or Negative

those who quit within Not a cigarette smoker
previous 6 month or exposure
to environmental tobacco
smoke

Positive Risk Factors Defining Criteria Client

Physical Activity Not meeting the minimum Positive

threshold of Client does not met the
500-1,000MET/min of minimum threshold of
moderate-to-vigorous activity moderate-to-vigorous activity
or 75-150 min/week of
moderate-to-vigorous
intensity of physical activity

Body mass index/ waist Body mass index ≥30 kg/m Positive
circumference or waist girth ≥102cm (40 in) Client’s BMI is ≥30
for men and > 88cm (38in) Clients waist circumference
for women is ≥ 38 inches
Blood pressure Systolic blood pressure Negative
≥130mmHg and or diastolic Took resting blood pressure
≥ 80mmHg, based on average two times on two different
of ≥ 2 reading obtained on ≥ occasions.
2 occasions or on
antihypertensive medication

Positive Risk Factors Defining Criteria Client

Lipids Low-density lipoprotein Negative

cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL or Client is not on any
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol medications
cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men
and <50 mg/dL in women or
non-HDL-C <130 or on
lipid-lowering medication. If
total serum cholesterol ≥200
mg/dL

Blood Glucose Fasting plasma glucose ≥ Positive

100mg/dL or 2 h plasma Client is type 2 diabetic
glucose values in oral glucose
tolerance test ≥ 140 mg/dL or
HbA1c ≥ 5.7%

Negative Risk Factors Defining Criteria Client

HDL-C ≥60 mg/dL (1.55mmol/L) Positive

Client’s HDL
● My client has 4 risk factors and had to obtain a Physician Clearance prior to participating
in the program because my client is over the age of 55 and is a type 2 diabetic having a
blood glucose over 100 mg/dL.
B.
● Client has a stoma/colostomy bad on their left side.
● Client had colon cancer in 2008
● Type 2 diabetic but does not need medication for it. Watches what they eat, drink, and
weight to maintain non-medication
● Medications:
Multivitamin (40+): immune support. Possible side effects include
headaches, nausea, constipation, diarrhea.
Omega-3 + Vitamin E: reduce inflammation. Possible side effects include
nausea, headaches, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, and bleeding.
Nasonex: seasonal allergy symptoms (runny nose, sneezing). Possible side
effects include allergic reactions, crusting or sores inside the nose, frequent nosebleeds,
and low adrenal gland function.
 Allegra: seasonal relief of sneezing and runny nose. Possible side effects
include; headache, indigestion, and dry mouth.
Tylenol: takes pain when needed. Possible side effects include nausea,
stomach pain, headache, loss of appetite, rash, or itching.
These medications did not have an impact on testing my client's exercise responses or their
testing scores. My client's physical limitations did not get in the way of the test scores or exercise
responses. None of the exercises put enough pressure on the area where my client's colostomy
bag is to cause any off-test scores. There were some unexpected events that occurred during
some of the testing. For instance, at the start of the sit-up test, my client was not able to perform
them so I had to change plans and perform the curl-up test. Another difficulty I had was with my
client keeping up with the metronome during the second stage of the bike test. During this stage,
it has gotten harder and my clients' pace started to slow. I encouraged them to keep up with the
metronome but they were not able to for the last 2 minutes.

C.
While doing the shoulder flexibility testing, my client asked why their right arm
performed better than their left. I told them it could be because of many reasons; for instance,
using the muscles on the right side more than the left could be one of the causes, or the right arm
just being more flexible than the left. Another question my client asked me during the curl-up
test was why they were feeling tightness/ cramping while pointing near their sternum. I then
explained to them that it is normal and it is because they are using muscles that have been used
or are not used to being used. I also told them that it could be sore from other exercises we had
previously done. One positive thing my client shared with me was that they thought the testing
was cool and were excited to see their results differ from the pre-assessment and the
post-assessment.
My client learned that even if the test results are low at the moment, over time it will
improve and get better as we go through the exercise program. I also think she learned that you
can still push yourself without overdoing it. For example, during the 1RMshe set a limit of what
she could/was going to lift weight-wise before we got to the highest weight. Then when we did
get to that weight, I noticed it didn’t seem that hard so I encouraged her to do another repetition,
and she did. Then she said “Oh I can definitely do another”, and she did. I see this as her learning
to trust herself and her abilities.

8.
A. Resting HR Score Percentile Rating:
1. Prevalue 88 bpm Normal
2. Explain/Interpret: Clients heart rate is normal, between 60-100 bpm. Clients do
not have any risk factors pertaining to their heart rate.
3. Recommendation/Prescription: Work on cardiovascular fitness going by the
ACSM guidelines. Also Strength training guidelines
● Frequency: 3 days a week
● Intensity: moderate is 40-59% heart rate reservoir while vigorous is
60-89% heart rate reservoir
● Time: 30-60 minutes of moderate intensity and 20-60 minutes for vigorous
● Type: Aerobic exercises in a continuous/ intermittent manner that uses
major muscle groups
 Strength Training Guidelines
● Frequency: major muscle groups to be trained at least 2 days a week
● Intensity: 60-70% 1Rm performed for 8-12 repetitions
● Type: multi-joint exercise along with agonist and antagonist muscle
groups being targeted. Single joint and core exercises are to be included
B. Resting Blood Pressure Score 136/90 Rating: Normal
C. Body Composition
1. Body composition is the relative percentage of mass that is fat and fat-free. It
provides information about the proportion of different components that make up a
person's body. We use various body composition tests because fat and muscles are
stored differently throughout the body. Obesity and overweight are abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. Obesity is any adult who
has a BMI of 30 or higher, underweight is a BMI under 18.5 and overweight is
25-30 kg.
Weight and Height Score Suggest Weight Range
1. Prevalue 66 in 114lbs - 150 lbs
205 lbs
2. Explain/ interpret: Clint has type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, and is at risk for
cardiovascular disease. They are 50+ pounds where their suggested weight is at.
Body Mass Index Score Percentile Rating
1. Pre-BMI 33.75 kg/m2 Obese
2. Explain/ Interpret
Waist Circumference Score Percentile Rating:
1. Pre-Waist 39 inch High risk
2. Explain/ Interpret: The client is at a high risk for cardiovascular disease, and
hypertension, and is not good with their type 2 diabetes.
BIA Score Percentile Rating:

1. Pre-Fat% 40.3% 1 very poor

2. Explain/Interpret: No less than 10%-13% of body fat is recommended. Test results
show client's BIA is high which means they could be at risk for cardiovascular disease.
Skinfolds Score Percentile Rating:

1. Pre-Fat% 32.14% 30th poor

2. Explain/Interpret: The client is in the poor and very poor rating. This could lead to
risk factors including, hypertension and cardiovascular disease
3. Why do we use various sites: to estimate the distribution of subcutaneous adipose
tissue as well as the fat around different parts of the body
4. Summary of Recommendations: Strength training and Cardiovascular fitness are
both needed to be able to improve body composition. For strength training:
● Frequency: major muscle groups to be trained at least 2 days a week
● Intensity: 60-70% 1Rm performed for 8-12 repetitions
● Type: multi-joint exercise along with agonist and antagonist muscle
groups being targeted. Single joint and core exercises are to be included
D. Cardiovascular Fitness
 1. Cardiovascular Fitness is a health-related component of fitness. It measures how
well your body can perform a rhythmic, dynamic activity at a moderated to high
intensity for an extended period of time. To measure cardiovascular fitness,
maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is tested because it forms a major
component of cardiovascular fitness. It measures the maximum rate of oxygen
consumption attainable during physical activity. Two different tests are run to
determine the client's VO2 because the Treadmill walk test is more for geriatric
patients while the YMCA Bike test is not. Running both tests gives a better
estimate of VO2max. My client is also a professor who is up on their feet
teaching. Without cardio fitness, they would not be able to be on their feet as
often in the classroom. It is also important to my client because they are of the
older population and their cardiovascular fitness starts to decline.
Bike Test Score Percentile Rating:
1. Pre-VO2max 17.07ml/kg/min 45th Fair
Treadmill walk Score Percentile Rating:
1. Pre-VO2max 28.12 ml/kg/min 80th Excellent
2. Explain/Interpret: The client's VO2 is higher than that of the treadmill walk by
11.05ml/kg/min. This could be because of the difference in testing procedure.
While the YMCA bike test tests with resistance, the Treadmill Walk test uses
grade and speed.
E. Muscular Fitness
1. Muscular strength is the external force that can be generated by a specific muscle
or muscle group. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to
perform repeated contraction against a load or an extended period of time.
Muscular power is the muscle's ability to exert force per unit of time or the rate of
performing work. This is important for my client to be able to do their ADL. For
instance, without muscular endurance, my client would not be able to do the
gardening that they enjoy because of the heavy lifting. Muscular strength is also
important to my client because they want to be able to pick up their grandson.
Without muscular strength, it would get harder and harder for them to be able to
pick up their grandson. Muscular power is important especially to my client
because they are at an older/more at-risk age. With aging, muscle power will
decline, making it harder for my client to catch themselves or get up out of a chair
in a response time frame. Muscular strength, power, and endurance together will
also help my client with injury reduction.
Score Percentile Rating:
2. Pre Values Test #1 Grip Strength 39kg 95th
Test #2 YMCA bench press 22 Good
Test #3 Curl Up 18 16-19th Very poor
Test #4 Push Up 10 Good
Test #5 1RM Upper 5
Lower 3
F. Flexibility
1. Flexibility is the ability to move a joint through its complete and pain-free range
of motion and why we use various tests to determine. Various flexibility tests are
run because the tests only relate to specific joints that are being tested. For
 instance, the sit-and-reach test looks at the hamstring muscles, hip rotator,
gastrocnemii, and erector spinae. This is different from the Shoulder Flexibility
test performed that looks at the upper limb muscles of the shoulder. Flexibility is
important to my client because without being flexible they would not be able to
help take care of their grandson who at the moment lives with them. If their
hamstrings aren't flexible, they will have trouble bending down to pick something
up. Flexibility will help my client with injury reduction as well.
Sit and Reach Score Percentile Rating:
1. Pre-value 18.5cm Needs improvement
Shoulder Flexibility Score Percentile Rating:
1. Prevalue R Pass
L Fail
2. Explain/Interpret: Results show that my client's flexibility is not good and needs
more improvement.
3. Summary and Recommendations:
● Frequency: 2-3 days a week
● Intensity: stretch to you feel a slight discomfort and or tightness
● Time: hold a dynamic stretch for 30-60 seconds
● Type: series of flexibility exercises for each of the major muscle groups