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    Lecture 1 - Consolidation

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    Monique Aldana
    This document provides an overview of consolidation and settlement calculations. It discusses the oedometer test used to determine soil properties during consolidation like compression index. It describes how consolidation settlement can be calculated analytically considering variation of volume compressibility and effective stress with depth, using a graphical sub-layer technique. Vertical drains can be used to speed up consolidation to meet performance criteria. Examples are provided to calculate consolidation settlement.

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    Lecture 1 - Consolidation

    Uploaded by

    Monique Aldana
    9 views19 pages
    This document provides an overview of consolidation and settlement calculations. It discusses the oedometer test used to determine soil properties during consolidation like compression index. It describes how consolidation settlement can be calculated analytically considering variation of volume compressibility and effective stress with depth, using a graphical sub-layer technique. Vertical drains can be used to speed up consolidation to meet performance criteria. Examples are provided to calculate consolidation settlement.

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    This document provides an overview of consolidation and settlement calculations. It discusses the oedometer test used to determine soil properties during consolidation like compression index. It describes how consolidation settlement can be calculated analytically considering variation of volume compressibility and effective stress with depth, using a graphical sub-layer technique. Vertical drains can be used to speed up consolidation to meet performance criteria. Examples are provided to calculate consolidation settlement.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views19 pages

    Lecture 1 - Consolidation

    Uploaded by

    Monique Aldana
    This document provides an overview of consolidation and settlement calculations. It discusses the oedometer test used to determine soil properties during consolidation like compression index. It describes how consolidation settlement can be calculated analytically considering variation of volume compressibility and effective stress with depth, using a graphical sub-layer technique. Vertical drains can be used to speed up consolidation to meet performance criteria. Examples are provided to calculate consolidation settlement.

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    CVNG 2009

    SOIL MECHANICS II

    Lecture 1
    Consolidation

    Craig’s Soil Mechanics


    by J.A. Knappett & R.F. Craig, 8th ed, Spon Press, 2012
    Consolidation
    Main Goals: In this chapter we calculate ground settlements as
    a function of time due to consolidation.

    Course Outcomes:
    - Understand the behavior of soil during consolidation
    (drainage of pore water pressure), and determine the
    mechanical properties which characterize this behavior
    from laboratory testing
    - Calculate ground settlements as function of time due to
    consolidation both analytically & using computer-based
    tools for more complex problems
    - Design a remedial scheme of vertical drains to speed-up
    consolidation & meet specified performance criteria
    Consolidation
    Contents
    1. Oedometer Test
    2. Consolidation Settlement
    3. Degree of Consolidation
    4. Terzaghi’s Theory of 1-D Consolidation
    5. Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation
    6. Vertical Drains
    7. Pre-loading
    Introduction
    • Consolidation: gradual reduction in volume of a fully saturated soil
    of low permeability due to change of effective stress
    • Consolidation settlement: vertical displacement of the soil surface
    corresponding to the volume change at any stage of the
    consolidation process
    • Swelling: (reverse of consolidation) gradual increase in volume of
    a soil under negative excess pore water pressure
    • Heave: upward displacement, ex. Results in the bottom of
    excavation due to swelling of the clay

    This chapter is concerned with the prediction of both the magnitude


    and the rate of consolidation settlement under one-dimensional
    conditions (i.e. where the soil deforms only in the vertical direction)
    Oedometer Test
    • Oedometer: test apparatus & test arrangement: determine the
    characteristics of a soil during one-dimensional consolidation
    or swelling
    • Test results: the void ratio at the end of each increment period can
    be calculated from the displacement readings & either the
    water content or the dry weight of the specimen at the end of
    the test

    - Method 1:

    - Method 2:
    • Stress history: the relationship between void ratio & effective
    stress depends on the stress history of the soil.
    - Normally consolidated: the present effective stress is the
    maximum to which the soil has ever been subjected
    - Overconsolidated: the effective stress at some time in the past has
    been greater that the present value
    - Overconsolidation ratio (OCR): the ratio of maximum value of
    effective stress in the past to the present value
    • Compressibility characteristics

    (1) Coefficient of volume compressibility

    (2) Constrained modulus

    (3) Compression index


    • Preconsolidation pressure (σ΄max): Casagrande (1936)
    • In-situ e-log σ΄ curve: due to the effects of sampling and test
    preparation, the specimen in an oedometer test will be slightly
    disturbed.
    Example 4.1
    Consolidation Settlement
    Consolidation Settlement
    • Graphical procedure (sub-layer technique): consider variation of
    mv & Δσ΄ with depth
    Example 4.2
    Example
    • For overconsolidated clay: if , then
    (a) (b)

    (c)
    Example

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