Respiration & Gas Exchange Theory QP

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Luxor World School BIOLOGY


RESPIRATION & GAS EXCHANGE CHAPTER – 11
THEORY
1. Fig. 1.1 shows the human respiratory system.

Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.1 use label lines to identify:
a bronchiole;
the larynx;
the trachea.
[3]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows:

Fig. 1.2
A group of alveoli and the capillaries surrounding them in a human lung;
A section through this group of alveoli with most of the capillaries removed;
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A magnified section of part of the wall of an alveolus and its capillary.


Use Fig. 1.2 to describe three features of gas exchange surfaces in animals.
Feature 1
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Feature 2
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

feature 3
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________[3]
(c) In an investigation a student recorded the volume of air inspired in one minute. The measurement
was taken while the student was resting and again when the student had run an 800 m race.
The results are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1

(i) Calculate the increase in the volume of air inspired by the student at the end of the race.
______________________________. dm3 per min [1]

(ii) State two changes that the body makes to increase the volume of air inspired.
1:________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2 :________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(iii) Suggest one reason why the body needs more air during exercise.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]
[Total: 10]

2. (a) Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease. A person with cystic fibrosis produces mucus which is
very sticky.

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(i) The mucus affects the function of the cilia in the air passages. Suggest what effects this will have on
the person with this condition.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]
(ii) The sticky mucus can also block the tube from the pancreas to the small intestine.
Explain why this affects the digestion of fats in a person with cystic fibrosis.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]
(b) Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele. State what is meant by the term allele.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

Fig. 2.1 shows a family tree where one child has cystic fibrosis.

(c) Using the symbols N for the dominant allele and n for the recessive allele:
(i) State the genotypes of the parents
Father _______________________________________

Mother ______________________________________ [2]

(ii) State the genotype of child 2 __________________________________________________________[1]

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(iii) State the possible genotypes of child 1 and child 3.


Child 1 ____________________________

Child 3 ____________________________ [2]

(d) The parents have another child.


What is the probability (chance) that the child will have cystic fibrosis?

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]
[Total: 11]

3. (a) Fig. 3.1 shows some of the structures present in the human thorax (chest). Identify the structures
labelled P, Q, R and S. Write your answers in the boxes on Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1
(b) Table 3.1 shows the composition of inspired (inhaled) and expired (exhaled) air.
Table 3.1

(i) Expired air has more carbon dioxide then inspired air. Approximately how many times greater was
the percentage of carbon dioxide in the expired air than in the inspired air?
Choose your answer from this list.

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×1.3 ×13 ×130 ×1300

___________________________________ [1]

(ii) There is no difference in the nitrogen content of inspired and expired air.
Suggest a reason for this.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]
(iii) Expired air often contains more water vapour than inspired air.
Explain how this water vapour gets into the expired air.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(c) Table 3.2 shows the effects of exercise on the rate of oxygen uptake and the rate of energy use.
Table 3.2

(i) Describe what happens to the rate of oxygen uptake as activity increases.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Use the results in Table 3.2 to calculate how many kilojoules of energy are needed to
run quickly for 12 minutes.

______________________________ kJ [1]
(iii) 1 g of sugar provides about 18.0 kJ of energy.
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Calculate how much sugar would be needed to run at maximum speed for 30 seconds.
Show your working.

__________________________________g [2]
[Total: 13]

4. Fig. 4.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system.

Fig. 4.1
(a) (i) Name structure K.

______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) Ciliated cells and goblet cells line structure L.


Explain the function of these cells in structure L.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________[3]

(b) Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli.


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(i) Describe how oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the blood.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [3]
(ii) During inspiration, air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
Describe the mechanism of inspiration.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________[4]

(iii) Name one gas that is found in a higher concentration in expired air than in inspired air.

______________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(c) Tobacco smoke affects the gas exchange system.


Name two components of tobacco smoke and describe their effect on the gas exchange system.
Component 1 _____________________________________________________________________________

Effect ____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Component 2 _____________________________________________________________________________

Effect ____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________[4]
[Total: 16]

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5. The pressure in the lungs of a student before and during the start of a volleyball match was recorded.
The results are shown in Fig. 5.1.

(a) (i) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the breathing rate before the start of the match. Express
your answer to the nearest whole number. Show your working.

___________________breaths per minute


[2]
(ii) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to describe how the pattern of breathing during the match is different
from the pattern of breathing before the match starts.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________[3]

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(b) Describe the process of inhalation.


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [4]

(c) Carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the lungs.

(i) Explain why this process is termed excretion.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) Name the part of the blood in which most carbon dioxide is transported.

_______________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(iii) Describe the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on blood pH.

_______________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(d) Carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli by diffusion.
Explain why the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide increases during exercise.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________[2]

[Total: 14]

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6. Researchers designed an investigation to find the effect of increasing levels of exercise on two
groups of people.The first group of people were trained cyclists and the second group were untrained
cyclists. The researchers asked all the people to cycle at four levels of effort: 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% of
their maximum cycle speed. They cycled for eight minutes at each level of effort.

(a) The researchers predicted that the pulse rate of all the cyclists would increase during exercise.
Explain this prediction.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]
Fig.6.1 shows the average concentration of lactic acid in the blood of the trained cyclists and
untrained cyclists in the investigation.

(b) Describe the effect of the increasing levels of effort on the average lactic acid concentration in
the blood of the untrained cyclists.
You should use data from Fig. 6.1 in your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________.[3]
(c) Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during anaerobic respiration.
(i) Define the term anaerobic respiration.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________.[2]

(ii) Describe how the lactic acid produced in muscle cells enters the blood.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(iii) Name the component of the blood that transports lactic acid.
_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(d) Explain why the lactic acid concentration in the blood in trained cyclists is different from the
untrained cyclists eight minutes after the exercise.
You should use data from Fig. 6.1 in your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [4]

7. (a) Fig. 8.1 shows the human breathing system.

Fig. 8.1
Name the structures labelled J, K, L and M.
Write your answers on Fig. 8.1. [4]

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(b) Fig. 8.2 shows four sections through groups of alveoli and their blood capillaries.

Fig. 8.2
State which diagram, N, P, Q or R, shows the most efficient gas exchange surface.
Give one reason for your answer.

Most efficient gas exchange surface ___________________________________________________________

Reason____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(c) (i) State the word equation for aerobic respiration in cells.

.............................. + .............................. →.............................. + .............................. [2]


(ii) Respiration releases energy.

Outline three uses of this energy in the human body.

1:________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2:________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3 :________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

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8. Fig. 8.1 shows the apparatus used for investigating the contents of cigarette smoke.

Fig. 8.1
The smoke from the burning cigarette is sucked through the apparatus. Table 9.1 shows the results.
Table 8.1

(a) (i) The chemical from the smoke that stained the cotton wool was tar.
State two effects tar has on the body.
1:________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2:________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) State one conclusion that can be made from the limewater results.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

State what the Universal Indicator results show about cigarette smoke.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]
(iv) Name one component of cigarette smoke, other than tar and carbon monoxide, not found in this
investigation.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]
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(b) The cigarette had a filter to collect harmful substances, but it did not work very well.
Suggest how the results in Table 8.1 show that the filter did not work very well.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(c) Explain why cigarette smoke makes the transport of oxygen by the blood less effective.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]
[Total: 8]

9. Tobacco smoke is made up of over 7000 chemicals. Nicotine is a component of tobacco smoke.

(a) Explain why nicotine is a drug.


__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(b) Describe the effect on the gas exchange system of the following components of tobacco
Smoke:

Carbon monoxide __________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Tar _______________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[4]

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(c) A study compared the percentages of men and women aged between 35 and 54 years who smoked
cigarettes. The annual death rate caused by lung cancer was also recorded. The results are shown in the
two graphs in Fig. 9.1.

Fig. 9.1.
(i) Use the data shown in Fig. 4.1 to compare the percentages of men and women who smoked
cigarettes between 1950 and 1998.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[4]

(ii) Use the information from both graphs in Fig. 9.1 to discuss the link between smoking and lung
cancer.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[4]

(d) Explain why it is recommended that pregnant women do not smoke.


___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[3]
[Total: 17]

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10. Fig. 10.1 shows a section of a bronchiole from the lungs of a person who never smoked cigarettes
(non-smoker) and a section of a bronchiole from a person who smoked cigarettes for several years
(smoker). The two sections were taken from the same relative position in the lungs and are drawn to
the same scale.

Fig. 10.1
(a) (i) Table 11.1 gives a comparison between the bronchiole of a non-smoker and a smoker.
Use Fig. 11.1 to complete Table 11.1. An example has been done for you.

Table 10.1

(ii) Identify two other ways in which the bronchiole in a non-smoker is different from the
bronchiole in a smoker.
1 _________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________.

2 _________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________[2]
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(b) A person who smokes has a higher risk of lung infections than a person who does not smoke.
Use evidence from Fig. 6.1 to explain why the smoker has a higher risk of lung infections than
a non-smoker.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(c) State the name of two substances in tobacco smoke that are harmful.
1 _________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________.

2 _________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]
[Total: 9]
11. Fig. 11.1 is a graph that shows the percentage of males and females in different age groups that
smoke cigarettes every day.

Fig. 12.1
(a) Use Fig. 11.1 to answer these questions.
(i) State the age group and gender that is most likely to smoke cigarettes every day.

_______________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) State the percentage of 55–64 year old females who smoke cigarettes every day.

_____________________________% [1]
(b) Table 11.1 shows the components of cigarette smoke.
Complete Table 11.1 to show the effects of the components of cigarette smoke on the body.
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Table 11.1

(c) Smoking is one of the risk factors that contribute to coronary heart disease.
State two other risk factors.
1 _________________________________________________________________________________________

2 __________________________________________________________________________________________
[2]
[Total: 7]

12. (a) Drinking excessive alcohol, injecting heroin and smoking tobacco can all do serious harm to
the body. Table 12.1 shows some of the risks of using these substances.
Complete Table 12.1 by putting ticks in the boxes to show the possible risks of using these substances.
Table 12.1

(b) Explain why many people find it difficult to stop smoking tobacco.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(c) A man and a woman drink the same volume of an alcoholic drink in 30 minutes.
Fig. 13.1 shows the change in their blood alcohol concentration over seven hours.

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Fig. 12.1
(i) Describe two ways that the woman’s blood alcohol concentration is different from the
man’s blood alcohol concentration in Fig. 13.1.
1__________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

2 __________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(ii) At two hours the blood alcohol concentration of the man was 50 mg per 100 cm3 of blood.
State the blood alcohol concentration of the woman at two hours.

__________________ mg per 100 cm3 of blood. [1]


(iii) Calculate the difference between the man’s and the woman’s blood alcohol concentrations
at two hours, using your answer to part 3(c)(ii).
__________________ mg per 100 cm3 of blood. [1]
(iv) Suggest one reason why the same volume of alcohol affected the man and the woman differently.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]
[Total: 10]

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13. (a) Use words from the list to complete the definition of anaerobic respiration. Each word may be
used once, more than once or not at all. Carbon dioxide cells chemical chloroplasts energy nucleus
nutrient oxygen physical
The ______________________ reactions in ______________________ that break down ________________
Molecules to release energy without using ______________________. [4]

(b) 100 g of glucose releases 1600 kJ of energy during aerobic respiration.


The energy released during anaerobic respiration is only 5% of the energy released during
Aerobic respiration.
(i) Calculate the energy released from 100 g of glucose during anaerobic respiration.
Show your working.

______________________kJ
[2]
(ii) State two substances made by aerobic respiration.
1 ._________________________________________________________________________________________

2________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(iii) State three uses of the energy released by respiration in the body.
1 ._________________________________________________________________________________________

2_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________[3]

(c) State one way anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise differs from the anaerobic
respiration that occurs in yeast.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(d) State one industrial process that uses anaerobic respiration in yeast.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]
[Total: 13]

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14. A group of students planned an investigation to determine the effects of physical activity on
Breathing rate.
(a) Describe how the students could measure their breathing rates.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________.[2]

(b) The students measured their breathing rates before physical activity and every minute for five
minutes after cycling around the school field.
Write a hypothesis for their investigation.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________.[2]

(c) Fig. 14.1 shows a woman on a stationary bicycle. The mask fitted over her nose and mouth measures
the composition of the air she breathes out.

Fig. 14.1
Fig. 14.2 shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air expired by the woman in the five minutes
after she stopped exercising.
The dashed line on the graph shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in her expired air when she
was at rest, before she began to exercise.

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Fig. 14.2
Describe and explain the results of the investigation shown in Fig. 14.2.
Use the data in Fig. 2.2 in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[6]

(d) Before starting the investigation, the researchers confirmed that the woman did not have coronary
heart disease.
(i) Suggest why.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) Explain why exercise is recommended for people with a high risk of developing coronary
heart disease.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[3]
[Total: 14]

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15. A person who wanted to begin a fitness programme did some vigorous exercise.
A fitness trainer took a drop of blood from the person’s finger before, during and after vigorous
Exercise and tested it for lactic acid.
(a) Explain why it is important that the equipment used for taking blood is clean (sterile).
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(b) The results of the tests for lactic acid are shown in Fig. 15.1.

Fig. 15.1
Describe and explain the changes in blood lactic acid concentration shown in Fig. 16.1.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[6]

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(c) The concentration of lactic acid in the blood of two athletes was investigated. One athlete, P,
had been training and the other, Q, was returning to training after an injury.
Blood samples were taken from both athletes during a training session. The results are shown
in Fig. 15.2.

Fig. 15.2
(i) The lactic acid threshold is the level of exercise where the lactic acid concentration begins to increase
exponentially.
State the lactic acid threshold for athletes P and Q.
P _______________________________________ km h–1

Q _______________________________________ km h–1 [1]

(ii) Suggest a reason for the difference in lactic acid threshold of athletes P and Q.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(iii) Explain the link between physical activity and breathing.


___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________[4]
[Total: 14]
16. Fig. 16.1 shows two photomicrographs of a cross-section of trachea.

(a) The open space at the centre of the trachea is labelled A in Fig. 16.1. Air travels into and out of the
trachea through this open space.
State a gas that is at a higher concentration in expired air than in inspired air.
_______________________________________________________________________________________[1]
(b) Describe and explain the functions of the structures or substances labelled B to E in Fig. 16.1.
Use the letters in Fig. 16.1 in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________[4]

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(c) Fig. 16.2 shows some events during inspiration.

Fig. 16.2
(i) Put the events shown in Fig. 16.2 into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you.

(ii) Suggest why alveoli have thin walls.


___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(d) Sickle-cell anaemia is a disease that reduces the delivery of oxygen to tissues.
Explain why.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]
[Total: 12]

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17. (a) Respiration releases energy. Write the word equation for aerobic respiration.

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(b) Fig. 17.1 shows the average daily energy requirement of different groups of males and females.

Fig. 17.1
(i) State the average energy requirement of a five-year-old female.

___________________________________ kJ per day


[1]
(ii) An eleven-year-old male received only 8000 kJ per day for four months.
Use the data in Fig. 17.1 to suggest two ways this could affect him.

1 __________________________________________________________________________________________

2 _______________________________________________________________________________________[2]

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(c) Use the data in Fig. 17.1 to make three comparisons between the energy requirements of
individuals aged 17 years and adults.
1 __________________________________________________________________________________________

2 __________________________________________________________________________________________

3 _______________________________________________________________________________________[3]

(d) Yeast cells can respire anaerobic ally.


Biotechnology makes use of this. State two ways that the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast are
used by humans.
1 __________________________________________________________________________________________

2 __________________________________________________________________________________________
[2]
[Total: 10]
18. Fig. 18.1 shows a diagram of the gas exchange system.

(a) Complete the labeling of Fig. 18.1 using the words from the list.

Bronchiole diaphragm intercostal muscle trachea


[4]
(b) Alveoli are gas exchange surfaces.
State two features that make alveoli good gas exchange surfaces.
1 __________________________________________________________________________________________

2 _______________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(c) There is less oxygen in expired air than in inspired air.


(i) Describe two other ways in which expired air is different from inspired air.
1 __________________________________________________________________________________________

2 _______________________________________________________________________________________[2]
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(ii) State the name of a process that uses oxygen in the body.

_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(d) State an example of a cell and an organ from the gas exchange system.
Cell:______________________________________________________________________________________

Organ:___________________________________________________________________________________[2]
[Total: 11]
19. (a) State the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(b) Researchers in the Czech Republic investigated oxygen consumption in horses. They measured the
oxygen consumption of the horses while they were exercising at four different paces: walking, trotting,
cantering and galloping.
The results are shown in Fig. 20.1.

Fig. 19.1
Calculate the percentage increase in the average rate of oxygen consumption as the horses change from
walking to trotting.

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Show your working.

____________________ %
[2]
(c) The researchers also calculated the oxygen debt for each type of exercise.
They found that the horses developed a larger oxygen debt when they exercised by galloping
and cantering rather than when they walked.
Explain why the horses developed an oxygen debt when they exercised.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[3]

(d) Describe how the horses would recover from an oxygen debt when they stop exercising.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[4]

[Total:11]
20. Fig. 20.1 shows an adult fly, Chrysomya megacephala.

Fig. 20.1

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(a) State three visible features from Fig. 5.1 that could be used to distinguish adult insects from
other arthropods.
1._________________________________________________________________________________________

2_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________[3]

(b) Fly larvae are immature insects that are often used in experiments on respiration.
Give the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(c) A respirometer is shown in Fig. 20.2. It can be used to estimate an organism’s rate of respiration.

Fig. 20.2
(i) Complete the sentences:
A respirometer can be used to calculate the ___________________ of oxygen used by the fly larvae by
measuring the _________________________ the droplet of oil moves in one minute. A water-bath is
used to ______________________ the temperature of the apparatus. [3]
(ii) The soda lime in the respirometer absorbs carbon dioxide.
Explain why this is important in this investigation.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

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(iii) Fly larvae respire to release energy. State two uses of energy in a fly larva.
1._________________________________________________________________________________________

2________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(d) A student used a respirometer to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration
of germinating seeds.
Predict the results of this investigation and explain your prediction.
Prediction
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________.

Explanation
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________.[4]

[Total: 15]
21. (a) State the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(b) Students investigated the rate of respiration of crickets (a type of insect) using a carbon dioxide
sensor and laptop as shown in Fig. 22.1. The sensor was fitted inside an airtight glass jar. The apparatus
was set up in a room with a constant temperature of 17 °C

Fig. 21.1
The students found that the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the jar increased by
50 ppm in 120 seconds.
Calculate the rate of carbon dioxide production as ppm per second.
Show your working and express your answer to two significant figures.
______________________________ ppm s–1 [1]

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(c) After 10 minutes, the students opened the jar by removing the sensor. They left the jar open
for 5 minutes but made sure that the crickets remained in the jar. They then replaced the
sensor and took more readings for another 10 minutes.
State and explain one reason for opening the jar after 10 minutes.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(d) During the investigation the temperature inside the jar increased. The temperature outside
the jar remained constant.
Explain why the temperature inside the jar increased.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(e) Researchers in Chile also investigated the rate of respiration in crickets.


They investigated the effect of temperature and body mass on the rate of respiration. They measured
the rate of oxygen consumption in crickets with different body masses, at different temperatures. The
researchers’ results are shown in Fig. 21.2.

Fig. 21.2
State two conclusions that can be made from the data in Fig. 21.2 and support each conclusion with
evidence from the graph.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________[4]
[Total:11]
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22. A student completed different types of activity.


She measured her pulse rate during each type of activity in beats per minute (bpm).
The results are shown in Fig. 22.1.

Fig. 22.1
(a) Use Fig. 22.1 to answer these questions.

(i) State the type of activity that results in the highest pulse rate.

_______________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) State the pulse rate of the student when she was cycling.
___________________________________ bpm [1]
(iii) Calculate the percentage increase in her pulse rate between resting and walking.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
___________________________ %
[2]

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(b) Measuring the pulse is one way of monitoring the activity of the heart.
State one other way of monitoring the activity of the heart.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(c) Describe the changes to a person are breathing during exercise.


___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(d) Aerobic respiration increases during exercise.


Use the words from the list to complete the definition of aerobic respiration.
Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Cells carbon dioxide DNA oxygen

The heart The brain nutrient


Aerobic respiration is the chemical reactions in _____________________________that use

______________________ to break down _________________________ molecules to release energy. [3]

(e) Anaerobic respiration occurs when exercising vigorously.


(i) State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells.
_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(ii) State one advantage of using aerobic rather than anaerobic respiration in humans.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

[Total: 12]
23. (a) Complete the sentences about aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Use words or phrases from the
list. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Energy

Fatty acids Glycerol Guard Lactic acid

Mesophyll Muscle Nitrogen Oxygen

Anaerobic respiration is different to aerobic respiration because _____________________________


is not needed to break down glucose molecules.
The amount of __________________________ released from each glucose molecule is much smaller in
anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration in humans takes place in ______________________________ cells during
vigorous exercise. It produces ______________________________ from glucose.
A different form of anaerobic respiration takes place in yeast cells. Here the glucose is broken
down into alcohol and ___________________________________ .
[5]
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(b) State two ways in which the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast can be used by humans.
1 _________________________________________________________________________________________.

2 _______________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(c) Fig. 23.1 shows the percentage of energy provided by anaerobic respiration when athletes run
in races of different distances.

Fig. 23.1
Describe the results shown in Fig 23.1.
Use the data to support your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]
[Total: 9]

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37

24. (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the human gas exchange system.

Fig. 24.1
(i) Identify the structures labelled A, B and C in Fig. 24.1
A._________________________________________________________________________________________

B_________________________________________________________________________________________

C. ______________________________________________________________________________________[3]

(ii) Explain how the structures in the gas exchange system cause inspiration.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ [4]

(b) A person who does not smoke can be exposed to tobacco smoke from other people smoking.
Researchers studied the effect of exposure to tobacco smoke on the development of lung
cancer in three groups of women who did not smoke:
• group 1 – no exposure to tobacco smoke
• group 2 – low level exposure to tobacco smoke
• group 3 – high level exposure to tobacco smoke.
Their results are shown in Table 24.1.

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38

Table 24.1

(i) Calculate the percentage of women in group 2 who died from lung cancer.
Write your answer, to two significant figures, in Table 24.1. [2]
(ii) Many countries have laws that ban smoking in public buildings.
Discuss the evidence from Table 24.1 that supports these laws.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]
(iii) Smoking has been found to increase the risk of developing diseases other than cancer.
State two other diseases that can be caused by smoking.
1 _________________________________________________________________________________________
2 _______________________________________________________________________________________[2]
[Total: 14]

25. (a) A class of students measured their breathing rates during different activities.
Average breathing rates for the class were calculated.
Student A compared her own breathing rates to the average breathing rates of the class.
Fig. 25.1 shows the results.

Fig. 25.1
(i) Compare student A’s results with the class averages.
...........................................................................................................................................
LWS2021
39

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in breathing rate between resting and running for student A.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
.............................................................%
[2]
(b) State two ways in which the composition of inspired air differs from expired air.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Fig. 25.2 is a diagram of the human gas exchange system.

Fig. 25.2
Complete Fig. 2.2 by labelling these structures in the spaces provided:
• alveoli
• bronchus
• bronchiole
• diaphragm
• trachea. [3]
(d) A large surface area is a feature of gas exchange surfaces.
State two other features of gas exchange surfaces.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 11]

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26. The gas exchange system is one of the organ systems of the human body.
Fig. 26.1 shows parts of the gas exchange system during breathing in and breathing out.

Fig.26.1
(a) Complete Table 26.1 to show:
• the functions of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles during breathing in and
breathing out
• the pressure changes in the thorax.
Use these words:
contract
relax
increases
decreases

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41

Fig. 26.2 shows part of the gas exchange surface of a human.

Fig. 26.2
(b) State two features of the gas exchange surface that are visible in Fig. 26.2.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) The cells labelled X on Fig. 26.2 form a tissue.


(i) Define the term tissue.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Cartilage is another tissue found in the gas exchange system.
State the functions of cartilage in the gas exchange system.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

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27. (a) A student investigated respiration in yeast. An equal mass of yeast was added to different types
of sugar solution.
The student measured the volume of carbon dioxide released by the yeast using four different sugar
solutions with the same concentrations. The four different sugar solutions used were:
• dextrose
• lactose
• maltose
• sucrose.
Fig. 27.1 is a graph of the results.

Fig. 27.1
(i) State the name of the sugar solution that produced the most carbon dioxide.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the volume of carbon dioxide produced by yeast with the dextrose solution at
80 minutes.
.............................................................................................................................. cm3 [1]
(b) The temperature during the investigation was maintained at 20 °C.
Predict the effect on the volume of carbon dioxide produced if the investigation was repeated
at 30 °C.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) State two ways humans use anaerobic respiration in yeast to make useful products.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Describe the similarities and differences between anaerobic respiration in yeast and aerobic
respiration in humans.
similarities .................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
differences ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................[4]
(e) State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]
28. (a) Fig. 28.1 shows the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by male and female
smokers between 1974 and 2014 in one country. Cigarettes contain tobacco.

Fig. 28.1
(i) State the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by female smokers in 1982.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State a year in which male smokers smoked an average of 19 cigarettes per day.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iii) State two conclusions that can be made from the data shown in Fig. 5.1.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Tar is a toxic component of tobacco smoke.


(i) State two effects of tar on the gas exchange system.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State the names of two toxic components of tobacco smoke other than tar.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Describe one effect on the fetus of the mother smoking tobacco during pregnancy.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]

LWS2021

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