LIPID

DR.SALEEM AHMED JOYO

 DEFINATION
• LIPIDS (FIXED OILS, FATS AND WAXES ) ARE ESTERS OF LONG CHAIN FATTY
ACID AND ALCOHOL OR OF CLOSELY RELATED DERIVATIVES.
• FATS AND FIXED OILS ARE OBTAINED FROM EITHER PLANTS (OLIVE OIL,
PEANUT OIL) OR ANIMALS (LARD) (FAT FROM PIG).
• THEIR PRIMARY FUNCTION IS FOOD STORAGE.
• THE FIXED OILS AND FATS ARE IMPORTANT PRODUCTS USED
PHARMACEUTICALLY, INDUSTRIALLY AND NUTRITIONALLY
• FIXED OILS AND FATS ARE OFTEN SEPARATED FROM THE CRUDE VEGETABLE
DRUGS (BY EXPRESSION) OR CRUDE ANIMAL DRUGS (BY RENDERING 0R
EXTRACTION) AND ARE EMPLOYED AS DRUGS IN REFINED STATE.
• FIXED OILS AND FATS DIFFER ONLY AS TO MELTING POINT :THOSE THAT ARE
LIQUID AT NORMAL TEMPERATURES ARE KNOWN AS FATTY OR FIXED OILS
WHEREAS THOSE THAT ARE SEMISOLID OR SOLID AT ORDINARY
TEMPERATURES ARE KNOWN AS FATS.
ACID VALUE OR ACID NUMBER ( the number of milligrams of potassium
hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of the
substance)indicates the amount of free fatty acids present in the oil.

SAPONIFICATION VALUE indicates the number of milligrams of potassium

hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids and saponify the esters
contained in 1g of the substance.

REICHERT-MEISSAL NUMBER is the number of milligrams of potassium

hydroxide required to neutralize the volatile water –soluble acids obtained
by the hydrolysis of 5g of the fat.

IODINE NUMBER ( the number of grams of iodine absorbed under

prescribed conditions by 100g of the substance) indicates the degree of
unsaturation.
ESTER VALUE: the ester value is the number of mg of
potassium hydroxide required to saponify the ester
contained in 1mg of a sample.
fixed oils and fats of vegetables origin are obtained by expression in
hydraulic presses.
if the expression is carried out in the cold, the oil is known as “virgin oil”
or a cold–pressed oil. in contrast, if the expression is carried out heat ,
the oil is known as hot-pressed oil.
the fixed and fats are glycerides of fatty acids that have the general
formula

CH2----O---CO---R

CH-----O----CO---R’

CH2---O-----CO---R”

if the R,R’and R” are the same fatty acid radical, the compound is called
triolein,tripalmittin and so forth. If R,R’ and R” are different fatty acids, a
mixed glyceride results.
 BIOSYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS

• ACETATE +COA-SH ------------ACETYL-COA+ CO2 ---------MALONYL—COA----

• INTERMEDIATE+ COA-SH---------BUTRYL-COA +MALONYL ---COA ---------

• INTERMEDIATE +COA---CAPROYL—COA+CO2+H20 + MALONYL -------ETC

fixed oils are sometimes classified into drying oils,
semidrying oils and nondrying oil.
this classification is based on their to absorb oxygen
from the air.
HYDROGENATION of the liquid oils produces semisolid
fats that are extensively used as cooking fats and
shortenings
fixed oils may be hydrogenated by passing hydrogen, in
the presence of nickel or palladium, through the oil
heated to 200°c . the unsaturated glycerides are more or
less converted to saturated glyceride, which are solid at
room temperature and stable.
SULFATED OR SULFONATED OILS are obtained by
reacting sulfuric acid with the oil, keeping the
temperature down by chilling.
the oil is then washed and neutralized. If the oil
contains an olfenic linkage, the acid molecule adds
onto the double bond.
SODIUM MORRHUATE,the sodium salts of fatty acids
obtained from cod liver oil, is used as a sclerosing
agent to obliterate varicose veins. Other fatty acids are
used as topical antifungal agents, dietary supplements
and agents of pharmaceutic necessity.
 FIXED OILS

• CASTOR OIL
• SYNONYMS: CASTOR BEAN ,RICINUS OIL, OIL OF PALMA CHRISTI, COLD-DRAWN CASTOR
OIL
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
• CASTOR OIL IS THE FIXED OIL OBTAINED BY COLD EXPRESSION OF THE SEEDS OF RICINUS
COMMUNIS LINN. BELONGING TO FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE
• SOURCE
• INDIA,BRAZIL,,AMERICA, CHINA ,THAILAND.
 PREPARATION

• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
• castor oil consists of glyceride of ricinoleic acid,isoricinoleic,stearic and dihyroxy stearic
acids.
• ricin oleic acid is responsible for laxative property. Castor oil also contain vitamin .
 USES
• castor oil is purgative and emollient.
• it is used as ointment base for the preparation of flexible
collodion
• ricinoleic acid is used in contraceptive creams and jellies
• castor oil is stimulant and cathartic with usual dose of 15-60ml
• the oil is also used as a plasticizer
• castor oil is employed in the manufacture of soap and as a
lubricant for internal combustion engines.
 OLIVE OIL

• SYNONYMS: SALAD OIL, SWEET OIL.

• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE.
• OLIVE OIL IS A FIXED OIL OBTAINED BY EXPRESSION OF THE RIPE FRUITS OF OLEA
EUROPAEA LINN BELONGING TO FAMILY OLEACEAE
• SOURCE
• OLIVE IS A NATIVE OF PALESTINE AND PRODUCED EXTENSIVELY IN THE COUNTRIES
ADJOINING THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. SPAIN BEING LARGER PRODUCER. THE FRUIT ARE
COLLECTED FROM NOVEMBER TO APRIL.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• OLIVE OIL CONTAINS MIXED GLYCERIDES OF OLEIC ACID (56—85%),PALMITIC (7-20%),
LINOLEIC ,STEARIC, ARCHIDIC ,PALMITOLEIC, LINOLENIC .

• USES
• OLIVE OIL IS CLASSED AS A PHARMACEUTIC AID.IT IS USED AS A SETTING
RETARDANT FOR DENTAL CEMENTS AND IN THE PREPARATION OF SOAPS, PLASTERS,
AND LINIMENTS.
• IT IS ALSO A DEMULCENT ,AS AN EMOLLIENT AND A LAXATIVE.
• OLIVE OIL IS A NUTRIENT AND IS WIDELY USED AS A SALAD OIL.
 PEANUT OIL

• SYNONYMS: RIPE FRUIT OR SEED OF ARACHIS HYPOGAEA LINN OR GROUND NUT OIL
FAMILY: LEGUMINOSAE
• SOURCE:
• IT IS NATIVE TO BRAZIL BUT IS EXTENSIVELY CULTIVATED IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED
STATES, GAMBIA AND NIGERIA.
• PEANUT OIL IS THE REFINED FIXED OIL OBTAINED FROM THE SEED KERNELS OF ONE OR
MORE OF THE CULTIVATED VARIETIES A. HYPOGAEA.
• PEANUT OIL IS SOMETIMES REFERRED AS ARACHIS OIL.
 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

• OLEIC ,LINOLEIC ,PALMITIC,STEARIC,ARACHIDIC,LEHENIC AND LIGNOCERIC ACID.

• THE PRINCIPAL GLYCERIDES OF THE OIL ARE TRIOLEIN, DIOLEOLINOLEIN, SATURATED
BOLEOLINOLEINS, SATURATED DIOLEIN .

USES
• IT IS USE AS A FOOD OIL
• IT IS NON DRYING AND THEREFORE HAS NO VALUE IN PAINTS BUT DOES HAVE VALUE AS
A LUBRICANT.
• PEANUT OIL IS A SOLVENT FOR INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS.
 SOYBEAN OIL

• SYNONYMS: RIPE SEED OF GLYCINE SOJA SIEBOLD ET ZUCCARINI FAMILY :LEGUMINOSAE

• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
• SOYA BEAN OIL IS THE REFINED, FIXED OIL, OBTAINED FROM THE SEEDS OF THE SOYA
PLANT.
• THE OIL IS OBTAINED BY PRESSURE, AND THE YIELD SELDOM EXCEEDS 10%.IT CONSIST
OF MIXTURES OF GLYCERIDES WITH FOLLOWING COMPONENTS
• LINOLEIC ,OLEIC LINOLENIC,SATURATED ,CHIEFLY PALMITIC AND STEARIC.IT IS DRYING OIL
WITH AN IODINE VALUE BETWEEN 120 AND 141 AND IS NOT USEFUL AS A COOKING OIL..
• Soyabean cake, the residue after pressing out the oil, has a high
value as a livestock food.it not only contains a large amount of
proteins and some oil, but the 5% of ash consists largely of
potassium and phosphorus.
• soya bean meal is the flour sifted from decorticated,ground seed
of glycine soja deprived of fat.it can be used for the detection of
urea nitrogen in blood serum by the enzymatic action of the
urease in the soya bean meal.
 USES

• SOYBEAN OIL IS AN INGREDIENTS IN A PARENTAL NUTRIENT AND IS A SOURCE OF

LECITHIN .
• LECITHIN IS AN INGREDIENTS IN A NUMBER OF PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS THAT ARE
USEFUL IS CONTROLLING AND DERANGED LIPID AND CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM.
• SOYA BEANS CAN BE USED AS PRECURSOR OF STEROIDS HORMONES.
• THE OIL IS USED IN THE VARINISHES,INSULATOR AND OTHER PRODUCTS.
 COTTON SEED OIL

• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
• COTTON SEED OIL IS OBTAINED BY EXPRESSION OF SEEDS OF GOSSYPIUM HARBACEUM
LINN IN HYDRAULIC OR OTHER PRESSES.
• FAMILY : MALVACEAE
• THE COTTON SEED AFTER GINNING OFF THE FIBERS,IS DECORTICATED AND CLEANED OF
HULLS.THE KERNELS SRE STEAMED AND PRESSED AT ABOUT 1500 POUNDS PRESSURE
TO YIELD ABOUT 30% OF OIL.THE OIL,THUS OBTAINED,IS TURBID AND REDDISH IN COLOR.
IT IS REFINED BY FILTERING,DECOLORIZING AND WINTER CHILLING WHICH REMOVES THE
STEARIN.
Chemical constituents:
The oil consist of mixtures of glycerides
with the following components acids:
linoleic ,oleic,palmitic,myristic,stearic and
arachidic
 USES

• COTTON SEED OIL IS EMPLOYED PHARMACEUTICALLY AS A SOLVENT FOR A NUMBER

OF INJECTIONS.
• A CONSIDERABLE QUANTITY IS HYDROGENATED AND USED TO MAKE SUBSTITUTION
FOR LARD.
• A LARGE AMOUNT IS ALSO USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP.
 SESAME OIL

• SYNONYMS:BENNE OIL;TEEL OIL;GINGELI OIL,SESAMUM SEED OIL

• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
• SESAME OIL IS OBTAINED BY REFINING THE EXPRESSED OR
EXTRACTED OIL FROM THE SEEDS OF CULTIVATED VARIETIES OF
SESAMUM INDICUM LINN
• FAMILY: PEDALIACEAE
 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

• SESAME OIL CONSISTS OF A MIXTURE OF

GLYCERIDES OF OLEIC ,LINOLEIC ,PALMITIC,STEARIC,
ARACHIDIC,HEXADECENOIC,LIGNOCERIC AND
MYRISTIC ACIDS.IT ALSO CONTAINS THE LIGNAN
SESAMIN AND THE RELATED SESAMOLIN AND
VITAMIN A AND E.
Uses
Sesame oil is used as demulcent ,in the dysentery
and urinary complaints as a solvent for injection
of steroids.
Antibiotics and hormones as mild laxative,
nutritive,emollient,pediculicide in the manufacture
of oleomargerarine,cosmetics,iodized oil, antacids,
ointment, it is injectable as a vehicle for fat
soluble substance. The oil is used as insecticidal
sprays.
 ALMOND OIL

• SYNONYMS: SWEET ALMOND AND BITTER ALMOND

• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:.
• RIPE SEED OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF PRUNUS AMYGDALUS .FAMILY ROSACEAE
• PRUNUS IS THE CLASSIC NAME OF THE PLANTS TREE, AMYGDALUS IS FROM THE GREEK
AMYGDALOS,MEANING ALMOND ALMOND TREE ,AMARA AND DULCIS THE VARIETY
DESIGNATIONS ARE LATIN AND MEAN BITTER AND SWEET RESPECTIVELY.
• THE PRESENCE OF AMYGDALIN IS THE BITTER TASTE DISTINGUISHED IT FROM SWEET
ALMOND..
both bitter and sweet are extensively for their fixed oil,
almond oil, expressed almond oil or sweet almond oil is the
fixed oil obtained by expression from the kernels of varieties of
p. amygdalus.
almond oil consists of a mixtures of glycerides with component
acids of the following composition : oleic, linoleic, palmitic ,
myristic.
USES
almond oil is used as emollient and an ingredient in cosmetic.
 FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

• THEOBROMA OIL
• COCAO SEEDS OR CACAO BEANS ARE THE ROASTED SEEDS OF THEOBROMA CACAO LINN.FAMILY.
STERCULIACEAE.
• THEOBROMA IS GREEK AND MEAN “FOOD OF THE GODS
• CHEMICAL CONSTITUEUNTS
• THE SEEDS CONTAINS 35-50%OF A FIXED OIL,ABOUT 15% OF STARCH,PROTEINS,THEOBROMINE,THE
RED COLOR OF THE SEED IS OWING TO A PRINCIPLE KNOWN AS CACAO RED,WHICH NIS FORMED BY
THE ACTION OF A FERMENT ON A GLYCOSIDE.THEOBROMA OIL CONSISTS OF OLEIC ,STEARIC,
PALMITIC,LINOLEIC.
 USES

• COCAO IS EMPLOYED IN MAKING COCAO SYRUP,WHICH IS FLAVORED VEHICLE .

COCAO ALSO KNOWN AS BREAKFAST COCOA IS A POPULAR BEVERAGE AND USUALLY
CONTAIN MORE THAN22% OF FAT.
 HDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL

• HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL IS REFINED ,BLEACHED,

HYDROGENATED AND DECOLORIZED VEGETABLE OIL
STEARINS AND CONSISTS MAINLY OF THE TRIGLYCERIDES
OF STEARIC AND PALMITIC ACIDS .IT IS USED AS A TABLET
BINDER.
 LANOLIN

• LANOLIN IS PURIFIED FAT LIKE SUBSTANCE FROM THE WOOL OF THE SHEEP.OVIS LINNE (FAMILY BOVIDAE)
IT .
• CONTAIN BETWEEN25 AND30% OF WATER AND THEREFORE IS COMMONLY CALLED HYDROUS WOOL FAT.
• WOOL IS CUT AND WASHED WITH A SOAP OR ALKALI. AN EMULSION OF WOOL FAT CALLED AS WOOL
GREASE, TAKES PLACE IN WATER. RAW LANOLIN IS SEPARATED BY CRACKING THE EMULSION WITH
SULPHURIC ACID.WOOL GREASE FLOATS ON THE UPPER LAYER AND FATTY ACIDS ARE DISSOLVED IN THE
LOWER LAYER. LANOLIN IS PURIFIED BY TREATING WITH SODIUM PEROXIDE AND BLEACHING WITH
REAGENTS.
• LANOLIN IS A YELLOWISH WHITE, OINTMENTS LIKE MASS THAT HAS A SLIGHT ,CHARACTERISTIC, ODOR.
 USES

• LANOLIN IS USED AS A WATER ABSORBABLE OINTMENT BASE .IT IS EMPLOYED FOR

THE EXTERNAL ADMINISTRATION OF REMEDIES LOCALLY OR BY INUNCTION .LANOLIN
IS AN INGREDIENTS USED IN MANY SKIN CREAMS AND COSMETICS.
• IT MAY ACT AS AN ALLERGENIC CONTACT AND IN HYPERSENSITIVE PERSONS.
Chemical constituents
Cholestrol and isocholestrol.lanolin also
contain the esters of lanopalmitic .lanoceric ,
carnsaubic ,oleic,myristic and other fatty acids
 ANHYDROUS LANOLIN

• ANHYDROUS LANOLIN IS LANOLIN THAT CONTAINS NOT MORE THAN 0.25% OF

WATER. AFTER LANOLIN HAS BEEN PURIFIED AND BLEACHED. IT IS DEHYDRATED.
ANHYDROUS LANOLIN IS USUALLY REFERRED TO AS A WOOL FAT.
• ANHYDROUS LANOLIN IS WATER ABSORBABLE OINTMENT BASE .IT IS MORE READILY
ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN THAN ANY OTHER KNOWN FAT AND THEREFORE
VALUABLE AS A BASE FOR THERAPEUTIC AGENTS THAT ARE ADMINISTERED BY
INUNCTION.IN ADDITION IT POSSESSES EMOLLIENT PROPERTIES.
 FATTY ACIDS

• A NUMBER OF FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR SALTS AND DERIVATIVES ARE EMPLOYED AS
AGENTS OF PHARMACEUTICS NECESSITY .THESE ACIDS ARE USUALLY OBTAINED BY
HYDROLYSIS OF FAT OR OILS.
• THESE ARE USED IN TOPICAL ANTIFUNGAL PREPARATIONS, SODIUM MORHUATE IS A
SCLEROSING AGENT AND LINOLEIC AND LINOLENIC ACID ARE USED AS A DIETARY
SUPPLEMENT.
 STEARIC ACIDS

• STEARIC ACID OF PHARMACEUTICS ,QUALITY CONTAINS NOT LESS THAN 40% OF STEARIC
ACID AND NOT LESS THAN 40% OF PALMITIC ACID, THE SUM OF THESE TWO ACIDS IS NOT
LESS THAN 90%.
• CALCIUM STEARATE AND MAGNESIUM STEARATE ARE USED AS TABLET LUBRICANTS .
ZINC STEARATE IS USED IN DUSTING POWDERS, SODIUM STEARATE IS USED AS AN
EMULSIFYING AND STIFFENING AGENT, AND ALUMINUM MONOSTEARATE IS USED AS A
SUSPENDING AGENT.
• GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL MONOSTEARATE ARE EMPLOYED
AS EMULSIFYING AGENTS.
 OLEIC ACID

• OLEIC ACID IS OBTAINED FROM EDIBLE FATS AND FIXED OILS.IT IS OFTEN OBTAINED
AS A BY PRODUCT IN THE PRODUCTION OF STEARIC ACID.
• OLEIC ACID CONSISTS CHIEFLY OF CIS -9-OCTADECENOIC ACID.
• OLEIC ACID IS USED AS AN EMUSION ADJUNCT.ETHYL OLEATE IS USED AS A
PHARMACEUTIC,VEHICLE AND OLEYL ALCOHOL IS EMPLOYED AS AN EMOLLIENT AND
EMULSIFYING AGENT.
 LINOLEIC AND LINOLENIC ACIDS

• LINOLEIC AND LINOLENIC ACIDS ARE POLYUNSATURATED OCTADECANOIC ACIDS.

• THESE FATTY ACIDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR HUMAN NUTRITION AND HAVE BEEN
CALLED VITAMIN F.
• A MIXTURE OF ESSENTIAL UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS THAT CONTAINS PRIMARILY
LINOLEIC AND LINOLENIC ACIDS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM SOY BEAN OIL.
 SODIUM MORRHUATE

• SODIUM MORRHUATE IS THE SODIUM SALTS OF THE FATTY ACIDS OF COD LIVER OIL.
IT IS AVAILABLE AS A STERILE SOLUTION AND USED AS SCLEROSING AGENTS TO
OBLITERATE VARICOSE VEINS.
• THE USUAL DOSE ,ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUS BY SPECIAL INJECTION, IS 1ML OF A
5% SOLUTION TO A LOCALIZED AREA..
 WAXES
• WAXES ARE USUALLY DEFINED AS ESTERS ,RESULTING FROM THE
CONDENSATION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT ,STRAIGHT CHAIN
ACIDS AND HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT PRIMARY, STRAIGHT
CHAIN ALCOHOL.
• WAXES MAY ALSO CONTAIN OF LIQUID PARAFFIN'S.
• IN PLANTS ,WAXES ARE FOUND IN CONNECTION WITH THE
OUTER CELL WALLS OF EPIDERMAL TISSUE,PARTICULARY IN
FRUITS AND LEAVES.
• THE FUNCTION OF WAX APPEARS TO BE PROTECTION AGAINST
THE PENETRATION OR LOSS OF WATER.
• WAXES ARE EMPLOYED IN PHARMACEUTICALS TO HARDENS
 SYNTHETIC SPERMACETI

• spermaceti, a waxy substance obtained from the head of the sperm whale (physeter
microcephalus linne) family physeteridae,was formely recognized as a quality emollient
and desirable ingredients in cold cream and other cosmetics. synthetic spermaceti or
cetyl esters wax is a mixture consisting primarily of esters of saturated fatty
alcohols(c14 to c18) and saturated fatty acids.
• cetyl alcohol is a mixture of a solid alcohols consisting chiefly of cetyl alcohol or 1-
hexadecanol.it is used as an emulsifying aid and as a stiffening agent in pharmaceutic
preparations.
 JAJOBA OIL

• jajoba oil is a liquid wax expressed from seeds of simmondsia chinensis(link)scheider

(family buxaceae)
• jojoba seeds contain 45 to 55% of an ester mixture that is a liquid at ambient
temperatures.
• the major component are 35% of eicosenoic acid ,22%of eicosenol and 21% of
docosenol .
• jajoba oil and its hydrogenated derivatives are useful emollients and agents of
pharmaceutic necessity.
 BEESWAX

• YELLOW WAX OR BEESWAX IS THE PURIFIED WAX FROM THE HONEYCOMB OF THE BEE.
APIS MELLIFERA LINNE (FAMILY APIDAE).
• WAX IS SECRETED IN THE CELLS ON THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE LAST 4 SEGMENTS
OF THE ABDOMEN OF THE WORKER BEES. THE WAX EXCRETES THROUGH PORES IN THE
CHITINOUS PLATES AND ITS EMPLOYED BY THE YOUNG WORKER BEES IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE COMB.
• THE HONEYCOMB, AFTER SEPARATION FROM THE HONEY, IS MELTED IN WATER, THEN
COOLED AND REMELTED AND FINALLY STRAINED AND ALLOWED TO HARDEN IN MOLDS.
the wax consists principally of alkyl esters of fatty and wax acid chiefly
mycriyl palmitate, free wax acids about 14%,especially cerotic acid and
its homologs, hydrocarbon 12% and other minor constituents including
moisture ,pollen and propolis. the latter 2 materials are responsible for
the most of the color of the wax.
uses
yellow wax is a stiffening agents is an ingredients in yellow ointments.it
is also used as a base for cerates and plasters.
white wax is bleached, purified wax from the honeycomb of the bee,a
mellifera linne (family apidae) .
white wax is employed pharmaceutically in ointments and cold creams
 CARNAUBA WAX

• CARNAUBA WAX IS OBTAINED FROM THE LEAVES OF COPERNICIA PRUNIFERA

(MUELLIER) FAMILY PALMA.
• THE WAX CONSISTS OF ALKYL ESTERS OF WAX ACIDS(80%) CHIEFLY MYRICYL
CEROTATE ,FREE MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS (10%) ,A LACTONE ,RESINS AND MINOR
CONSTITUENTS.
• IT IS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CANDIES,WAX,VARNISHES,LEATHER AND
FURNITURE POLISHES AND IN PLACES OF BEESWAX.