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2-Alloy Systems

This document discusses alloying systems and phase equilibrium diagrams. It describes binary, ternary, and multi-component alloy systems. For binary systems, it defines simple eutectic, solid solution, and combination alloy types. It then examines phase equilibrium diagrams for simple eutectic and solid solution alloy types, showing how alloy composition and cooling rate affect microstructure. Definitions of key terms like liquidus/solidus temperatures, solid solutions, and solubility are also provided.

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Hussein Saeed
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12 views

2-Alloy Systems

This document discusses alloying systems and phase equilibrium diagrams. It describes binary, ternary, and multi-component alloy systems. For binary systems, it defines simple eutectic, solid solution, and combination alloy types. It then examines phase equilibrium diagrams for simple eutectic and solid solution alloy types, showing how alloy composition and cooling rate affect microstructure. Definitions of key terms like liquidus/solidus temperatures, solid solutions, and solubility are also provided.

Uploaded by

Hussein Saeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alloy Systems

Shivan I. Abdullah
Mechanical Eng. Dep.
University of Zakho
September 2023
Alloying Systems
Alloy:- Is a metal composing of a mixture of elements. Most of alloys are
composed of a base metal with small amounts of additives or alloying
elements. The typical examples of alloys are steel/cast iron (iron base alloys),
bronze/brass (copper base alloys), aluminum alloys.

There are many types of alloying systems which they are:-


• Binary system:- It means that alloying have two metals only.
• Ternary system:- It means that alloying have three metals only.
• Multi system:- It means that alloying have three and more than that metals
Binary alloys can be classified into the following types:-
• Simple eutectic type:- The two components are soluble in each other
in the liquid state but are completely insoluble in each other in the
solid state.

• Solid solution type:- The two components are completely soluble in


each other both in the liquid state and in the solid state.

• Combination type:- The two components are completely soluble in


the liquid state, but are only partially soluble in each other in the solid
state.
Eutectic : A three-phase, invariant reaction in which one liquid phase
solidifies to produce two solid phases.

Eutectoid A three-phase, invariant reaction in which one solid phase


transforms to two different solid phases.

Eutectic microconstituent A characteristic mixture of two phases formed


as a result of the eutectic reaction.
Phase Equilibrium Diagrams (Simple eutectic type)
Consider for studying a two components presents which are referred to as
metal A and metal B, with the phase diagram as shown in below figure.
An example of eutectic are carbon steels

Phase equilibrium diagram (Eutectic type).


Solidification and microstructure of the eutectic alloy Pb-
61.9% Sn
The cooling curve for a hypoeutectic Pb-30% Sn alloy
The solidification and microstructure of a hypoeutectic
alloy (Pb-30% Sn).
(a) A hypoeutectic lead-tin alloy. (b) A hypereutectic lead-tin alloy. The dark
constituent is the lead-rich solid 𝛼, the light constituent is the tin-rich solid 𝛽,
and the fine plate structure is the eutectic (x400).
Phase Equilibrium Diagrams (Solid solution type)

Solid solution:- Is a phase, where two or more elements are completely


soluble in each other.

• Depending on the ratio of the solvent (matrix) metal atom size and
solute element atom size , there are two types of solid solutions may
be formed: substitution or interstitial.

• Solid solution formation usually causes increase of electrical


resistance and mechanical strength and decrease of plasticity of the
alloy.
Copper-nickel phase equilibrium diagram.
The change in structure of a Cu-40% Ni alloy during equilibrium solidification. The nickel and
copper atoms must diffuse during cooling in order to satisfy the phase diagram and produce a
uniform equilibrium structure.
For the copper–nickel system, (a) tensile strength versus composition,
and (b) ductility (%EL) versus composition at room temperature. A
solid solution exists over all compositions for this system.
Phase Equilibrium Diagrams (Combination type)

In this system there are two solid solutions α and β. The use of the Greek
letters α, β, γ, etc., in phase equilibrium diagrams may be defined, in general,
as follows:

• A solid solution of one component A in an excess of another


component B, such that A is the solute and B is the solvent, is
referred to as solid solution α.

• A solid solution of the component B in an excess of the component


A, so that B now becomes the solute and A becomes the solvent, is
referred to as solid solution β.
Definitions
Freezing range : The temperature difference between the liquidus and solidus
temperatures.

Liquidus temperature: The temperature at which the first solid begins to form
during solidification.

Phase diagrams :showing phases present under equilibrium conditions and the
phase compositions at each combination of temperature and overall
composition.

Solid solution : A solid phase formed by combining multiple elements or


compounds such that the overall phase has uniform composition and properties
that are different from those of the elements or compounds forming it.

Solubility: The amount of one material that will completely dissolve in a


second material without creating a second phase.

Solidus temperature: The temperature below which all liquid has completely
solidified.
Home work
 Heat treatment and engineering application

References

 The Science and Engineering of Materials,. Sixth Edition. Authors


Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep. P. Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright.
Publisher, Global Engineering:. 949 pages

 Donald R.Askeland,Pradeep P. Phule, Textbook "The science and


engineering of materials", United State ,2006.

 Althouse , Turnquist , Bowditch , Textbook" Modern Welding,


Tinley Park, Illionis , United State , 2004.

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