1. What is a Computer?

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or
logical operations.

2. Why computer is called programmable machine?

Because it can execute a programmed list of instructions and respond to new instructions that it is given.

3. What is Architecture?

The overall design or structure of a computer system, including the hardware and the software required
to run it, especially the internal structure of the microprocessor

4. Differentiate computer organization and computer design.

Computer Organization is concerned with the way the hardware components operate and the way they
are connected together to form the computer system. Whereas Computer design is concerned with the
determination of what hardware should be used and how the parts should be connected.

5. Differentiate Computer Architecture and the architectural design.

Computer Architecture is concerned with the structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the
user. Whereas the architectural design of computer system is concerned with the specification of
various functional module, such as processor and memories and structuring them together into a
computer system.

6. Every computer expert should know the interior mechanism of computer. · Why？

Some people will design and build computer. All people will use computer. (The more you know, the
more efficiently you use).

7. What is the components of computer?

·Computer includes processor, memory, input/output devices, memory system and network.

9. What is the Instruction Set?

An instruction set is a group of commands for a central processing unit (CPU) in machine
language. The term can refer to all possible instructions for a CPU or a subset of instructions to
enhance its performance in certain situations.
10. What are three main kinds of programming language and give example to each.
Machine language. The ASCII code 01000001 represents the letter "A" in machine language,
a computer programming language consisting of binary or hexadecimal instructions which a
computer can respond to directly.

Assembly language. E.g. MIPS, ARM64, THUMPs

It is a type of low-level programming language that is intended to communicate directly
with a computer's hardware.
High-level language. E.g. C++, python, Java

A high-level language is any programming language that enables development of a

program in a much more user-friendly programming context and is generally
independent of the computer's hardware architecture.
11.what is operating system?

It is resource management program for the benefit of the running programs.

12. what are the resources of computer?

- Input/output devices (display, disk, printers, etc.)

- Memory

- Central Processing Unit (CPU)

13.list different kinds of mouse.

- Mechanical mouse

- Optical mouse

- Laser mouse

- Inertial and gyroscopic mouse

14. List different kinds of displaying devices.

• Cathode Ray Tube

• Liquid Crystal Display

• Plasma display

• Organic light-emitting diode

15. what are characteristics of Inter Pentium Processor.

• Die area = 91 mm²

• #transistors = 3.3e6

• 1e6 transistors in cache memories

16.give characteristics of magnetic desk.

• Platters rotate at 5,400 to 15,000 Per Minute (RPM)

• Both surfaces covered with magnetic recording material

• 10,000 to 50,000 tracks per surface

• 100 to 500 512-Bytes sectors per track

16.what is transistor ?

It’s simply an On/off switch controlled by electricity.

17.which technology that have fueled computer industries since 1975 and shapes what computer will be
able to do and how quickly they will evolve.

It is integrated circuit (IC)

20.what is Integrated circuits?

An IC is a collection of electronic components

-- resistors, transistors, capacitors, etc. -- all stuffed into a tiny chip, and
connected together to achieve a common goal.

21. Computer Generation.

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Final exam

Question: 1
1.1 Differentiate Computer architecture vs. computer
organization
 Computer organization is concerned with the way hardware components operate
and are connected together to form a computer system. Computer Architecture is
concerned with the structure and behaviour of a computer system as seen by the
user.
1.2 Describe in brief the technology which contributed in computer industry especially in
performance and shapes.

 It is integration circuit(ICs)

1.3 Plot the graph which describes different generation of computer, where x is year and y is the
generation of computer.

1.4 What is the largest binary number that can be expressed with 16 bits? What are the equivalent
decimal, octal and hexadecimal numbers?

Answer:
The largest number of any k-digits binary number is that with all digits
being 1, such that the largest number of 16-digit binary number is
(1111 1111 1111 1111)2 = (65535)10 = (FFFF)16
To calculate the largest number of k bits we can simply use the formula
2k -1
In this question 216 -1 = 65536-1=65535
1.5 Referring to Boolean Algebra prove that X+XY=X

x+(xy) = x.1+x.y Identity laws

=x.(1+y) because + is distributive over .

=x.1 using (b)

=x Identity laws

1.6 Compare sequential circuit to combination circuit

Combinational Circuit is the type of circuit in which output is independent of time and only relies
on the input present at that particular instant. On other hand Sequential circuit is the type of
circuit where output not only relies on the current input but also depends on the previous output.

1.7 Describe in brief the difference between performance and execution time for each case give one
example of an application in computer.

Computer performance is the amount of work accomplished by a computer

system. The word performance in computer performance means “How well is
the computer doing the work it is supposed to do?”

CPU execution time is the total time a CPU spends computing on a given task.
It also excludes time for I/O or running other programs.

1.8 Differentiate CISC to RISC instruction set

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor, a microprocessor architecture
with a simple collection and highly customized set of instructions. It is built to minimize the
instruction execution time by optimizing and limiting the number of instructions.

The CISC Stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer, developed by the Intel. It has a large
collection of complex instructions that range from simple to very complex and specialized in the
assembly language level, which takes a long time to execute the instructions.
1.9 Suppose that we want to enhance the processor used for Web serving. The new processor is
10 times faster on computation in the Web serving application than the original processor.
Assuming that the original processor is busy with computation 40% of the time and is waiting
for 1/0 60% of the time, what is the overall speedup gained by incorporating the enhancement?

ANSWER ANY TWO Question: 2 (15marks)

Consider 3 processors P1, P2 and P3 with clock rates and CPI given below, are running the same
program:

2.1 Put the processor in order from the highest performance to the lowest expressed in instructions per
second?

2.2 If the processors each execute a program in 10 seconds, find number of cycles and the number of
instructions.

Reference
Question3

3.1 Describe in brief with example the difference between High level language to low level language
3.2Assembly language is a machine language if Yes? or No? give the reason for your answer.

3.3. Assuming A is an array of 100 elements whose base register is in $35, Variables g, h,i and j are
assigned to registers Ss1. Ss2, Ss3 and $84, Write the MIPS code produced by a C compiler from

Question: 4(15marks)

4.1. With help of block diagram describe in brief computer system.

4.2. Differentiate microcontroller to microprocessor

• Microprocessor: – silicon chip which includes ALU, register circuits & control circuits

• Microcontroller :– silicon chip which includes microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single
package(chip).

4.3. How many address line for A processor with a 256M address space is using the address space is
using the address 35E3C03H to access a 16M memory device.

4.3.1How many address lines are used to define when the 16M memory space is enabled?

4.3.2What is the bit pattern of these enable bits that enables this particular 16M memory
device?

4.3.3What is the address within the 16M memory device that this address is going to transfer
data to

Reference questions