Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-914

9.3 . DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH

VARIABLE SEPARABLE

Method of Solving Differential Equations with Variables Separable

GENERAL SOLUTION Let the given differential equation be expressed in the form
g( y) dy = f ( x) dx.
Then, the general solution of the above differential equation is given by
ò g(y )dy = ò f ( x)dx + C , where C is an arbitrary constant.
PARTICULAR SOLUTION Let x = a be given and let the corresponding value of y be
given as b. Putting x = a and y = b in the general solution, we get the value of C. With
this value of C, we get the particular solution of the given differential equation.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 Find the general solution of the differential equation

dy
( x + 2) = x 2 + 5 x - 3( x ¹ -2).
dx
SOLUTION The given differential equation may be written as
dy x 2 + 5 x - 3
=
dx x+2
æ x2 + 5x - 3 ö
Þ dy = ç ÷ dx [separating the variables]
ç x + 2 ÷ø
è
æ x2 + 5x - 3 ö
Þ ò dy = ò çç x + 2 ÷÷ dx
è ø
ì 9 ü
Þ y = ò íx + 3 - ý dx + C , where C is an arbitrary constant
î ( x + 2) þ
[on dividing ( x 2 + 5 x - 3) by ( x + 2)]
x2
Þ y= + 3 x - 9 log |x + 2| + C.
2
x2
Hence, y = + 3 x - 9 log |x + 2| + C is the required general
2
solution.
EXAMPLE 2 Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
(1 + x 2) - x = 2 tan -1 x. [CBSE 2007]
dx
1
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-915

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

SOLUTION The given differential equation may be written as

dy 2 tan -1 x x
= +
dx (1 + x 2) (1 + x 2)
ì 2 tan -1 x x ü
Þ dy = í 2
+ 2 ý
dx [separating the variables]
î (1 + x ) (1 + x ) þ
2 tan -1 x x
Þ ò dy = ò dx + ò dx + C ,
(1 + x 2) (1 + x 2)
where C is an arbitrary constant
1 2x
Þ y = 2ò t dt + ò dx + C
2 (1 + x 2)
1
[putting tan -1 x = t and dx = dt in 1st integral]
(1 + x 2)
1
Þ y = t 2 + log |1 + x 2| + C
2
-1 2 1
Þ y = (tan x) + log |1 + x 2| + C.
2
1
Hence, y = (tan -1 x) 2 + log |1 + x 2| + C is the required solution.
2
dy
EXAMPLE 3 Find the general solution of the differential equation = log ( x + 1).
dx
[CBSE 2006]
SOLUTION We have
dy
= log ( x + 1)
dx
Þ dy = log ( x + 1) dx
Þ ò dy = ò log ( x + 1) dx [integrating both sides]
Þ y = ò {log ( x + 1) × 1} dx + C , where C is an arbitrary constant
I II
1
= {log ( x + 1) × x} - ò × x dx + C [integrating by parts]
( x + 1)
( x + 1) - 1
= x log ( x + 1) - ò dx + C
( x + 1)
ì 1 ü
= x log ( x + 1) - ò í1 - ý dx + C
î ( x + 1) þ
= x log ( x + 1) - x + log ( x + 1) + C
= ( x + 1) log ( x + 1) - x + C.
Hence, y = ( x + 1) log ( x + 1) - x + C is the required solution.
EXAMPLE 4 Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
= sin -1 x.
dx

2
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-916

SOLUTION We have
dy
= sin -1 x
dx
Þ dy = sin -1 x dx [separating the variables]
-1
Þ ò dy = ò sin x dx [integrating both sides]
Þ y = ò {(sin -1 x) × 1} dx + C , where C is an arbitrary constant
I II
1
= (sin -1 x) × x - ò × x dx + C [integrating by parts]
1 - x2
1 -2x
= (sin -1 x) × x + ò dx + C
2 1 - x2
1 1
= (sin -1 x) × x + ò dt + C , where (1 - x 2) = t
2 t
1
= (sin -1 x) × x + ´ 2 t + C
2
= (sin -1 x) x + 1 - x 2 + C.
Hence, y = (sin -1 x) x + 1 - x 2 + C is the required solution.

Hence, y = x(sin -1 x) + 1 - x 2 + C is the required solution of the

given differential equation.
EXAMPLE 5 Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
= 4 - y 2 ( -2 < y < 2). [CBSE 2002C]
dx
dy
SOLUTION We have = 4 - y2
dx
dy
Þ = dx [on separating the variables]
4 - y2
dy
Þ ò = ò dx [integrating both sides]
2 - y2
2

æyö
Þ sin -1 ç ÷ = x + C , where C is an arbitrary constant.
è 2ø
-1 æ y ö
Hence, sin ç ÷ = x + C is the required solution.
è 2ø
EXAMPLE 6 Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
( x 3 + x 2 + x + 1)
= 2x 2 + x. [CBSE 2010]
dx
SOLUTION The given differential equation may be written as
dy 2x 2 + x ( 2x 2 + x) ( 2x 2 + x)
= 3 = =
dx ( x + x 2 + x + 1) x 2( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)

3
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-917

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

ì ( 2x 2 + x) ü
Þ dy = í 2 ý dx
î( x + 1)( x + 1) þ
( 2x 2 + x)
Þ ò dy = ò ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) dx … (i) [integrating both sides]

( 2x 2 + x)
Þ y=ò dx + C , where C is an arbitrary constant.
( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)
2x 2 + x A Bx + C
Let = + ×
2
( x + 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
Then, 2x 2 + x º A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C)( x + 1). … (ii)
1
Putting x = -1 in (ii), we get 2A = 1 Þ A = ×
2
-1
Putting x = 0 in (ii), we get A + C = 0 Þ C = - A = ×
2
Putting x = 1 in (ii), we get 2A + 2B + 2C = 3.
3 1 1 3 3
\ A + B+C = Þ +B- = Þ B= ×
2 2 2 2 2
1 3 -1
\ A= ,B= and C = ×
2 2 2
æ3 1ö
ç x- ÷
+ è
1 dx 2 2ø
\ y= ò
2 ( x + 1) ò ( x 2 + 1)
dx + C

1 dx 3 x 1 dx
2 ò ( x + 1) 2 ò ( x 2 + 1)
Þ y= + dx - ò 2 +C
2 ( x + 1)
1 3 2x 1
Þ y= log |x + 1| + ò 2 dx - tan -1 x + C
2 4 ( x + 1) 2
1 3 1
Þ y= log |x + 1| + log |x 2 + 1| - tan -1 x + C.
2 4 2
1 3 1
Hence, y = log |x + 1| + log |x + 1| - tan -1 x + C is the
2
2 4 2
required solution.
EXAMPLE 7 Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy 1 + y 2
= ×
dx 1 + x 2

dy 1 + y 2
SOLUTION =
dx 1 + x 2
1 1
Þ 2
dy = dx [separating the variables]
(1 + y ) (1 + x 2)

4
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-918

1 1
Þ ò (1 + y 2) dy = ò (1 + x 2) dx
Þ tan -1 y = tan -1 x + C1 , where C1 is an arbitrary constant
Þ tan -1 y - tan -1 x = C1
æ y-x ö
Þ tan -1 çç ÷÷ = C1
è 1 + yx ø
y-x
Þ = tan C1 = C , where C = tan C1.
1 + yx
y-x
Hence, = C is the required solution.
1 + yx
EXAMPLE 8 Find the general solution of the differential equation
æ dy ö
log ç ÷ = ( ax + by).
è dx ø
æ dy ö
SOLUTION log ç ÷ = ax + by
è dx ø
dy
Þ = eax + by = eax × eby
dx
1
Þ dy = eax dx [on separating the variables]
eby
Þ ò e- by dy = ò eax dx [integrating both sides]
e- by eax
Þ = +C
-b a
Þ ae- by + beax = C ¢, where C ¢ = - abC.
Thus, ae- by + beax = C ¢ is the required solution.
EXAMPLE 9 Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
1 + x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2 + xy = 0. [CBSE 2010]
dx
SOLUTION The given differential equation may be written as
dy
(1 + x 2) + y 2(1 + x 2) + xy =0
dx
dy
Þ (1 + x 2)(1 + y 2) + xy =0
dx
dy
Þ ( 1 + x 2 )( 1 + y 2 ) + xy =0
dx
dy
Þ xy = - ( 1 + x 2 )( 1 + y 2 )
dx
y - 1 + x2
Þ dy = dx
1 + y2 x

5
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-919

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

y 1 + x2
Þ ò dy = - ò
x2
× x dx. … (i)
1 + y2
Putting 1 + x 2 = u2 and 1 + y 2 = v 2 , we get
2x dx = 2u du and 2y dy = 2v dv
Þ x dx = u du and y dy = v dv.
Substituting these values in (i), we get
v dv u ´ u du
ò v = -ò (u2 - 1)
u2 (u2 - 1) + 1
Þ ò dv = -ò (u2 - 1) du = -ò (u2 - 1)
du

ì 1 ü
Þ v = - ò í1 + 2 ý du + C , where C is an arbitrary constant
î (u - 1) þ
1 u -1
Þ v = -u - log +C
2 u+1

1 1 + x2 - 1
Þ 1 + y 2 = - 1 + x 2 - log + C,
2 1 + x2 + 1
which is the required solution.
EXAMPLE 10 Find the general solution of the differential equation
( x cos y) dy = ex ( x log x + 1) dx. [CBSE 2007]
SOLUTION The given differential equation may be written as
æ ex ö
cos y dy = ç ex log x + ÷ dx
ç x ÷ø
è
ex
Þ ò cos y dy = ò (log x) ex dx + ò dx + C ,
I II x
where C is an arbitrary constant
1 ex
Þ sin y = (log x) ex - ò × ex dx + ò dx + C [integrating by parts]
x x
Þ sin y = (log x) ex + C , which is the required solution.

EXAMPLE 11 Find the general solution of the differential equation

x 1 - y 2 dx + y 1 - x 2 dy = 0.
SOLUTION We have
x 1 - y 2 dx + y 1 - x 2 dy = 0
x y
Þ dx + dy = 0 [on separating the variables]
2
1-x 1 - y2

6
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-920

x y
Þ ò 2
dx + ò dy = C [integrating both sides]
1-x 1 - y2
1 ( -2x) 1 ( -2y)
Þ - ×ò dx - × ò dy = C
2 1-x 2 2 1 - y2
1 1 1 1
Þ - ×ò dt - × ò ds = C, where (1 - x 2) = t and (1 - y 2) = s
2 t 2 s
1 1
Þ - ò t -1/2 dt - ò s-1/2 ds = C
2 2
Þ - t - s =C
Þ t + s = k [where k = - C]
Þ 1 - x 2 + 1 - y 2 = k.
Hence, 1 - x 2 + 1 - y 2 = k is the required solution.

EXAMPLE 12 Find the general solution of the differential equation

dy æ dy ö
y-x = aç y 2 + ÷× [CBSE 2008]
dx è dx ø
SOLUTION We have
dy æ dy ö
y-x = aç y 2 + ÷
dx è dx ø
dy
Þ ( y - ay 2) = ( a + x)
dx
dy dx
Þ = [on separating the variables]
y(1 - ay) ( a + x)
dy dx
Þ ò =ò [integrating both sides]
y(1 - ay) ( a + x)
æ1 a ö dx
Þ ò ççè y + 1 - ay ÷÷ø dy = ò ( a + x) [by partial fractions]

Þ log |y| - log |1 - ay| = log |a + x| + log |C1|,

where C1 is an arbitrary constant
y
Þ log = log |C1|
(1 - ay)( a + x)
y
Þ = ± C1 = C (say).
(1 - ay)( a + x)
Hence, y = C(1 - ay)( a + x) is the required solution.
EXAMPLE 13 Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy
( a + x) + x = 0.
dx
SOLUTION We have
dy -x
=
dx a+x

7
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-921

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

-x
Þ dy = dx [on separating the variables]
a+x
-x
Þ ò dy = ò a + x dx [integrating both sides]
[( a + x) - a]
Þ y = -ò dx
a+x
æ a ö
Þ y = -ò ç a + x - ÷ dx
è a+xø
Þ y = - ò a + x dx + a ò ( a + x) -1 / 2 dx
2
Þ y = - ( a + x) 3 / 2 + 2a a + x + C , which is the required solution.
3
EXAMPLE 14 Solve the differential equation
x cos y dy = ( xex log x + ex ) dx.
SOLUTION We have
x cos y dy = ( xex log x + ex ) dx
æ 1ö
Þ cos y dy = ex ç log x + ÷ dx [on separating the variables]
è xø
xæ 1ö
Þ ò cos y dy = ò e çè log x + x ÷ø dx [integrating both sides]
Þ sin y = ex log x + C [Q ò ex { f ( x) + f ¢( x)} dx = ex f ( x)].
Hence, sin y = ex (log x) + C is the required solution.

EXAMPLE 15 Solve the differential equation

dy ex (sin 2 x + sin 2x)
= ×
dx y( 2 log y + 1)
SOLUTION We have
dy ex (sin 2 x + sin 2x)
=
dx y( 2 log y + 1)
Þ y( 2 log y + 1) dy = ex (sin 2 x + sin 2x) dx
Þ 2ò y log y dy + ò y dy = ò ex (sin 2 x + sin 2x) dx
II I
é y2 1 y2 ù 1
Þ 2 ê(log y) × - ò × dy ú + y 2 = ò ex (sin 2 x + sin 2x) dx
ë 2 y 2 û 2
[integrating by parts]
1 2
Þ y (log y) - ò y dy + y = ò e (sin x + sin 2x) dx
2 x 2
2
Þ y 2(log y) = ex sin 2 x + C [Q ò ex { f ( x) + f ¢( x)} dx = ex f ( x) + C].
\ y 2(log y) = ex sin 2 x + C is the required solution.

8
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-922

EXAMPLE 16 Solve the differential equation

(1 + x)(1 + y 2) dx + (1 + y)(1 + x 2) dy = 0.
SOLUTION (1 + x)(1 + y 2) dx + (1 + y)(1 + x 2) dy = 0
(1 + x) (1 + y)
Þ 2
dx + dy = 0 [on separating the variables]
(1 + x ) (1 + y 2)
(1 + x) (1 + y)
Þ ò dx + ò dy = C [integrating both sides]
(1 + x 2) (1 + y 2)
ì 1 x ü ì 1 y ü
Þ òí 2
+ 2 ý
dx + ò í 2
+ 2 ý
dy = C
î(1 + x ) (1 + x ) þ î(1 + y ) (1 + y ) þ
1 1 2x 1 1 2y
Þ ò 2
dx + × ò 2
dx + ò 2
dy + × ò dy = C
(1 + x ) 2 (1 + x ) (1 + y ) 2 (1 + y 2)
1 1
Þ tan -1 x + log (1 + x 2) + tan -1 y + log (1 + y 2) = C
2 2
-1 -1 1
Þ tan x + tan y + {log (1 + x ) + log (1 + y 2)} = C ,
2
2
which is the required solution.
EXAMPLE 17 Solve the differential equation
dy
cosec x log y + x 2 y 2 = 0. [CBSE 2014]
dx
SOLUTION The given differential equation may be written as
dy
cosec x log y = -x 2y 2
dx
log y
Þ dy = - x 2 sin x dx [separating the variables]
y2
æ 1 ö
Þ ò (log y) ç 2 ÷ dy = - ò x 2 sin x dx [integrating both sides].
çy ÷
I è ø I II
II
Integrating by parts on each side, we get:
æ -1 ö 1 æ -1 ö
(log y) çç ÷÷ - ò × çç ÷÷ dy = - [x 2( - cos x) - ò 2x( - cos x) dx] + C1 ,
y
è ø y è yø
where C1 is an arbitrary constant
- log y 1
Þ + ò 2 dy = x cos x - 2ò x cos x dx + C1
2
y y I II
- log y 1
Þ - = x cos x - 2x sin x + 2ò sin x dx + C1
2
y y
[integrating by parts]
- log y 1 2
Þ - = x cos x - 2x sin x - 2 cos x + C1
y y
log y 1
Þ + = - x 2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C , where -C1 = C.
y y
This is the required solution of the given differential equation.

9
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-923

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

EXAMPLE 18 Show that the general solution of the differential equation

dy y 2 + y + 1
+ = 0 is given by ( x + y + 1) = C(1 - x - y - 2xy), where C
dx x 2 + x + 1
is an arbitrary constant.
SOLUTION We have
dy y 2 + y + 1
+ =0
dx x 2 + x + 1
dy - ( y 2 + y + 1)
Þ =
dx ( x 2 + x + 1)
dy dx
Þ =- 2
( y 2 + y + 1) ( x + x + 1)
dy dx
Þ ò ( y 2 + y + 1) = -ò ( x 2 + x + 1) [on integrating both sides]
dy dx
Þ òì 2ü
= -ò
ì æ 3 ö üï
2 2 2
ïæ 1ö æ 3ö ï ïæ 1ö
íç y + ÷ j + çç ÷ ý
÷ í ç x + ÷ + ç ÷ ý
ç 2 ÷
è 2ø è 2 ø þï è 2ø è ø þï
îï îï
æ 1ö æ 1ö
çy + ÷ çx+ ÷
Þ
1
tan -1 ç 2 ÷ = -1 tan -1 ç 2÷ +C ,
1
æ 3ö ç 3 ÷ æ 3ö ç 3 ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 2 ÷ è 2 ø çè 2 ÷ø è 2 ø
è ø
where C1 is an arbitrary constant
æ 2 ö -1 æ 2y + 1 ö æ 2 ö -1 æ 2x + 1 ö
Þ ç ÷ tan ç ÷+ç ÷ tan ç ÷ = C1
è 3ø è 3 ø è 3ø è 3 ø
æ 2y + 1 ö -1 æ 2x + 1 ö 3
Þ tan -1 ç ÷ + tan ç ÷= C1
è 3 ø è 3 ø 2
3 æ 2y + 1 ö æ 2x + 1 ö
Þ tan -1 a + tan -1 b = C1 , where ç ÷ = a and ç ÷=b
2 è 3 ø è 3 ø
æ a+bö 3
Þ tan -1 ç ÷= C1 ,
è 1 - ab ø 2
2( x + y + 1) ( 4xy + 2x + 2y + 1)
where ( a + b) = and ab =
3 3
æ a+bö æ 3 ö
Þ ç ÷ = tan ç ÷
è 1 - ab ø ç 2 C1 ÷
è ø
ì 2( x + y + 1) ü
í ý æ 3 ö
Þ î 3 þ = tan ç ÷
ì ( 4xy + 2x + 2y + 1) ü ç 2 C1 ÷
í1 - ý è ø
î 3 þ

10
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-924

( x + y + 1) 1 æ 3 ö
Þ = tan çç C1 ÷÷ = C (say)
(1 - x - y - 2xy) 3 è 2 ø
Þ ( x + y + 1) = C(1 - x - y - 2xy),
which is the solution of the given DE.
EXAMPLE 19 Solve the differential equation
x(1 + y 2) dx - y(1 + x 2) dy = 0,
given that y = 0 when x = 1. [CBSE 2006C, ’14]
SOLUTION The given differential equation is
x(1 + y 2) dx - y(1 + x 2) dy = 0
Þ x(1 + y 2) dx = y(1 + x 2) dy
y x
Þ 2
dy = dx
(1 + y ) (1 + x 2)
y x
Þ ò (1 + y 2) dy = ò (1 + x 2) dx
1 2y 1 2x
2 ò (1 + y 2)
Þ dy = ò dx
2 (1 + x 2)
1 1 1
Þ log (1 + y 2) = log (1 + x 2) + log |C1|,
2 2 2
where C1 is an arbitrary constant
2 2
Þ log (1 + y ) = log (1 + x ) + log |C1|
(1 + y 2)
Þ = ± C1 = C (say)
(1 + x 2)
Þ (1 + y 2) = C(1 + x 2). … (i)
1
Putting x = 1 and y = 0 in (i), we get C = ×
2
2 1 2 2 2
\ (1 + y ) = (1 + x ) Þ ( x - 2y ) = 1.
2
Hence, ( x 2 - 2y 2) = 1 is the required solution.

EXAMPLE 20 Find the particular solution of the differential equation

dy
xy = ( x + 2)( y + 2), it being given that y = -1 when x = 1.
dx
[CBSE 2012]
SOLUTION The given differential equation is
dy
xy = ( x + 2)( y + 2)
dx
y ( x + 2)
Þ dy = dx
( y + 2) x

11
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-925

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

y ( x + 2)
Þ ò ( y + 2) dy = ò x
dx + C , where C is an arbitrary constant

ì 2 ü æ 2ö
Þ ò íî1 - ( y + 2) ýþ dy = ò çè1 + x ÷ø dx + C
Þ y - 2 log |y + 2| = x + 2 log |x| + C. … (i)
Putting x = 1 and y = -1 in (i), we get C = -2.
Hence, the required solution is
y - 2 log |y + 2| = x + 2 log |x| - 2.
dy
EXAMPLE 21 Find the particular solution of the differential equation x( x 2 - 1) = 1,
dx
it being given that y = 0 when x = 2. [CBSE 2012]
SOLUTION We have
dy
x( x 2 - 1) =1
dx
1
Þ dy = 2
dx
x( x - 1)
dx
Þ ò dy = ò x( x - 1)( x + 1) × … (i)

1 A B C
Let = + + ×
x( x - 1)( x + 1) x ( x - 1) ( x + 1)
Then, A( x - 1)( x + 1) + Bx( x + 1) + Cx( x - 1) º 1. … (ii)
Putting x = 0 in (ii), we get A = -1.
1
Putting x = 1 in (ii), we get B = ×
2
1
Putting x = -1 in (ii), we get C = ×
2
1 -1 1 1
\ = + + ×
x( x - 1)( x + 1) x 2( x - 1) 2( x + 1)
Putting this value in (i), we get
- dx 1 dx 1 dx
ò dy = ò x + 2 ò ( x - 1) + 2 ò ( x + 1) + C1 ,
where C1 is an arbitrary constant
1 1
Þ y = - log |x| + log |x - 1| + log |x + 1| + C1. … (iii)
2 2
We are given that y = 0 when x = 2.
Putting x = 2 and y = 0 in (iii), we get
1
- log 2 + log 3 + C1 = 0
2
1 1 1 1 æ 4ö
Þ C1 = log 2 - log 3 = log 4 - log 3 = log ç ÷ ×
2 2 2 2 è 3ø

12
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-926

1 æ 4ö
Putting C1 = log ç ÷ in (iii) we get
2 è 3ø
1 1 1 4
y = - log |x| + log |x - 1| + log |x + 1| + log
2 2 2 3
1 1 1 4
Þ y = - log x 2 + log |( x - 1)( x + 1)| + log
2 2 2 3
1 4( x 2 - 1)
Þ y = log , which is the required solution.
2 3x2
EXAMPLE 22 Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy
( x + 1) = 2e- y - 1, it being given that y = 0 when x = 0. [CBSE 2012]
dx
SOLUTION We have
dy
( x + 1) = 2e- y - 1
dx
1 1
Þ dy = dx
( 2e- y - 1) ( x + 1)
ey 1
Þ dy = dx
( 2 - ey) ( x + 1)
ey -1
Þ ò ( ey - 2) dy = ò ( x + 1) dx
Þ log |ey - 2| = - log |x + 1| + log |C1|,
where C1 is an arbitrary constant
Þ log |ey - 2| + log |x + 1| = log |C1|
Þ log |( x + 1)( ey - 2)| = log |C1|
Þ ( x + 1)( ey - 2) = ± C1 = C. … (i)
It is given that when x = 0, then y = 0.
Putting x = 0 and y = 0 in (i), we get C = -1.
Putting C = -1 in (i), we get
-1
( x + 1)( ey - 2) = -1 Þ ( ey - 2) =
( x + 1)
ì 1 ü ( 2x + 1)
Þ e y = í2 - ý= ×
î ( x + 1) þ ( x + 1)
2x + 1
\ y = log , x ¹ -1 is the required solution.
x+1
EXAMPLE 23 Solve the differential equation
(1 + y 2)(1 + log x) dx + x dy = 0, it being given that y = 1 when x = 1.
[CBSE 2000, ‘03, ‘11]
SOLUTION We have
(1 + y 2)(1 + log x) dx + x dy = 0

13
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-927

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

(1 + log x) 1
Þ dx + dy = 0 [on separating the variables]
x (1 + y 2)
(1 + log x) 1
Þ ò x
dx + ò
(1 + y 2)
dy = C [integrating both sides]

-1
Þ ò t dt + tan y = C , where (1 + log x) = t
1 2
Þ t + tan -1 y = C , where C is an arbitrary constant
2
1
Þ (1 + log x) 2 + tan -1 y = C. … (i)
2
Putting x = 1 and y = 1 in (i), we get
1 æ 1 pö
C = + tan -11 Þ C = ç + ÷ × … (ii)
2 è 2 4ø
1 æ 1 pö
\ (1 + log x) 2 + tan -1 y = ç + ÷ [using (ii) in (i)]
2 è 2 4ø
1 2 -1 p
Þ (log x) + log x + tan y = , which is the required solution.
2 4
EXAMPLE 24 Solve the differential equation
(1 + e2x ) dy + ex (1 + y 2) dx = 0,
it being given that y = 1 when x = 0. [CBSE 2004, ‘08C, ’11]
SOLUTION We have
(1 + e2x ) dy + ex (1 + y 2) dx = 0
1 ex
Þ dy + dx = 0 [separating the variables]
(1 + y 2) (1 + e2x )
1 ex
Þ ò dy + ò dx = C [integrating both sides]
2
(1 + y ) (1 + e2x )
dt
Þ tan -1 y + ò = C, where ex = t
(1 + t 2)
Þ tan -1 y + tan -1t = C
Þ tan -1 y + tan -1 ex = C … (i) [Q t = ex ]
Putting x = 0 and y = 1 in (i), we get
æ p pö p
C = tan -11 + tan -1 e0 = (tan -11 + tan -11) = ç + ÷ = ×
è 4 4ø 2
-1 -1 x p
\ tan y + tan e = is the required solution.
2
EXAMPLE 25 Find the equation of the curve that passes through the point (1, 2) and
dy -2xy
satisfies the differential equation = ×
dx ( x 2 + 1)
SOLUTION We have
dy -2xy
= 2
dx ( x + 1)

14
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-928

dy -2x
Þ = dx [on separating the variables]
y ( x 2 + 1)
dy -2x
Þ ò y = ò ( x 2 + 1) dx [integrating both sides]
Þ log y = - log ( x 2 + 1) + log C ,
where log C is an arbitrary constant
Þ log y + log ( x 2 + 1) = log C
Þ log {y( x 2 + 1)} = log C
Þ y( x 2 + 1) = C … (i)
Now, it is given that the curve passes through (1, 2).
So, putting x = 1 and y = 2 in (i), we get C = 4.
\ y( x 2 + 1) = 4 is the required equation of the curve.
EXAMPLE 26 Find the equation of a curve which passes through the point ( -2, 3) and
2x
the slope of whose tangent at any point ( x , y) is 2 ×
y
dy
SOLUTION We know that the slope of a curve at a point ( x , y) is ×
dx
dy 2x
\ = … (i)
dx y 2
Þ y 2 dy = 2x dx [separating the variables]

òy dy = ò 2x dx
2
Þ
1 3
Þ y = x2 + C … (ii)
3
where C is a constant.
Thus, (ii) is the equation of the curve whose differential equation
is given by (i).
Since the given curve passes through the point ( -2, 3), we have
æ1 ö
C = ç ´ 27 ÷ - ( -2) 2 = ( 9 - 4) = 5.
è 3 ø
Hence, the required equation of the curve is
1 3
y = x 2 + 5 Þ y 3 = 3 x 2 + 15.
3
EXAMPLE 27 In a bank principal increases at the rate of 5% per annum. In how many
years will ` 1000 double itself ?
SOLUTION Let P be the principal at any time t. Then,
dP æ 5 ö
=ç ÷P
dt è 100 ø
dP P
Þ =
dt 20
dP 1
Þ = dt
P 20

15
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-929

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

dP 1
Þ òP ò 20
= dt [on integrating both sides]
1
Þ log P = t + log C , where C is an arbitrary constant
20
æ Pö t
Þ log ç ÷ =
è C ø 20
P
Þ = et / 20. … (i)
C
When t = 0, we have P = 1000 (given).
Putting P = 1000 and t = 0 in (i), we get C = 1000.
\ P = (1000) et/20. … (ii)
Let ` 1000 double itself in n years.
Thus, when t = n, then P = 2000.
Putting these values in (ii), we get
(1000) ´ en/20 = 2000 Þ en/20 = 2
n
Þ = log e 2 Þ n = 20(log e 2).
20
Hence, the required time is {20(log e 2)} years.

EXERCISE 19A

Very-Short-Answer Questions
Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations:
dy dy
1. = (1 + x 2)(1 + y 2) 2. x 4 = -y 4
dx dx
dy dy
3. = 1 + x + y + xy [CBSE 2012] 4. = 1 - x + y - xy
dx dx
dy dy
5. ( x - 1) = 2x 3 y 6. = ex + y
dx dx
dy
7. ( ex + e- x ) dy - ( ex - e- x ) dx = 0 8. = ex - y + x 2e- y [CBSE 2006]
dx
9. e2x - 3y dx + e2y - 3x dy = 0
10. ex tan y dx + (1 - ex ) sec2 y dy = 0 [CBSE 2011]
2 2
11. sec x tan y dx + sec y tan x dy = 0
12. cos x(1 + cos y) dx - sin y(1 + sin x) dy = 0
For each of the following differential equations, find a particular solution
satisfying the given condition:
æ dy ö
13. cos ç ÷ = a , where a Î R and y = 2 when x = 0.
è dx ø
dy
14. = -4xy 2 , it being given that y = 1 when x = 0.
dx
16
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-930

15. x dy = ( 2x 2 + 1) dx ( x ¹ 0), given that y = 1 when x = 1.

dy
16. = y tan x , it being given that y = 1 when x = 0.
dx

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 19A)

x3 1 1 x2
1. tan -1 y = x + +C 2. + =C 3. log |1 + y| = x + +C
3 x3 y3 2
x2 2x 3
4. log |1 + y| = x - +C 5. log |y| = + x 2 + 2x + 2 log |x - 1| + C
2 3
x3
6. ex + e- y = C 7. y = log ( ex + e- x ) + C 8. ey = ex + +C
3
9. e5x + e5y = C 10. tan y = C(1 - ex ) 11. tan x tan y = C
æ y - 2ö 1
12. (1 + sin x)(1 + cos y) = C 13. cos ç ÷ = a 14. y = 2
è x ø ( 2x + 1)
15. y = x 2 + log |x| 16. y = sec x

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS (EXERCISE 19A)

1
1. ò ( 1 + y 2 ) dy = ò ( 1 + x 2 ) dx + C .
-1 1 1 1
2.
y4
dy =
x4
dx Þ ò x -4 dx + ò y -4 dy = C1 Þ
x3
+
y3
= -3C 1 = C.

dy dy
3.
dx
= ( 1 + x ) + y ( 1 + x ) = ( 1 + x )( 1 + y ) Þ ò ( 1 + y ) = ò ( 1 + x ) dx + C .
1 2x 3 é 1 ù
5. dy = = 2 êx2 + x + 1 + 3
ú [on dividing x by ( x - 1)]
y ( x - 1) ë ( x - 1) û
dy 1
6. = e x × e y Þ y dy = e xdx Þ ò e - y dy = ò e xdx + C
dx e
( e x - e -x ) e x - e -x
7. dy - x -x
dx = 0 Þ ò dy - ò e x + e -x dx + C Þ y - log ( e x + e - x ) = C .
(e + e )
dy
8. = e x × e -y + x 2 e -y = ( e x + x 2 )e -y Þ ò e y dy = ò ( e x + x 2 ) dx + C .
dx
9. e 2 x × e -3 y dx + e 2 y × e -3 xdy = 0 Þ ò e5 xdx + ò e5 y dy = C .
-ex sec2 y
10. - ò x
dx + ò tan y dy = log|C1| Þ log|tan y| - log|1 - e x| = log|C 1|.
(1- e )
tan y tan y
\ log = log|C 1| Þ = ± C1 = C .
( 1 - ex) ( 1 - ex)

17
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-931

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

sec2 x sec2 y
11. ò tan x dx + ò tan y dy = log|C1| Þ log|tan x| + log|tan y| = log|C 1|

\ log|tan x tan y| = log|C 1| Þ |tan x tan y| =|C 1|.

\ tan x tan y = ± C 1 = C .
cos x - sin y
12. ò dx + ò dy = log|C 1|
( 1 + sin x ) ( 1 + cos y )
Þ log|1 + sin x| + log|1 + cos y| = log|C 1| Þ log|( 1 + sin x )( 1 + cos y )| = log|C 1|
Þ |( 1 + sin x )( 1 + cos y )| = C 1 Þ ( 1 + sin x )( 1 + cos y ) = ± C 1 = C .
dy
13. = cos -1 a Þ ò dy = ò (cos -1 a) dx Þ y = (cos -1 a)x + C . … (i)
dx
Putting x = 0 and y = 2 in (i), we get C = 2.
æy- 2ö æy- 2ö
\ cos -1 a = ç ÷ Þ cos ç ÷ = a.
è x ø è x ø
dy -1 1
14. ò y 2 = ò -4 x dx Þ y
= -2 x 2 + C Þ y =
( 2x 2 - C )
× … (i)

Putting x = 0 and y = 1 in (i), we get C = -1.

1
Hence, y = ×
( 2 x 2 + 1)
( 2 x 2 + 1) æ 1ö
15. ò dy = ò x
dx = ò ç 2 x + ÷ dx Þ y = x 2 + log|x| + C .
è xø
… (i)

Putting x = 1 and y = 1 in (i), we get C = 0. Hence, y = x 2 + log|x|.

1
16. ò y dy = ò tan x dx Þ log|y| = log|sec x| + log|C 1|

\ ( y cos x ) = ± C 1 = C .
When x = 0 and y = 1, we get C = 1. Hence, y = sec x.

EXERCISE 19B

Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations:

dy x - 1 dy x
1. = 2. =
dx y + 2 dx ( x 2 + 1)
dy dy
3. = (1 + x)(1 + y 2) 4. (1 + x 2) = xy
dx dx
dy dy 1 - y2
5. + y = 1 ( y ¹ 1) 6. + =0
dx dx 1 - x2
dy
7. x + y = y2 8. x 2( y + 1) dx + y 2( x - 1) dy = 0
dx
dy
9. y(1 - x 2) = x(1 + y 2) 10. y log y dx - x dy = 0
dx
11. x( x 2 - x 2 y 2) dy + y( y 2 + x 2 y 2) dx = 0
12. (1 - x 2) dy + xy(1 - y) dx = 0

18
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-932

13. (1 - x 2)(1 - y) dx = xy(1 + y) dy

14. ( y + xy) dx + ( x - xy 2) dy = 0 [CBSE 2002C]
15. ( x 2 - yx 2) dy + ( y 2 + xy 2) dx = 0 [CBSE 2004C]
2 2 2 2
16. ( x y - x ) dx + ( xy - y ) dy = 0

17. x 1 + y 2 dx + y 1 + x 2 dy = 0
dy
18. = ex + y + x 2ey [CBSE 2006]
dx
dy 3 e2x + 3 e4x
19. =
dx ex + e- x
20. 3 ex tan y dx + (1 - ex ) sec2 y dy = 0
x
21. ey(1 + x 2) dy - dx = 0
y
dy
22. = ex + y + ex - y 23. ( ey + 1) cos x dx + ey sin x dy = 0
dx
dy xy + y
24. + =0 25. 1 - x 4 dy = x dx
dx xy + x
dy
26. cosec x log y + x 2y = 0 27. y dx + (1 + x 2) tan -1 x dy = 0
dx
1 dy y
28. × = tan -1 x 29. ex 1 - y 2 dx + dy = 0
x dx x
dy 1 - cos x dy
30. = 31. (cos x) + cos 2x = cos 3 x
dx 1 + cos x dx
dy (1 + cos 2y) dy cos x sin y
32. + =0 33. + =0
dx (1 - cos 2x) dx cos y
34. cos x(1 + cos y) dx - sin y(1 + sin x) dy = 0
35. sin 3 x dx - sin y dy = 0
dy
36. + sin ( x + y) = sin ( x - y)
dx
1 1
37. cos2 y dy + cos2 x dx = 0
x y
dy
38. = sin 3 x cos2 x + xex
dx
dy
39. Find the particular solution of the differential equation = 1 + x + y + xy ,
dx
[CBSE 2014]
given that y = 0 when x = 1.
40. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
x(1 + y 2) dx - y(1 + x 2) dy = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 0. [CBSE 2014]

19
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-933

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

41. Find the particular solution of the differential equation

æ dy ö
log ç ÷ = 3 x + 4y , given that y = 0 when x = 0. [CBSE 2014]
è dx ø
42. Solve the differential equation ( x 2 - yx 2) dy + ( y 2 + x 2 y 2) dx = 0, given that
y = 1 when x = 1. [CBSE 2014]
43. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
y
ex 1 - y 2 dx + dy = 0, given that y = 1 when x = 0. [CBSE 2014]
x
44. Find the particular solution of the differential equation
dy x( 2 log x + 1) p
= , given that y = when x = 1. [CBSE 2014]
dx (sin y + y cos y) 2
dy
45. Solve the differential equation = y sin 2x , given that y( 0) = 1. [CBSE 2004]
dx
dy
46. Solve the differential equation ( x + 1) = 2xy , given that y( 2) = 3.
dx
[CBSE 2004]
dy
47. Solve = x( 2 log x + 1), given that y = 0 when x = 2.
dx
dy
48. Solve ( x 3 + x 2 + x + 1) = 2x 2 + x , given that y = 1 when x = 0.
dx
dy
49. Solve = y tan x , given that y = 1 when x = 0.
dx
dy
50. Solve = y 2 tan 2x , given that y = 2 when x = 0.
dx
dy p
51. Solve = y cot 2x , given that y = 2 when x = ×
dx 4
2 2 p
52. Solve (1 + x ) sec y dy + 2x tan y dx = 0, given that y = when x = 1.
4
æ pö
53. Find the equation of the curve passing through the point ç 0, ÷ whose
è 4ø
differential equation is sin x cos y dx + cos x sin y dy = 0.
54. Find the equation of a curve which passes through the origin and whose
dy
differential equation is = ex sin x.
dx
55. A curve passes through the point (0, –2) and at any point ( x , y) of the
curve, the product of the slope of its tangent and y-coordinate of the point
is equal to the x-coordinate of the point. Find the equation of the curve.
56. A curve passes through the point (–2, 1) and at any point ( x , y) of the
curve, the slope of the tangent is twice the slope of the line segment
joining the point of contact to the point ( -4, - 3). Find the equation of
the curve.

20
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-934

57. In a bank, principal increases at the rate of r% per annum. Find the value
of r if ` 100 double itself in 10 years. (Given log e 2 = 0.6931)
58. In a bank, principal increases at the rate of 5% per annum. An amount of
` 1000 is deposited in the bank. How much will it worth after 10 years?
(Given e0.5 = 1.648)
59. The volume of a spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant
rate. If initially its radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the
radius of the balloon after t seconds.
60. In a culture the bacteria count is 100000. The number is increased by 10%
in 2 hours. In how many hours will the count reach 200000, if the rate of
growth of bacteria is proportional to the number present?

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 19B)

1 x2
1. y 2 + 4y - x 2 + 2x = C 2. y = log ( x 2 + 1) + C 3. tan -1 y = x + +C
2 2
4. y = C1 1 + x 2 5. x + log |1 - y| = C 6. sin -1 y + sin -1 x = C
x2 y2
7. y = 1 + C1 xy 8. + + x - y + log |x - 1| + log |y + 1| = C
2 2
-1 1 x
9. (1 + y 2)(1 - x 2) = C 10. x = C log y 11. 2
- 2
+ log =C
2y 2x y
2 2
x y
12. y = C(1 - y) 1 - x 2 13. log |x(1 - y 2)| = - - 2y + C
2 2
y2 x 1 1
14. log |xy| + x - =C 15. log = + +C
2 y x y
1
16. ( x 2 + y 2) + ( x + y) + log |( x - 1)( y - 1)| = C 17. 1 + y 2 + 1 + x 2 = C
2
x3
18. ex + e- y + =C 19. y = e 3x + C 20. tan y = C(1 - e- x ) 3
3
1
21. ( y - 1) ey = log (1 + x 2) + C 22. tan -1( ey) = ex + C
2
1
23. (1 + ey) sin x = C 24. x + y + log |xy| = C 25. y = sin -1( x 2) + C
2
1
26. (log y) 2 + ( 2 - x 2) cos x + 2x sin x = C 27. y tan -1 x = C
2
1 1
28. y = ( x 2 + 1) tan -1 x - x + C 29. ( x - 1) ex - 1 - y 2 = C
2 2
x
30. y = 2 tan - x + C 31. y = sin 2x - 2 sin x - x + log |sec x + tan x| + C
2
32. tan y = cot x + C 33. log |sin y| + sin x = C

21
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-935

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

34. (1 + sin x)(1 + cos y) = C 35. 12 cos y = 9 cos x - cos 3 x + C

36. log |cosec y - cot y| + 2 sin x = C
37. 2( x 2 + y 2) + 2x sin 2x + 2y sin 2y + cos 2x + cos 2y = C
1 1 x2 3
38. y = - cos 3 x + cos5 x + xex - ex + C 39. log |1 + y| = x + -
3 5 2 2
1 1
40. y = 2x 2 + 1 41. 4e 3x + 3 e-4y = 7 42. log |y| + + -x =1
y x
p 2
43. ex ( x - 1) = 1 - y 2 - 1 44. y sin y = x 2 log x + 45. y = esin x
2
( 2x - 4)
46. y( x + 1) 2 = 27 e 47. y = x 2 log x - 4 log 2
1ì 3 ü
48. y = ílog |x + 1| + log ( x 2 + 1) - tan -1 x ý + 1 49. y cos x = 1
2î 2 þ
50. y(1 + log |cos 2x|) = 2 51. y = 2 sin 2x 52. (1 + x 2) tan y = 2
æ 1 ö
53. y = cos-1 ç sec x ÷ 54. 2y = ex (sin x - cos x) + 1 55. y 2 = x 2 + 4
è 2 ø
56. y + 3 = ( x + 4) 2 57. r = 6.931 58. ` 1648 59. r = ( 63t + 27)1/ 3
2 log 2
60.
æ 11 ö
log ç ÷
è 10 ø

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS (EXERCISE 19B)

1 1 2x 1
4. ò y dy = 2 ò ( 1 + x 2 ) dx Þ log|y| -
2
log|1 + x 2| = log|C|

y y
Þ log = log|C| Þ = ± C = C1 .
2
1+ x 1 + x2
1 - dy
dy = dx Þ - ò
( 1 - y) ò
5. = dx
( 1 - y)
- dy
Þ ò dx + ò = C Þ x + log|1 - y| = C .
( 1 - y)
1 1 ì 1 1ü 1
7. ò y( y - 1) dy = ò x dx Þ ò í( y - 1) - y ý dy = ò x dx [by partial fractions]
î þ
Þ log|y - 1| - log|y| = log|x| + log|C|
Þ ( y - 1) = ± Cxy Þ ( y - 1) = C 1 xy Þ y = 1 + C 1 xy.
x2 y2 æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
8. ò ( x - 1) dx + ò ( y + 1) dy = C Þ ò çè x + 1 + ÷ dx +
x - 1ø ò ççè y - 1 + y+
÷ dy = C.
1 ÷ø
2y -2 x
9. ò ( 1 + y 2 ) dy = - ò ( 1 - x 2 ) dx Þ log|1 + y 2| + log|1 - x 2| = log|C 1|

Þ ( 1 + y 2 )( 1 - x 2 ) = ± C 1 = C .

22
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-936

1 1 dt 1
10. ò x dx = ò y log y dy Þ ò x dx = ò
t
, where log y = t.

\ log|x| = log||
t + log|C 1| Þ log|x| - log|log y| = log|C 1|
x x
Þ log = log C 1 Þ = ± C1 = C .
log y log y
( 1 - y2 ) ( 1 + x2 )
11. x 3 ( 1 - y 2 )dy + y 3 ( 1 + x 2 )dx = 0 Þ ò y 3
dy + ò x3
dx = C .

æ 1ö æ 1ö y -2 x -2
\ ò ççè y -3 - y ÷÷ø dy + ò çè x -3 + ÷ dx = C Þ
xø -2
- log|y| +
-2
+ log|x| = C .

1 x
12. ò y( 1 - y ) dy + ò ( 1 - x 2 ) dx = log|C1|
ì1 1 ü 1 -2 x
Þ ò í y + ( 1 - y ) ý dy - 2 ò ( 1 - x 2 ) dx = log|C1|
î þ
1 y
Þ log|y| - log|1 - y| - log|1 - x 2| = log|C 1| Þ log = log|C 1|
2 ( 1 - y) 1 - x 2
y
Þ = ± C1 = C .
( 1 - y) 1 - x 2
( 1 - x2 ) y ( 1 + y) æ1 ö ( y 2 + y)
13. ò x
dx = ò
( 1 - y)
dy Þ ò ç - x ÷ dx = ò
èx ø ( - y + 1)
dy

æ1 ö æ 2 ö
\ ò ç - x ÷ dx = ò çç - y - 2 + ÷ dy [on dividing ( y 2 + y ) by ( - y + 1)].
èx ø è 1 - y ÷ø
dy 3 e 2 x( 1 + e 2 x ) 3 e 3 x( 1 + e 2 x )
19. = = = 3 e 3x.
dx æ x 1ö ( 1 + e2x)
çe + x ÷
è e ø
3e x sec2 y
20. ò x
dx + ò dy = log|C 1|
(1 - e ) tan y
-ex sec2 y
Þ -3 ò x
dx + ò tan y dy = log|C1| Þ - 3 log|1 - e - x| + log|tan y|= log|C 1|
(1 - e )
tan y
Þ log|( 1 - e - x ) -3 tan y| = log|C 1| Þ = ± C1 = C .
( 1 - e -x ) 3
ey dt
22. ò ( e 2 y + 1) dy = ò e xdx Þ ò (t 2 + 1) = e x + C , where e y = t
Þ tan -1 (t ) = e x + C Þ tan -1 ( e y ) = e x + C .
log y
26. ò dy + ò x 2 sin x dx = C
y I II

Þ ò t dt + x 2 ( - cos x ) - ò 2 x( - cos x ) dx = C , where log y = t

t2
Þ - x 2 cos x + 2 ò x cos x dx = C .
2 I II
dx 1
27. ò + ò dy = log|C 1|.
( 1 + x 2 ) tan -1 x y
-1 dx
Put tan x = t and = dt.
( 1 + x2 )

23
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-937

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

x2 1 x2
28. ò dy = ò (tanI-1 x ) IIx dx Þ y = (tan -1 x )
2 ò ( 1 + x2 ) 2
- × dx + C

1 1 ïì ( 1 + x 2 ) - 1 ïü
Þ y = x 2 (tan -1 x ) - ò í ý dx + C
2 2 ïî ( 1 + x 2 ) ïþ
1 1 ìï 1 üï
Þ y = x 2 (tan -1 x ) - ò í 1 - 2 ý dx + C .
2 2 ïî ( 1 + x ) ïþ
dy 1 - cos x 2 sin 2 ( x/ 2 ) x æ x ö
30. = = = tan 2 = ç sec2 - 1 ÷
dx 1 + cos x 2 cos 2 ( x/ 2 ) 2 è 2 ø
æ 2x ö
\ ò dy = ò ç sec - 1 ÷ dx.
è 2 ø
dy cos 3 x - cos 2 x ( 4 cos 3 x - 3 cos x ) - ( 2 cos 2 x - 1)
31. = =
dx cos x cos x
dy 2
Þ = 4 cos x - 2 cos x - 3 + sec x
dx
dy 4( 1 + cos 2 x )
Þ = - 2 cos x - 3 + sec x = 2 cos 2 x - 2 cos x - 1 + sec x.
dx 2
2
dy 2 cos y dy cosec2 x
32. + = 0 Þ + = 0 Þ ò (sec2 y )dy + ò cosec2 x dx = C .
dx 2 sin 2 x dx sec2 y
33. ò cot y dy + ò cos x dx = C .
cos x sin y
34. ò ( 1 + sin x ) dx - ò ( 1 + cos y ) dy = log|C1|
Þ log|1 + sin x| + log|1 + cos y| = log|C 1|
Þ log|( 1 + sin x )( 1 + cos y )| = log|C 1| Þ ( 1 + sin x )( 1 + cos y ) = ± C 1 = C.
( 3 sin x - sin 3 x )
35. sin y dy = sin 3 x dx = dx [Q sin 3 x = 3 sin x - 4 sin 3 x]
4
3 1
\ ò sin y dy = ò sin x dx - ò sin 3 x dx + C .
4 4
ì( x - y) + ( x + y) ü ì( x - y) - ( x + y) ü
36. sin ( x - y ) - sin ( x + y ) = 2 cos í ý sin í ý
î 2 þ î 2 þ
= 2 cos x sin ( - y ) = -2 cos x sin y.
1
\ ò dy = -2 ò cos x dx Þ ò cosec y dy = -2 sin x + C
sin y
Þ log|cosec y - cot y| = -2 sin x + C .
37. y cos y dy + x cos x dx = 0 Þ y ( 2 cos 2 y )dy + x( 2 cos 2 x )dx = 0
2 2

Þ y ( 1 + cos 2 y )dy + x( 1 + cos 2 x )dx = 0

Þ ò y dy + ò y cos 2 y dy + ò x dx + ò x cos 2 x dx = C
x2 y2
Þ
2
+
2
+ ò y cos 2 y dy + ò xI cosII 2 x dx = C .
I II

38. ò dy = ò cos x( 1 - cos2 x ) sin x dx + ò xe dx + C

2

Þ y = - ò t 2 ( 1 - t 2 )dt + ò xe xdx + C , where t = cos x

Þ y = - ò t 2 dt + ò t 4 dt + ò x e x dx + C .
I II

24
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-938

dy dy x2
39.
dx
= ( 1 + x )( 1 + y ) Þ ò ( 1 + y ) = ò ( 1 + x ) dx Þ log|1 + y| = x +
2
+ C. … (i)

-3
Putting x = 1 and y = 0 in (i), we get C = ×
2
x2 3
\ log|1 + y| = x + - ×
2 2
1 2x 1 2y
40. ò dx - ò dy = log|C 1|
2 ( 1 + x2 ) 2 ( 1 + y2 )
1 1
Þ log ( 1 + x 2 ) - log ( 1 + y 2 ) = log|C 1|
2 2
( 1 + x2 )
Þ log ( 1 + x 2 ) - log ( 1 + y 2 ) = log|C 12| = log C Þ = C. … (i)
( 1 + y2 )
1
Putting x = 0 and y = 1 in (i), we get C = ×
2
\ ( 1 + y 2 ) = 2( 1 + x 2 ) Þ y = 2 x 2 + 1.
dy
41. = e 3 x+ 4 y = e 3 x × e 4 y Þ ò e 3 xdx = ò e -4 y dy
dx
e 3 x e -4 y
\ = + C. … (i)
3 -4
æ 1 1ö 7
Putting x = 0 and y = 0 in (i), we get C = ç + ÷ = ×
è 3 4 ø 12
3x -4 y
e e 7
\ = + Þ 4 e 3 x + 3 e -4 y = 7 .
3 -4 12
( 1 - y) æ 1 + x2 ö
42. x 2 ( 1 - y )dy + y 2 ( 1 + x 2 )dx = 0 Þ ò 2
dy + ò çç 2
÷ dx = C .
÷ 1
y è x ø
1 1 1 1
\ - - log|y| - + x = C 1 Þ log|y| + + - x = C . … (i)
y x y x
Putting x = 1 and y = 1 in (i), we get C = 1.
1 -2 y
43. ò x e xdx = ò dy Þ e x( x - 1) = 1 - y 2 + C . … (i)
I II 2 1 - y2
Putting x = 0 and y = 1 in (i), we get C = -1.
44. ò (sin y + y cos y ) dy = ò ( 2 x log x + x ) dx + C
Þ ò sin y dy + ò y cos y dy = ò 2 x log x dx + ò x dx + C
é x2 1 x2 ù x2
Þ ( - cos y ) + y sin y - ò 1 × sin y dy = 2 ê(log x ) × -ò × dx ú + +C
êë 2 x 2 ûú 2
Þ y sin y = x 2 log x + C . … (i)
1 1
45. ò y dy = ò sin 2 x dx + C Þ log|y| = -
2
cos 2 x + C . … (i)

1
Putting x = 0 and y = 1 in (i), we get C = ×
2
1 æ1 ö
\ log|y|= ( 1 - cos 2 x ) = ç ´ 2 sin 2 x ÷ = sin 2 x.
2 è2 ø
2
Hence, y = e sin x.

25
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-939

Differential Equations with Variable Separable

1 2x ( x + 1) - 1 ì 1 ü
46. ò y dy = ò ( x + 1) dx = 2 ò ( x + 1)
dx = 2 ò í 1 -
( x +
ý dx
1) þ
î
Þ log|y| = 2 x - 2 log|x + 1| + log|C 1|
Þ log|y| = log|e 2 x| - log|( x + 1) 2| + log|C 1|
y( x + 1) 2 y( x + 1) 2
Þ log 2x
= log|C 1| Þ = ± C 1 = C (say).
e e2x
Then, y( x + 1) 2 = Ce 2 x. … (i)
-4
Putting x = 2 and y = 3 in (i), we get C = 27 e .
\ y( x + 1) 2 = 27 e 2 x- 4 is the required solution.
1 ïì 1 3 x - 1 ïü
48. dy = í + ý dx [by partial fractions]
2 ïî ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1) ïþ
1 ìï 1 3 2x 1 üï
Þ ò dy = ò í + × 2 - 2 ý dx + C
2 îï ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) þï
1ì 3 2 -1 ü
Þ y= í log|x + 1| + log|x + 1| - tan x ý + C .
2î 2 þ
When x = 0 and y = 1, then C = 1.
dy cos 2 x 1
51. ò
y ò sin 2 x
= dx Þ log|y| = log|sin 2 x| + log|C 1|
2
y y
\ = C1 Þ = ± C 1 = C (say). … (i)
sin 2 x sin 2 x
p
Putting x = and y = 2 in (i), we get C = 2.
4
Hence, y = 2 sin 2 x .
53. tan x dx + tan y dy = 0
Þ ò tan x dx + ò tan y dy = constant
Þ - log|cos x| - log|cos y| = log|C 1|
1 1
Þ log|cos x cos y| = log Þ cos x cos y = ± = C (say). … (i)
C1 C1
p 1
Putting x = 0 and y = in (i), we get C = ×
4 2
1 1 æ 1 ö
\ cos x cos y = Þ cos y = sec x Þ y = cos -1 ç sec x ÷ ×
2 2 è 2 ø
ax
e ( a sin bx - b cos bx )
54. Use the formula ò e ax sin bx dx = ×
( a2 + b 2 )
Put a = 1 and b = 1.
dy y2 x2
55. y = x Þ ò y dy = ò x dx Þ = + C.
dx 2 2
Put x = 0 and y = -2 to get C = 2.
dy 2( y + 3 ) 1 1
56. = Þ ò dy = 2 ò dx
dx ( x + 4 ) ( y + 3) ( x + 4)
( y + 3)
\ log|y + 3| = 2 log|x + 4| + log|C 1| Þ = ± C1 = C .
( x + 4)2
Putting x = -2 and y = 1, we get C = 1.

26
 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 12 Pg-940

dP æ r ö dP æ r ö rt
÷P Þ ò
P ò è 100 ø
57. =ç = ç ÷ dt Þ log P = + C. … (i)
dt è 100 ø 100
At t = 0, we have P = P0. So, log P0 = C .
rt æP ö rt
\ log P - log P0 = Þ log çç ÷÷ = × … (ii)
100 è P0 ø 100
Putting P0 = 100 , P = 2 P0 = 200 and t = 10, we get
r
= log 2 Þ r = ( 10 ´ 0.6931) = 6.931.
10
dP 5 P dP 1 t
Þ ò
P ò 20
58. = = dt Þ log P = + log C .
dt 100 20
At t = 0, we have P = 1000 and so log C = log 1000.
t
\ log P = + log 1000.
20
æ P ö P
Putting t = 10, we get log ç ÷ = 0.5 Þ = e 0.5 = 1.648.
è 1000 ø 1000
\ P = ( 1000 ´ 1.648 ) = 1648.
4
59. The volume of a spherical balloon of radius r is given by V = pr 3 .
3
dV
Now, = - k , where k > 0 [note that V is decreasing]
dt
d æ4 3ö dr
Þ ç pr ÷ = - k Þ ( 4 pr 2 ) = -k
dt è 3 ø dt
Þ ò ( 4 pr 2 )dr = ò ( - k ) dt
4 3
Þ pr = - kt + C … (i), where C is an arbitrary constant.
3
Putting t = 0 and r = 3 in (i), we get C = 36p.
4 3
\ pr = - at + 36 p. … (ii)
3
It is being given that when t = 3, then r = 6.
Putting t = 3 and r = 6 in (ii), we get k = -84p.
Putting k = -84p in (ii), we get
r 3 = ( 63t + 27 ) Þ r = ( 63t + 27 )1/3 .
60. Let at any time t, the bacteria count be N. Then,
dN dN 1
µN Þ = kN Þ ò dN = ò k dt Þ log N = kt + log (C ).
dt dt N
At t = 0, we have N = 100000.
\ log C = log 100000
Þ log N = kt + log 100000. … (i)
At t = 2, we have N = 110000.
1 11
Putting these values in (i), we get k = log ×
2 10
1 æ ö
11
\ log N = t log ç ÷ + log 100000. … (ii)
2 è 10 ø
When N = 200000, let t = T , then
T æ 11 ö 2 log 2
log 200000 = log ç ÷ + log 100000 Þ T = ×
2 è ø
10 æ 11 ö
log ç ÷
è 10 ø

27