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Central Tendency in R Programming

Central tendency measures describe the center or typical value of a dataset and include the mean, median, and mode. In R, the mean() function calculates the arithmetic mean, prod() and length() can calculate the geometric mean, and median() calculates the median. There is no direct function for mode, but it can be found by generating a frequency table with table() and identifying the highest frequency values.

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163 views6 pages

Central Tendency in R Programming

Central tendency measures describe the center or typical value of a dataset and include the mean, median, and mode. In R, the mean() function calculates the arithmetic mean, prod() and length() can calculate the geometric mean, and median() calculates the median. There is no direct function for mode, but it can be found by generating a frequency table with table() and identifying the highest frequency values.

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usharani s
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Central Tendency in R

Programming
Central Tendency is one of the feature of descriptive statistics. Central
tendency tells about how the group of data is clustered around the centre
value of the distribution. Central tendency performs the following measures:
 Arithmetic Mean
 Geometric Mean
 Harmonic Mean
 Median
 Mode
Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean is simply called the average of the numbers which
represents the central value of the data distribution. It is calculated by adding
all the values and then dividing by the total number of observations.
Formula:

where,
X indicates the arithmetic mean
indicates value in data vector
n indicates total number of observations
In R language, arithmetic mean can be calculated by mean() function.
Syntax: mean(x, trim, na.rm = FALSE)
Parameters:
x: Represents object
trim: Specifies number of values to be removed from each side of object
before calculating the mean. The value is between 0 to 0.5
na.rm: If TRUE then removes the NA value from x
Example:

# Defining vector

x <- c(3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23)
# Print mean

print(mean(x))

Output:
[1] 21.5

Geometric Mean
The geometric mean is a type of mean that is computed by multiplying all the
data values and thus, shows the central tendency for given data distribution.
Formula:

where,
X indicates geometric mean
indicates value in data vector
n indicates total number of observations
prod() and length() function helps in finding the geometric mean for given set
of numbers as there is no direct function for geometric mean.
Syntax:
prod(x)^(1/length(x))

where,
prod() function returns the product of all values present in vector x
length() function returns the length of vector x
Example:

# Defining vector

x <- c(1, 5, 9, 19, 25)


# Print Geometric Mean

print(prod(x)^(1 / length(x)))

Output:
[1] 7.344821

Harmonic Mean
Harmonic mean is another type of mean used as another measure of central
tendency. It is computed as reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of reciprocals
of the given set of values.
Formula:

where,
X indicates harmonic mean
indicates value in data vector
n indicates total number of observations
Example:
Modifying the code to find the harmonic mean of given set of values.

# Defining vector

x <- c(1, 5, 8, 10)

# Print Harmonic Mean

print(1 / mean(1 / x))

Output:
[1] 2.807018

Median
Median in statistics is another measure of central tendency which represents
the middlemost value of a given set of values.
In R language, median can be calculated by median() function.
Syntax: median(x, na.rm = FALSE)
Parameters:
x: It is the data vector
na.rm: If TRUE then removes the NA value from x
Example:

# Defining vector

x <- c(3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39,

23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23)

# Print Median

median(x)

Output:
[1] 21.5

Mode
The mode of a given set of values is the value that is repeated most in the set.
There can exist multiple mode values in case if there are two or more values
with matching maximum frequency.
Example 1: Single-mode value
In R language, there is no function to calculate mode. So, modifying the code
to find out the mode for a given set of values.

# Defining vector

x <- c(3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39,

23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56,


23, 29, 56, 37, 45, 1, 25, 8)

# Generate frequency table

y <- table(x)

# Print frequency table

print(y)

# Mode of x

m <- names(y)[which(y == max(y))]

# Print mode

print(m)

Output:
x
1 3 5 7 8 12 13 14 20 23 25 29 37 39 40 45 56
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
[1] "23"

Example 2: Multiple Mode values

# Defining vector

x <- c(3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39, 23, 40,


23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29, 56, 37,

45, 1, 25, 8, 56, 56)

# Generate frequency table

y <- table(x)

# Print frequency table

print(y)

# Mode of x

m <- names(y)[which(y == max(y))]

# Print mode

print(m)

Output:
x
1 3 5 7 8 12 13 14 20 23 25 29 37 39 40 45 56
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
[1] "23" "56"

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