The document discusses inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). ICP-OES uses a plasma torch to nebulize and excite sample atoms into emitting electromagnetic radiation, which is analyzed to determine elemental composition. Key points:
- The argon plasma reaches temperatures of 6000-10000 K, hot enough to excite most elements and break down interferences.
- A radio frequency current ionizes argon gas to produce the high-temperature plasma.
- ICP-OES can detect around 60 elements and has better detection limits than other atomic spectroscopy techniques. Precision is improved with more frequent instrument recalibration.
The document discusses inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). ICP-OES uses a plasma torch to nebulize and excite sample atoms into emitting electromagnetic radiation, which is analyzed to determine elemental composition. Key points:
- The argon plasma reaches temperatures of 6000-10000 K, hot enough to excite most elements and break down interferences.
- A radio frequency current ionizes argon gas to produce the high-temperature plasma.
- ICP-OES can detect around 60 elements and has better detection limits than other atomic spectroscopy techniques. Precision is improved with more frequent instrument recalibration.
The document discusses inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). ICP-OES uses a plasma torch to nebulize and excite sample atoms into emitting electromagnetic radiation, which is analyzed to determine elemental composition. Key points:
- The argon plasma reaches temperatures of 6000-10000 K, hot enough to excite most elements and break down interferences.
- A radio frequency current ionizes argon gas to produce the high-temperature plasma.
- ICP-OES can detect around 60 elements and has better detection limits than other atomic spectroscopy techniques. Precision is improved with more frequent instrument recalibration.
The document discusses inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). ICP-OES uses a plasma torch to nebulize and excite sample atoms into emitting electromagnetic radiation, which is analyzed to determine elemental composition. Key points:
- The argon plasma reaches temperatures of 6000-10000 K, hot enough to excite most elements and break down interferences.
- A radio frequency current ionizes argon gas to produce the high-temperature plasma.
- ICP-OES can detect around 60 elements and has better detection limits than other atomic spectroscopy techniques. Precision is improved with more frequent instrument recalibration.
◼ Inductively coupled plasmas are at least 2X as hot
as flames or furnaces. ◼ The Ar plasma is the result of the flow of Ar ions in a very strong, localized radio field. ◼ 6000-10000 K are common. ◼ Hot enough to excite most elements so they emit light. ◼ Hot enough to prevent the formation of most interferences, break down oxides and eliminate most molecular spectral interferences. ◼ The way to do atomic emission spectroscopy today. Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (ICP-OES) Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (ICP-OES)
◼ Sample is nebulized and entrained in the flow of plasma support gas (Ar) How does ICP work? ✓Radio frequency electrical current and associated magnetic field ✓Ionization of Ar gas (sparked by a Tesla coil) ✓Acceleration of ions and electrons by magnetic field ✓Energy in transferred from the electrons to the gas by collision so the gas is heats up. ✓Production of high concentartion of both EXCITED ATOMS and ions Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (ICP-OES)
◼ Plasma torch inner tube contains the sample aerosol and Ar support gas ◼ Radio frequency generator produces a magnetic field which sets up an oscillating current in the ions and electrons of the support gas (Ar) ◼ Produces high temperatures (up to 10,000 K) Plasmas gas or
Three gases Support gas or
auxiliary gas How to measure temperature? ◼ The plasma is thermodynamic equilibrium ◼ Cannot characterize a single temperature ◼ Four temperatures can be used ◼ Excitation Temp (Texc): measure of population density of the energy levels (Boltzman equilibrium) ◼ Ionization Temp (Tion): measure of population density of different ionization states (Saha equilibrium) ◼ Electron Temp (Te): a measure of the kinetic energy of the electrons (related to the velocity of free electrons) ◼ Gas Temp (Tg or T kinetic): a measure of the kinetic energy of the atoms.
Tg < Texc < Tion < Te
N1/N0 = g1/go exp(∆E/kT) Performance characteristics ◼ Elements determined ◼ ~ 60 elements ◼ Line selection ◼ Most elements have several lines that can be selected ◼ Linear range ◼ Better than AAS ◼ Interferences ◼ Chemical interferences (lowered) ◼ Spectral interferences (still a problem) ◼ Detection limits ◼ Comparable or better than other atomic spectral techniques Calibration Curve
Ba Deionized water Cr 5000 mg/mL Na Cd Zn Tap water (500 ppm hardness) Intensity ratio
Pb 200 mg/mL Ca, 200 mg/mL Mg
( all solutions 0.1 M HCl)
0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0 10
Concentration mg/mL Effect of Standardization Frequency on Precision of ICP Data Frequency of Relative standard deviatoin % recalibration Concentration multiple above detection limit 101 to 102 102 to 103 103 to 104 104 to 105 0.5 3-7 1-3 1-2 1.5-2 2 5-10 2-6 1.5-2.5 2-3 5 8-15 3-10 3-7 4-8
