Module 1: Introduction to Computers 5.

5. Diligence - can work tirelessly without getting  IT will also change the functionality of computers and
Computer - electronic devices capable of performing a fatigued or bored. Ideal for repetitive and time the way they serve the needs and expectations of
wide range of tasks. consuming tasks. users.
Components of Computer 6. Automation - can automate complex tasks and
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - often referred to as processes, reducing the need for manual intervention. Advantages of Computers:
the “brain” of the computer. 7. Reliability - are reliable tools, can be susceptible to 1. Speed and Efficiency - can process infos and perform
2. Memory: hardware failures and software glitches, necessitating tasks at incredibly high speed, leads to increased
a) Random Access Memory (RAM) - type of volatile backup systems and data recovery plan. productivity and decision making.
memory that provides the computer with fast 8. Consistency - consistently follows instructions, 2. Automation - enable automation of repetitive tasks,
and temporary storage for data and instructions. ensuring that the same task executed multiple times reducing human effort and minimizing errors.
b) Read Only Memory (ROM) - non-volatile yields the same results. 3. Storage Capability - can store vast amount of data.
memory that stores firmware and essential 9. Multitasking - are equipped with multitasking This data can be easily accessed and organized.
system instructions. It reatins data even when capabilities, allowing them to run multiple 4. Data Processing - Can process large amount of data
the computer is turned off. applications and processes simultaneously. and perform complex calculations quickly and
3. Storage Devices - it is used to store data persistently, 10. Connectivity - can communicate with other devices accurately.
even when the power Is turned off. and computers through networks, enabiling data 5. Communication - facilitate comunication through
4. Input Devices - allows users to input data and sharing, remote acces and collaborative work. various means, like email, social media etc.
command into the computer. 11. Scalability - can be easily upgraded and expanded by 6. Global Information Access - internet allows
5. Output Devices - display or present the results of adding more memory, storage and processing power computers to access information from all over the
processed data to the user. to accommodate increasing demands. world.
6. Motherboard - it is the main circuit board that 12. User Interaction - enabling users to interact with the 7. Multitasking - enables computers to perform multiple
connects and interconnects all the computer’s system and software. tasks simultaneously.
components. 13. Portability - computer become more portable, 8. Creativity and Entertainment - procide tools for
7. Expansion Cards - these cards are inserted into slots allowing users to carry theur computer power with digital art, music compositions, video editing and
on the motherboard to add extra functionality to the them. more.
computer. 14. Security Concerns - it is a critical concern, measures 9. Education and E-Learning - have transformed
8. Power Supply Unit (PSU) - provides electrical power are implemented to protect against unauthorized education, offering online courses, platforms, and
to the components of the computer. access, data breaches and cyberattacks. resources.
9. Cooling System - used to prevent overheating of the 15. Upgradability - can be upgraded, allowing users to 10. Medical Advancement - play a vital role in medical
computer during operation. improve performance, replace outdated hardware, diagnostics, imaging research etc.
keep up with technological advancements.
Characteristics of Computer 16. Customizability - users can customize their computers Disadvantages of Computers:
1. Speed - can execute billions of instructions per with software, applications and settings to suit their 1. Dependency - can lead to difficulties when systems
second, enabling fast calculations and data specific needs and preferences. fail, causing significant disruptions.
processing. Crucial for tasks that requires rapid 17. Environmental Impact - comsume energy and 2. Health Concerns - can lead to health issues such as an
analysis and response. generate heat, contributing to environmental eyestrain, carpal tunnel syndrome etc.
2. Accuracy - without human errors or bias. concerns. 3. Privacy and Security - Store vast amounts of personal
3. Versatility - can perform variety of tasks by running and sensitive data, susceptible to hacking identity theft,
different software applications, can handle task The Future of Information Technology etc.
ranging from word processing and graphic design to  IT will involve smart robots, biometrics and other 4. Job Displacement - automation driven by computers
scientific simulation and data analysis. technologies. can lead to job loss in certain industries, as machines
4. Storage - can store vast amount of data. replace humans.
5. Environmental Impact - production and disposal of  There are two or more processor.  Continuous data that changes continuously and
computers contribute to electronic waste.  Supports 4 to 200 users at one time. cannot have discrete values are called analog data
6. Distraction and Addiction - can be a source of  Similar to Microcontroller.  Used where we don’t need exact values. (EX. Speed,
distraction, leading to decreased productivity and addictive  Used in places for different work like (billing, temperature, pressure etc,)
behaviors. accounting, inventory management etc.) 8. Digital Computer - they can easily perform calculations
7. Cybercrime - vulnerable to various forms of  Smaller than mainframe but larger compare to and logical operations at high speed.
cybercrime including phishing, malware ransomware etc. microcomputer.  Takes raw data as inut and processes it with programs
8. Digital Divide - not everyone has equal access to  Characteristics stored in its memory to produce the final output.
computer and the internet, creating digital divide.  Weight is low, easy to carry anywhere.  It only understand binary input ) and !, raw input data
9. Loss of Human Interaction - can lead to a decline in  Less Expensive than a mainframe computer. is converted to 0 and 1.
face to face social interactions.  It is Fast.  All modern computers like (Laptops, desktops,
10. Ethical Concerns - rise of artificial intelligence raises 4. Workstation Computer - design for technical or scientific smartphones).
ethical questions about issues like bias in algorithms, job applications. 9. Hybrid Computer - combination of both analog and
displacement.  Consists of a fast microprocessor. digital computers.
 Large amount of RAM and a high speed graphic  Fast like analog computers, have memory and
MODULE 2 adapter. accuracy like digital computers.
 Single user computer.  Used in specialized applications. Ex. Processor used in
Size and Data handling capabilities - two bases to define  Used t perform specific task with great accuracy. Petrol pumps.
the types of computers.  Characteristics 10. Tablet and Smartphones - pocket friendly and easy to
Types of Computers:  High in Cost carry.
1. Super Computer - biggest and fastest computers (in  Made for complex work purposes.  One of the best use of modern technology.
terms of speed of processing data).  Provides large storage capacity, more powerful  Have better hardware capabilities.
 Can processed huge amount of data, like (trillions of CPU compare to PC  Contain a number of sensors and are also able to
instructions or data in a second).  Used to handle animation, data analysis, CAD, provide wireless communication protocols.
 Used in scientific and engineering applications audio and video creation and editing.
(weather forecasting etc). 5. Personal Computer (PC) - also known as microcomputer. Computer Hardware and Software
 Characteristics  General purpose computer designed for individual Hardware - physical components of a computer.
 Fastest, Very Expensive use. Computer Hardware - any part of the computer that we
 can calculate up to Ten Trillion individual  Suitable for personal work such as making an can touch. (Ex. Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, CPU
calculations per sec. assignment etc. (Ex. Laptops, Desktop) etc.)
 Used in scientific research areas.  Characteristics Types of Computer Hardware;
2. Mainframe computer - they can support hundreds or  Limited number of Software can be used. 1. Input Devices - devices through which user enters
thousands of users at the same time.  Smallest in size. data and infos to the computer. (Ex. Keyboard,
 Supports multiple prof=grams simultaneously.  Designed for personal use and easy to use. Mouse)
 Ideal for organizations (banking, telecom sectors, etc.) 6. Server Computer - computers that are combined data 2. Output Devices - devices used to show the result of
 Process high volume of data. and programs. the task performed by the user (Ex. Monitors,
 Characteristics  It does not solve a bigger problem like a Printers, Speakers)
 Costly supercomputer but: 3. Storage Devices - devices used for storing data, a.k.a
 High storage capacity  It solves many smaller ones. Secondary Storage Data. (Ex. CDs, DVDs, Hard Disk,
 Process huge amount of data very quickly.  Ex. Wikipedia etc)
 Runs smoothly for a long time, has long life 7. Analog Computer - particularly design to process analog
3. Minicomputer - medium size multiprocessing computer. data.
4. Internal Component - consists of important hardware replaceable with new one can be reinstalled  Following are security measures used to protect
devices present in the system. (Ex. CPU, - dust, overheating, - overloading, systematic user data:
Motherboard) humidity are factors for error etc are factors for  Protection against unauthorized access
hardware failures software failures. through login.
Software - a collection of instructions, procedures and - Ex. Keyboard, Mouse, - EX. MS Word, Excel, Power  Protection against intrusion by keeping
documentation that performs different tasks on a Monitor, Printer, CPU, Hard Point, Photoshop, MySQL, firewall active.
computer system. disk, RAM, ROM, etc. etc.  Protecting the system memory agaist
Computer Software - programming code executed on a malicious access.
computer processor. (Ex. MS Word, Excel, Powerpoints, Functions of an Operating System  Displaying messages related to system
Google Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL, etc.)  Process Management vulnerabilities.
Types of Computer Software:  the operating system must ensure that each  Job Accounting
1. System Software - components that directly operates process and application has enough time on the  Keeps track of time and resources used by
with computer Hardware, work to control computer CPU to run smoothly why using as many CPY various tasks and users.
internal functioning. (Ex, Operating Systems, Language cycles as possible for the real task.  Secondary Storage Management
Processors, Device Drivers)  Memory Management  Used as an extension of main memory in
2. Application Software - softwares that works the basic  An operating system manages the allocation and operating systems.
operations of the computer. Performs specific task for deallocation of the memory to various processes  Can hold data permanently.
users. (Ex. Word Processors, Spreadsheets) and ensures that the other process does not  Consists of Registers, Cache, Main Memory,
Hardware Software consume the memory allocated to one process. Electronic Disk, Magnetic Disk etc.
- physical part of the - set of instructions that  File Management  Most common Secondary Storage device is
computer tells computers what to do.  an operating system carries out the following file Magnetic-Disk, which provides both programs
- manufactured - developed and engineered management activities. It keeps track of where and data.
- cannot perform any task - cannot be executed w/o information is stored, users access settings, and  Main activity performed is disk scheduling.
w/o software. hardware more. These facilities are collectively known as  Networking
- electronic and other - created by utilizing File System.  OS provides network connectivity and manages
materials are use to create computer language to write  Keeps track of infos reagrding creation, deletion, communication between computers on a
hardware. instructions. transfer, copy and storage of files in an organized network.
- tangible, can be touched - intangible, can’t be touch. way.  Also manages network security by providing
- typically wears out over - does not wear out with  Device Management friewalls and other security measures.
time time, but it can contain  Keeps track of all devices connected to the  Coordination Between Other Software and Users
flaws and glitches. system  OS also coordinate and assign interpreters,
- Types : input, output, - Types : System and  Designates programs responsible for every compilers, assemblers, and other software to the
storage devices and internal Application Software. device known as the Input/Output controller various users of the computer systems.
components  Decides which process gets access to a certain
- not affected by computer - affected by computer virus device an dofr how long. Module 3: Word Processor
virus  Allocates devices effectively and efficiently, Word Processor - Computer program that allows you to
Deallocates when they are no longer required. create, edit and produce text documents, such as letters.
- cannot be transferred - can be transferred via
 Security Microsoft Word
places through network network means.
 OS uses password protection to protect user  word processor created by Microsoft.
- only machine level - program accepts human-
data and similar other techniques  Word processing component of the Microsoft Office
language is known to be readable input, interprets in
 Also provides unauthorized access to programs Suite.
understood machine level language.
- when damaged, - when damaged, back up and user data
 Used primarily to enter, edit, format, save, retrieve Indentation - the amount of space measured from the Apply underline formatting Ctrl+Alt+S
and print documents. page margin that is applied to a paragraph. to text. Ctrl+U Remove the document
 One of the many applications that are grouped under Insertion Point - the point at which the cursor is blinking on Decrease the font size by 1 window split. Alt+Shift+C or
the “Microsoft Office” umbrella the document screen. point. Ctrl+Left bracket ([) Ctrl+Alt+S
1983- first version of Microsoft word was released as Italics - Italicized characters appear on the screen slightly Exploring the Word Environment (2016 version)
competitor to WordStar (most popular word processor at tilted to the right. Title Bar
that time) Line Spacing - refers to the number of lines used by each 1. Note the title bar section which has window controls
Microsoft Office- refers to Microsoft’s entire suite of office line of text. at the right end, as in other Windows programs
productivity applications.  Single Line Spacing (each line text is followed by 2. Note that a blank document opens with a default file
another line of text, there are no nlank lines) name of Document 1.
Microsoft Word Technology  Double Line Spacing (each line of text is followed by a Quick Access Toolbar
Alignment-refers to the position of line in a paragraph. blank line)  Located all the way to the left on the title bar.
Backspace- deletes date to the left of the insertion point. Margin - the amount of blank space, usually measured in  It contains frequently used commands and can be
Bold- characters in bold appear on the screen of the higher inches or characters (above, below, right, left of the main customized using the drop-down menu.
intensity. document) Ribbon
Bullets- special characters or symbols that are used to set Paragraph- is any amount of text separated by a Hard  Contains all of the tools that you use to interact with
off a paragraph. Return. MS Word sees anything from a single word to an your MS Word file.
Centering- placement of a line of text in the center of the entire page of text as a paragraph.  Located towards the top of the window underneath
screen or page. Paste - Adds previously copied or cut text at the insertion the title bar.
Clip Art- pre-designed images that can be placed within the point.  Has a number of tabs, each of which contains buttons,
document. Print Preview - it lets you see how your document will look which are organized into groups.
Close- close the document and offers to save the changes on the page before it is printed. Active Tab
you made to the document without existing the program. Wrapping - text automatically wraps to the next line when  By default, word will open with the home tab active
Copy- creates a duplicate of highlighted/selected text and typing in MS word. on the ribbon
save to the clipboard to be paste elsewhere. Open a document. Ctrl+O Increase the font size by 1  Active tab has a white bg and blue letters, (inactive
Default- is the software manufacturer’s preset option for a Create a new document. point. Ctrl+Right bracket (]) tab has the opposite colors)
particular command or function. Default Settings can be Ctrl+N Center the text. Ctrl+E Contextual Tab
changed. Save the document. Ctrl+S Align the text to the left.  Is is displayed when certain objects, such as an images
Document- another name for a file created using MS word. Close the document. Ctrl+L and text boxes, are selected.
Font Formatting- changes the appearance of the text. Ctrl+W Align the text to the right.  They contain additional options for modifying the
 includes enhancements such as: Cut the selected content to Ctrl+R object.
 Font Style (bold, centering and underline) the Clipboard. Ctrl+X Cancel a command. Esc  They are stand-out because they are darker in color
 Point Size (12 pt.) Copy the selected content Undo the previous action. and located to the right of all the other tabs.
 Font Typeface (Times New Roman, Arial) to the Clipboard. Ctrl+C Ctrl+Z Groups and Buttons
Format Painter - enables you to copy the formatting of the Paste the contents of the Redo the previous action, if  On each Tab, Buttons (a.k.a commands or tools) are
one word or paragraph and apply it to another. Clipboard. Ctrl+V possible. Ctrl+Y organized into groups.
Hard Return - you can force Word to end a paragraph and Select all document Adjust the zoom  The group have names, but the names are not
move to the next line by pressing the enter key. The content. Ctrl+A magnification. Alt+W, Q, clickable.
resulting “Hidden” command is called a Hard Return. Apply bold formatting to then use the Tab key in the  Screen Tips- displays the name of the button, along
I-beam Mouse Pointer - the mouse pointer turns into a I- text. Ctrl+B Zoom dialog box to go to the with the short description of what it does.
beam Mouse Pointer when it is within the document area. Apply italic formatting to value you want. Buttons and Arrows
Used to place the insertion point in a document. text. Ctrl+I Split the document window.
 Note: some buttons have images on them, some have Page Down To the next screen
images and an arrow. Left Arrow or Right Left or right one character at a
 Arrow indicates that more infos are needed to carry Arrow time
out the function of the button. Up and Down Arrow Up and Down one line at a time
 Arrowed Buttons have two parts: Ctrl+Left Arrow Left one word at a time
 button proper - the section of the two-part Ctrl + Right Arrow Right one word at a time
button that will carry out the default option Ctrl + Up Arrow Up one paragraph at a time
 list arrow - section that will open an options Ctrl + Down Arrow Down one paragraph at a time
menu Ctrl + Up Arrow To beginning of the previous
 Menu button- one-part arrowed button. Twice paragraph
 Split Button - two part arrowed button Ctrl + Home To the beginning of the document
File Tab Ctrl + End To the end of the document
 It provide the Backstage view of your document
Ctrl + Page Up To the top of the previous page
 Backstage view - exposes infos and meta data about
Ctrl + Page Down To the top of the next page
the currently active document.
Workspace
Keyboard Keys
 Underneath the ribbon is the workspace.
1. Enter - moves the insertion point to a new line, but
Status Bar
also creates new paragraph.
 Located below the document window area
2. Space Bar - creates a small space between words.
Current Information
3. Delete - removes characters to the right of the
 Left end displays, a variety of inos about the
insertion point.
document, such as the page nujmber, how many total
4. Backspace - removes characters to the left of the
words etc.
insertion point.
Views
5. Shift - when typed in conjunction with a letter key,
 At the right end are shortcuts to the different views
inserts a capital letter.
that are available
6. Caps Lock - makes all letters come out as uppercase.
 Each view displays the document in a different way,
allowing you to carry out various tasks more
efficiently.
Zoom Slider
 Also at the right end of the Status Bar
 Allows you to adjust how large the document is
displayed on the screen.
Insertion Point
 Some referred to as the cursor
 Name of the blinking line where anything you insert
goes.
Press To move the location point
Home to the beginning of the current
line.
End To the end of the current line
Page Up To the previous screen