THIRD EYE FOR THE BLIND

Project Synopsis Submitted to

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CHANDRAKONA TOWN, PASCHIM MEDINIPUR,
WEST BENGAL
For Project stage - I of
B.TECH
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Name of the Student:

Roll No:

Registration No:

Department: Electrical Engineering

Year: 2023

Sem: 7th

Session: 44444444444444

Signature:……………………………….
 ABSTRACT
It is with the Great sense of Satisfaction and Pride that we are
sitting down to pen our Project report. On this day we stand
indebted to Mr. Ajay Ingle Sir for his Valuable Advice, guidance
and Suggestions to our project work which played a vital role in
carrying out this project successfully.

Our Project “Third Eye for the Blind” will help Navigate them
through streets,etc. We have tried to keep it a budget so it’s
affordable to everyone. It works on the principle of SONAR.
SONAR system uses ultrasound to detect the distance of the objects.
It works by sending ultrasound and then sensing the reflected rays
and thus determine the distance. We have used Arduino as our
Microprocesor and Buzzer for giving Feedbak Output

Since the kit contains 5 Units of same circuit we

have made a single circuit for Demonstration. We can make 5 of
them for the whole kit
 Introduction
1.1 CONCEPT & MOTIVATION
Third eye blinds is an innovation which helps the blinds people to
navigate with speed and confidence by detecting the nearby obstacles
using the help of ultrasonic waves and notify them with buzzer
sound or vibration. They only need to wear this device as a band or
cloth.

According to WHO 39 million peoples are estimated as blinds

worldwide. They are suffering a lot of harder ship in their daily life.
The affected ones have been using the traditional white cane for
many years which although being effective, still has a lot of
disadvantages. Another way is, having a pet animal such as a dog,
but it is really expensive. So the aim of the project is to develop a
cheap and more efficient way to help visually impaired to navigate
with greater comfort, speed and confidence.
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEMS
1. White cane

2. Pet dog

3. Smart devices (eg: Vision a torch for blinds)

Problem of the Existing Systems

1. White
cane - May easily crack/break, the stick may get stuck at
pavement cracks of different objects.

2. Pet dog - Not everyone can afford its daily needs.

* Common Disadvantages (Including the smart devices) cannot be
carried easily, needs a lot of training to use...

1.3 THIRD EYE FOR BLINDS AS A SOLUTION

By wearing this device they can fully avoid the use of white cane
and such other devices. This device will help the blind to navigate
without holding a stick which is a bit annoying for them. They can
simply wear it as a band or cloth and it can function very
accurately and they only need a very little training to use it.

We have designed a special wearable device based on the arduino

board which can be worn like a cloth for blinds. This device is
equipped with five ultrasonic sensors, consisting of five modules
which are connected to the different parts of the body. Among
them, two for both shoulder, another two for both knees and one
for the hand. Using the five ultrasonic sensors, blind can detect
the objects in a five dimensional view around them and can easily
travel anywhere. When the ultrasonic sensor detects obstacle the
device will notify the user through vibrations and sound beeps.
The intensity of vibration and rate of beeping increases with
decrease in distance and this is a fully automated device.
Literature Review
2.1 SONAR
 Principle

Sonar uses the Principle of Sending Ultrasound waves (Sound

Frequency above 20,000Hz) and the Sensing the reflected waves and
thereby detecting objects and their Distance.

History
Sonar was first proposed as a means of detecting icebergs. Interest in
sonar was heightened by the threat posed by submarine warfare in
World War I. An early passive system, consisting of towed lines of
microphones, was used to detect submarines by 1916, and by 1918 an
operational active system had been built by British and U.S. scientists.
Subsequent developments included the echo sounder, or depth
detector, rapid-scanning sonar, side-scan sonar, and WPESS (within-
pulse electronic-sector-scanning) sonar.
The uses of sonar are now many. In the military field are a large
number of systems that detect, identify, and locate submarines. Sonar
is also used in acoustic homing torpedoes, in acoustic mines, and in
mine detection. Nonmilitary uses of sonar include fish finding, depth
sounding, and mapping of the sea bottom, Doppler navigation, and
acoustic locating for divers.
A major step in the development of sonar systems was the invention
of the acoustic transducer and the design of efficient acoustic
projectors. These utilize piezoelectric crystals (e.g., quartz or
tourmaline), magnetostrictive materials (e.g., iron or nickel), or
electrostrictive crystals (e.g., barium titanate). These materials change
shape when subjected to electric or magnetic fields, thus converting
electrical energy to acoustic energy. Suitably mounted in an oil-filled
housing, they produce beams of acoustic energy over a wide range of
frequencies.
In active systems the projector may be deployed from an air-launched
sonobuoy, hull-mounted on a vessel, or suspended in the sea from a
helicopter. Usually the receiving and transmitting transducers are the
same. Passive systems are usually hull-mounted, deployed from son
buoys, or towed behind a ship. Some passive systems are placed on
the seabed, often in large arrays, to provide continuous surveillance.
2.2 ARDUINO

What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light
on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it
into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set
of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use
the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects,
from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A
worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-
source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible
amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices
and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy
tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in
electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider
community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs
and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to
products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments.
Why Arduino?
Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been
used in thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino
software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for
advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and
students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove
chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming
and robotics. Designers and architects build interactive prototypes,
musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with
new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of
the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a
key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists,
programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step
instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the
Arduino community.
There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms
available for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's
BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar
functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use
package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with
microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students,
and interested amateurs over other systems:
 Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive
compared to other microcontroller platforms. The least
expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by
hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less
than Rs 1000

 Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on

Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most
microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

 Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino

Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough
for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming
 environment, so students learning to program in that
environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.

 Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is

published as open source tools, available for extension by
experienced programmers. The language can be expanded
through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the
technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C
programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can
add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you
want to.

 Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino

boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so
experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively
inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the
module in order to understand how it works and save money.
2.3 What's on the board?
There are many varieties of Arduino boards (explained on the next
page) that can be used for different purposes. Some boards look a bit
different from the one below, but most Arduinos have the majority of
these components in common:

1. Power (USB / Barrel Jack)

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source.
The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from
your computer or a wall power supply (like this) that is terminated in
a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labeled (1)
and the barrel jack is labeled (2).
The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your
Arduino board. More on how to program with Arduino can be found
in our Installing and Programming Arduino tutorial.
NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will
overpower (and thereby destroy) our Arduino. The recommended
voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12 Volts.
2. Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)
The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to
construct a circuit (probably in conjunction with a breadboard and
some wire. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you
to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several
different kinds of pins, each of which is labelled on the board and
used for different functions.
GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the
Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.
5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of
power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the
simple components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3
volts.
Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through
A5 on the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal
from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a
digital value that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through
13 on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like
telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an
LED).
PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the
digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as
normal digital pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-
Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now,
think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading
an LED in and out).
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can
leave this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference
voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog
input.
3. Reset Button
Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button.
Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart
any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if
your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.
Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino
doesn't usually fix any problems.
4. Power LED Indicator
Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit
board, there’s a tiny LED next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED
should light up whenever you plug your Arduino into a power source.
If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is
wrong. Time to re-check your circuit!
5. TX RX LEDs
TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings
appear quite a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for
serial communication. In our case, there are two places on the
Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear -- once by digital pins 0 and
1, and a second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12).
These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications whenever our
Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re loading a
new program onto the board).
6. Main IC
The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit
(13). Think of it as the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the
Arduino is slightly different from board type to board type, but is
usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL Company.
This can be important, as you may need to know the IC type (along
with your board type) before loading up a new program from the
Arduino software. This information can usually be found in writing
on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the
difference between various IC's, reading the datasheets is often a good
idea.

7. Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or
should) interact with on the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to
know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage regulator does
exactly what it says -- it controls the amount of voltage that is let into
the Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn
away an extra voltage that might harm the circuit. Of course, it has its
limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to anything greater than 20
volts.

Principle
3.1 Working Principle
Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 is a sensor that can measure distance. It
emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz (40kHz) which travels through the
air and if there is an object or obstacle on its path It will bounce back
to the module. Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound
you can calculate the distance.
Based on the Distance, the buzzer will Beep Accordingly and help the
person determine the distance of the object.
 Methodology
4.1 COMPONENTS USED
Sr no Components Qty
1 Arduino UNO 1
2 Ultrasonic Sensor 1
Buzzer
3 1
Jumper Cables

4 Battery 9v Dc 1
5 Gloves 1
6 Velcro for assembling 1
7 Arduino Protection Cover 1
4.2 TOOLS USED
1. Adhesives
2. Laptop (For Programming Arduino)
3. Arduino IDE (For Coding)
4. Wire Stripper
5. Insulation Tape
6. Soldering Iron
7. Soldering Wire
8. USB A-B cable

4.3 CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY

1. Arduino UNO
Since, Arduino is a MicroProcessor, it is used as the Brain of the Project. It is
programmed by us to work as per our Needs. All the Sensors (Ultrasonic) and
Feedback Device (Buzzer) will be connected to Arduino.

2. UltraSonic Sensor
Ultrasonic Sensor senses the Distance of the Objects by sending and Receiving
Ultrasound.
3. Buzzer
For Producing Feedback Sound
4. Jumper Cables

5. Battery

6. Gloves
7. Velcro

8. Arduino Protection Case

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4.4 PROGRAM CODE
const int pingTrigPin = 12; //Trigger
connected to PIN 7 const int pingEchoPin =
10; //Echo connected yo PIN 8 int
buz=5; //Buzzer to PIN 4
void setup() {
Serial.begin(96
00);
pinMode(buz,
OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
long duration, cm; pinMode(pingTrigPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pingTrigPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(pingTrigPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(pingTrigPin, LOW); pinMode(pingEchoPin,
INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(pingEchoPin, HIGH);
cm =
microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
if(cm<=50 && cm>0)
{
int d= map(cm, 1, 100,
20, 2000);
digitalWrite(buz,
HIGH); delay(100);
digitalWrite(bu
z, LOW);
delay(d);
}
Serial.print(cm
);
Serial.print("c
m");
Serial.println(
); delay(100);
}
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}
4.5 WORKING
1. One can wear the Glove in Hand and Straps in Shoulder and Legs,
since we have made a working model, we have made a single kit.

2. After Wearing, One can direct hand towards the direction the
person wants to Move.

3. When the Arduino starts, it runs the Program in loop

4. The Ultrasonic sensor sends Ultrasonic sound, and waits to detect

the reflected waves

5. Once the waves are Detected by the sensor, it Highs (5v) echo pin

6. Through Code, Arduino calculates the Distance of the Object

7. If the Object is far, it does not trigger the buzzer.

8. If the Object is nearby, it triggers the beep.

9. As the buzzer beeps, one can know that the object is nearby and
may collide and hence change the Direction Accordingly.

4.6 COSTING (FOR SINGLE KIT)

No Component Qty Price

1 Arduino UNO 1 850
2 Ultrasonic Sensor 1 150
3 Gloves 1 Pair 200
4 Buzzer 1 40
5 Battery 1 40
6 Arduino Case 1 50
7 Velcro 1 50
8 Jumper Cables 1 Pack 150
9 USB A-B cable 1 100
10 Miscellaneous - 200
 Conclusion
5.1 CONCLUSION
In Conclusion, this Project has the capability and help Blind People
Navigate without the need of expensive tech or Dog or Sticks a.
This system can be paired with 4 other units and used as whole body
kit for the Blind people by wearing one in hand, Two in Shoulders
and Two on knees.
Moreover, a Similar Project has been tested on Blind People and have
generated Successful Positive Results. This Project can help transform
Blind People’s lives in Positive way.

5.2 Future improvements

The entire project can be made in the form of jacket, so that the
device doesn't need to be wear one by one.
Use of specially designed boards instead of arduino and high quality
ultrasonic sensors makes faster response which make the device
capable of working in crowded places more efficiently.

5.3 References
https://www.britannica.com/technology/sonar
https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/muhammedazhar/third-eye-for-
the-blind-8c246d
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino/all
https://www.instructables.com/THIRD-EYE-FOR-BLINDS-an-
Innovative-Wearable-Techno/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino