Drainage Systems

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Drainage means that part of a plumbing installation that conveys the wastewater, sanitary, and
storm water from a building to a connecting sewer or to a common drain, or to any other means of
sewage disposed on the site concerned.
Sanitary Drainage
Any drainage that might include human waste. This is further subdivided into two types of
wastewater:
Greywater: means wastewater from baths, showers, basins, drinking fountains, wash tubs,
kitchen sinks, washing machines, and the like. Normally, as a rule, a minimum of 3-inch
diameter pipes are used for wastewater.
Soil water: means any liquid containing excreta and includes a bed span sink, water closet
(WC) pan, urinal, squatting pan, etc. This is also called Blackwater. A soil Pipe means a pipe
conveying soil water from the trap or outlet of a soil fixture to a stack or drain. Normally as a
rule a minimum of 4-inch diameter pipes are used for soil water.
Storm Water Drainage
Source: depositphotos.com
Any water resulting from natural precipitation or accumulation, and includes rainwater, surface
water, subsoil water, and spring water. Storm water drain means a pipe or surface channel, which is
used for the conveyance of storm water to a sewer or a point of discharge acceptable to the
local authority.
Sewage means wastewater, soil water, or trade effluent and other liquid waste either separately or in
combination, but shall not include storm water.
Drainage System Considerations
The Drainage System is intended to safely carry away sewage to a disposal system. Removal of
solid water and waste is done without air pressure and by avoiding odors and siphonage.
In the drainage system, the drains from the plumbing fixtures are connected to vertical drain stacks
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that convey the waste and sewage to below the lowest floor of the building.
Traps are located at every fixture and hold some water that makes a seal used to prevent glasses
from the sewage system from entering the building. Traps are installed within 2 feet of the fixture.
The fixture drain traps must be vented to prevent their water trap seal from being siphoned by
negative pressure or blown out by positive pressure in the drain piping. The fixture vent pipes must
extend through the roof to outdoors. They can be run individually or be combined into one or more
vents through the roof.
Where buildings are over 10 stories high, the drainage stacks require relief vent
connections at specified intervals from the top and connected to a vent stack that terminates
above the roof. This relieves and equalizes the pressure in the drainage stack to maintain the water
seal in traps serving plumbing fixtures.
Wherever possible, the sanitary drainage system from a building should discharge to the public sewer
by gravity. All plumbing fixtures located below ground level should be pumped into the
public sewer or the drainage system leading to the sewer. The pump line should be as short as
possible and looped up to a point not less than 24 inches above ground level to prevent back-
siphonage of sewage. The pump discharge rate should be controlled so as not to cause scouring of
the internal bore of the pump line or the drainage or sewer system into which it discharges.
High-velocity discharge rates may also cause the flooding of adjoining plumbing fixtures or
overloading of the sewer itself. The sump pits for sewage pumps must have sealed covers, be vented
outdoors, and have automatic level controls and alarms. Sewage pumps in multiple dwellings and in
multi-story dwellings should be duplex, with each pump having 100% of the required pumping
capacity for the building. Alternatively, an approved vacuum drainage system may be considered.
Sewerage System
Because the wastewater is not treated before it is transported, the sewer must be designed to
maintain self-cleansing velocity (i.e. a flow that will not allow particles to accumulate), generally
obtained with a minimal flow of 2 feet per second.
When the required slope cannot be maintained, a pumping station must be installed. Primary sewers
are laid beneath roads, at minimal depths of 1.5 to 3m to avoid damages caused by traffic loads.
Access manholes are set at regular intervals along with the sewer, at pipe intersections, at changes in
pipeline direction, and at drops to provide a high level of hygiene and comfort for the user at the point
of use.
Manholes are installed wherever there is a change of gradient or alignment.
Drainage slopes are typically 1/4” per foot for typical effluent waste lines. Drains are maintained at
45º for waste lines that are gravity only.
The following are minimum slopes for PVC pipe (n=0.011):

Wherever possible, sewer pipe shall be installed at least 10-feet horizontally from any
existing or proposed water main. If horizontal separation is not possible, the pipe should be
installed in a separate trench or on an undisturbed earth shelf located on one side of the water main.
The top of the sewer main should be at least 18-inches below the invert of the water.
Interior drop manholes should be installed for vertical drops greater than 2 feet. Use 4-foot
diameter manholes for pipes up to 24 inches. Distance between manholes should generally not
exceed 400 feet.
An interior drop manhole is recommended when the elevation drop is greater than 2 feet between the
pipelines.
A grease trap should be used when draining waste from large kitchens or massage parlors; grease
should not be allowed to enter the normal drainage system. A grease trap is nothing but a small
inspection chamber. The grease floats should be removed manually on a daily basis. The inlets and
outlets in this chamber should be designed in a way that minimizes the disturbance of the floating
grease layer.
Storm Water System
The three basic storm water quality control strategies are as follows:
Infiltrate runoff into the soil

Retain/detain runoff for later release
Convey runoff slowly through vegetation
The system must drain by gravity and requires larger pipes.

Routing storm water inside a building can be a problem because of sweaty pipes.

Drainage Systems

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DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Drainage System Considerations

© 2022 Athena Global Education. All Rights Reserved

Manholes are installed wherever there is a change of gradient or alignment.

The following are minimum slopes for PVC pipe (n=0.011):

© 2022 Athena Global Education. All Rights Reserved

Storm Water System

Inﬁltrate runoﬀ into the soil

The system must drain by gravity and requires larger pipes.

© 2022 Athena Global Education. All Rights Reserved

© 2022 Athena Global Education. All Rights Reserved

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