1)What is Heat rate of a Power plant? Heat rate is a measure of the turbine efficiency.

It is determined from the total energy input supplied to the Turbine divided by the electrical energy output. 2)The highest value of Thermal conductivity is expected for a.) Solid ice b.) Melting ice c.) Water d.) Boiling water. 3)Give the Thermal conductivity value. Solid Ice 3.48 W/mK 4)Melting Ice thermal conductivity value is low because temperature is less. Waters Thermal conductivity value is 2.18 W/mK. 5)What is a Hydrostatic system? Hydrostatics is the study of uid bodies that are At rest Moving suciently slowly so there is no relative motion between adjacent parts of the body For hydrostatic situations There are no shear stresses There are only pressure forces that act perpendicular to any surface. Its a closed loop hydraulic systems. It comprises of motor and pump. Here pump supplies energy to motor and motor gives return energy to pump supply. 6)If you heat a piece of steel with a hole in the center will the diameter of the steel get bigger or smaller? It gets bigger. (Example: Always the bearings are heated first for new installation in a shaft. 7)What is the difference between Blower and Fan? Fan is an air pushing device. Either Axial or Centrifugal type systems are used to move the air in low pressure. It is rotated by a motor separately. When the fan is a housing of blades and motor, then it called as Blower. It directs the air in a single path with high pressure. 8)How to find a Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature in metals? The point at which the fracture energy passes below a pre-determined point for a standard Impact tests. DBTT is important since, once a material is cooled below the DBTT, it has a much greater tendency to shatter on impact instead of bending or deforming.

9)What is Hydrodynamic Cavitation? Hydrodynamic cavitation describes the process of vaporization in a constrained channel at a specific velocity. Bubble generation and Bubble implosion which occurs in a flowing liquid as a result of a decrease and subsequent increase in pressure. 10) Difference between Performance and Efficiency? The accomplishment of a given task measured against preset known standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed is called as Performance. Efficiency is defined as the input given and the work obtained from that input like money, time, labour etc. Its the main factor of productivity. 11) What is the difference between Impact Force & Sudden Force? An impact is a high force or shock applied over a short time period when two or more bodies collide. A force which applies on the body (material) suddenly is known as sudden force. 12) Difference between Antifriction Bearing and Journal Bearing Generally, journal bearings have higher friction force, consume higher energy and release more heat, but they have larger contact surface, so normally used in low speed high load applications. In anti friction bearings friction is less. One object just rolls over each other. 13) What is a Cotter joint? A cotter joint is used to connect rigidly two co-axial rods or bars which are subjected to axial tensile or compressive forces. Here shaft is locked in place by a smaller pin that passes through the side of the lug and partly or completely through the shaft itself. This locking pin is named as cotter. 14) What is difference between Hardness and Toughness? Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy. Hardness is the ability of a material to withstand wear. 15) What is the difference between Toughness, Hardness and Strength? Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy. Hardness is the ability of a material to withstand wear.

 Strength is generally withstanding stresses, fatigue etc. 16) What is the difference between Strength and Stamina? Strength is capability over a short length of time. Stamina is the ability to keep going continuously. 17). How do you come to know air is Fully Saturated? In its Dew point. (100% relative humidity condition). 18). What is the hottest part of refrigerant in the refrigeration System? Compressor. (Some types of refrigeration system will reach up to 311 deg Celsius.) 19). How to measure Temperature of a Bearing? Normally the temperature range from 80 degree to 110 degree Celsius. So the following temperature measurement devices are used. Dial Type Bearing Temperature Detector Stator Winding Temperature Detector Resistance Bearing Temperature Detector (Bearing RTD) Specialized in Pin type RTD 20). What is the purpose of Geyser Pressure Valve? To release the pressure created inside due to evaporation of water. 21). What is a Sentinel Relief Valve? Its a special type valve system. The valve will open when exhaust casing pressure is excessive (high). The valve warns the operator only; it is not intended to relieve the casing pressure. 22). How is the excess Discharge Pressure prevented? Discharge pressure prevented by a pressurized spike cushion. Here the system employs a pressurized cushion of air and a two o-ring piston, which permanently separates this air cushion from the water system. When the valve closes and the water flow is suddenly stopped, the pressure spike pushes the piston up the arrester chamber against the pressurized cushion of air. The air cushion in the arrester reacts instantly, absorbing the pressure spike that causes water hammer.

23). What does F.O.F. stand for in Piping design? Face of Flange. The F.O.F (Raised face and Flat face) is used to know the accurate dimension of the flange in order to avoid the minute errors in measurement in case of vertical or horizontal pipe lines. 24). What is Auto Dosing? Auto dosing is an automated system of feeding the equipment with liquid products. It is the ideal way to ensure the correct calibrated dose at the right time every time in auto. 25). Difference between Codes, Standards and Specifications? Code is procedure of acceptance and rejection criteria. Standard is accepted values and compare other with it. Specification is describing properties of any type of materials. 26). Difference between Strainer and Filter Strainer for coarse size, Filter is more accurate than Strainer. 27). What are differences between Welding & Brazing? In Welding concentrated heat (high temperature) is applied at the joint of metal and fuse together. In Brazing involves significantly lower temperatures and does not entail the melting of base metals. Instead, a filler metal is melted and forced to flow into the joint through capillary action. 28). What does a pump develops? Flow or Pressure A pump does not create pressure, it only creates flow. Pressure is a measurement of the resistance to flow 29). Which is heavier 1kg of Iron or 1kg of Cotton? and why? Both of them have same weight. The only difference is the volume of Iron is small compared to Cotton. 30). What will be the position of Piston Ring? In 180 degree angle the Top ring, Second ring and Oil ring are fixed. Position the ring approximately 1 inch gap below the neck.

31). Where Multi-stage pump used Pressure washing of Aircraft, Trains, Boats and Road vehicles as well as Spray washing of industrial parts and Electronic components. 32). What is the function of Scoop in BFP (Boiler Feed Water Pump) in Thermal Power Station? The Function of Scoop tube is regulating the varying amount of oil level in the coupling during operation of infinite variable speed. 33). In the Thermal Power Plant why Deaerator (D/A) placed on height? To build a Very high pressure and the temperature for a boiler feed water pump and it discharge high pressure water to the boiler. And to provide the required Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) for the BFW pump and to serve as a storage tank to ensure a continuous supply of feed water during rapid changes in BFP. 34). How to determine the capacity of Refrigeration system? How we use Condenser coils, Compressor, Capillarity? To determine the Refrigeration system by test of C.O.P and use the Condenser coils, Compressor, Capillarity, based on the properties 35). In orifice why the Pressure and Temperature are decreases? Orifice is a small hole like a nozzle. When a high pressure fluid passes through the orifice, Pressure gets reduced suddenly and the velocity of the fluid gets increased. Also the heat transfer rate increases. We know that Heat transfer rate is directly proportional to the difference in temperature, Area and the Heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer Coefficient remains constant for a fluid at a particular temperature. Q= KA (T1-T2) If the heat transfer rate increases, it seems the difference in temperature gets increased. There is no way in reduction of inlet temperature of the orifice. As a result, the outlet temperature of the orifice gets reduced. Hence the pressure and temperature gets reduced when it passes through orifice. 36). What is the difference between Bolt and Screw? The main difference was based on the load acting on it, and the size. For smaller loads, screws are enough but in case of greater-loads, bolts are to be used. In bolt we give centrifugal force or tangential force and screw we give axial force for driving.

37)How many governors are needed for safe turbine operation? Why? Two independent governors are needed for safe turbine operation: One is an over speed or emergency trip that shuts off the steam at 10 percent above running speed (maximum speed). The second, or main governor, usually controls speed at a constant rate; however, many applications have variable speed control. 38)How will you detect that misalignment is the probable cause of excessive vibration? Coupling to the driven machine is to be disconnected. The turbine is to be run alone. If the turbine runs smoothly, either misalignment, worn coupling or the driven equipment is the cause of the trouble. 39)In which part of the steam turbine does corrosion fatigue occur? In the wet stages of the LP cylinder. 40)In which part of the steam turbine does stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occur? In the wet stages of the low-pressure turbine. 41)In which zone of steam turbines has temperature-creep rupture been observed? Damage due to creep is encountered in high temperature (exceeding 455C) zones. That is, it has been found to occur in the control stages of the high-pressure and intermediatepressure turbines where steam temperature sometimes exceed 540C. In the reheat stage, it has been observed that creep has caused complete lifting of the blade shroud bands. 42)What are the types of thrust bearings? Babbitt-faced collar bearings Tilting pivotal pads Tapered land bearings Rolling-contact (roller or ball) bearings 43)What are the types of turbine seals? Carbon rings fitted in segments around the shaft and held together by garter or retainer springs. Labyrinths mated with shaft serrations or shaft seal strips.

Water seals where a shaft runner acts as a pump to create a ring of water around the shaft. Use only treated water to avoid shaft pitting. Stuffing box using woven or soft packing rings that are compressed with a gland to prevent leakage along the shaft. 44)What are the basic causes of the problem of rotor failure? Normal wear. Fatigue failure due to high stress. Design deficiency. Aggressive operating environment 45)What are the differences between impulse and reaction turbines? The impulse turbine is characterized by the fact that it requires nozzles and that the pressure drop of steam takes place in the nozzles. The reaction turbine, unlike the impulse turbines has no nozzles, as such. It consists of a row of blades mounted on a drum. The drum blades are separated by rows of fixed blades mounted in the turbine casing. These fixed blades serve as nozzles as well as the means of correcting the direction of steam onto the moving blades. In the case of reaction turbines, the pressure drop of steam takes place over the blades. This pressure drop produces a reaction and hence cause the motion of the rotor. 46)How can problems of "excessive vibration or noise" due to piping strain be avoided on steam turbines? The inlet as well as exhaust steam lines should be firmly supported to avoid strains from being imposed on the turbine. Adequate allowance should be made for expansion of steam pipes due to heat. 47)How the deposits in turbine be removed? Water soluble deposits may be washed off with condensate or wet steam. Water insoluble deposits are removed mechanically after dismantling the turbine. Experience shows that water soluble deposits are embedded in layers of water-insoluble deposits. And when the washing process is carried out, water soluble parts of the deposit dissolve away leaving a loose, friable skeleton of water-insoluble deposits which then break loose and wash away.

48)How the fatigue damage on high-pressure blades be corrected? Fatigue-damage on high-pressure blades arises due to vibration induced by partial-arc admission. This can be corrected by switching over to full arc admission technique. 49)How the misalignment of Flanges be rectified? The bolts holding the flanges together are to be tightened. The coupling is to be checked for squareness between the bore and the face. At the same time axial clearance is to be checked. 50)How the problem of excessive speed variation due to throttle assembly friction be overcome? The throttle should be dismantled. Moving parts should be checked for free and smooth movement. Using very fine-grained emery paper, the throttle valve seats and valve steam should be polished. 51)How the problems of vibration and fatigue arise in steam turbine blades? These arise due to flow irregularities introduced because of manufacturing defects, e.g. lack of control over tolerances. System operating parameter, e.g. low flow may excite various modes of vibration in the blades. 52)How does solid-particle erosion occur? Solid-particle erosion, i.e. SPE occurs in the high-pressure blades. And it takes place when hard particles of iron exfoliated by steam from superheater tubes, reheater tubes, steam headers and steam leads strike on the surface of turbine blades. 53)How does the internal efficiency monitoring lead to the detection of turbine deposits? Process heat drop. Adiabatic heat drop. The process heat drop and adiabatic heat drop are obtained from a Mollier-Chart for the corresponding values of steam parameters pressure and temperature at initial and final conditions. 54)How is a flyball governor used with a hydraulic control? As the turbine speeds up, the weights are moved outward by centrifugal force, causing linkage to open a pilot valve that admits and releases oil on either side of a piston or on one side of a spring-loaded piston. The movement of the piston controls the steam valves.

Introduction To Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles: Hybrid vehicles use two sources of power to drive the wheels. In a hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV) a regular internal combustion engine and a hydraulic motor are used to power the wheels. Hydraulic hybrid systems consist of two key components: High pressure hydraulic fluid vessels called accumulators, and Hydraulic drive pump/motors. Working of Hydraulic Hybrid Systems:

The accumulators are used to store pressurized fluid. Acting as a motor, the hydraulic drive uses the pressurized fluid (Above 3000 psi) to rotate the wheels. Acting as a pump, the hydraulic drive is used to re-pressurize hydraulic fluid by using the vehicles momentum, thereby converting kinetic energy into potential energy. This process of converting kinetic energy from momentum and storing it is called regenerative braking. The hydraulic system offers great advantages for vehicles operating in stop and go conditions because the system can capture large amounts of energy when the brakes are applied. The hydraulic components work in conjunction with the primary. Making up the main hydraulic components are two hydraulic accumulator vessels which store hydraulic fluid compressing inert nitrogen gas and one or more hydraulic pump/motor units. The hydraulic hybrid system is made up of four components. The working fluid The reservoir The pump or motor The accumulator The pump or motor installed in the system extracts kinetic energy during braking. This in turn pumps the working fluid from the reservoir to the accumulator, which eventually gets pressurized. The pressurized working fluid then provides energy to the pump or motor to power the vehicle when it accelerates. There are two types of hydraulic hybrid systems the parallel hydraulic hybrid system and the series hydraulic hybrid system. In the parallel

hydraulic hybrid, the pump is connected to the drive-shafts through a transmission box, while in series hydraulic hybrid, the pump is directly connected to the drive-shaft. There are two types of HHVs: Parallel and Series. Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles:

In parallel HHVs both the engine and the hydraulic drive system are mechanically coupled to the wheels. The hydraulic pump-motor is then integrated into the driveshaft or differential. Series Hydraulic Hybrid vehicles:

Series HHVs rely entirely on hydraulic pressure to drive the wheels, which means the engine does not directly provide mechanical power to the wheels. In a series HHV configuration, an engine is attached to a hydraulic engine pump to provide additional fluid pressure to the drive pump/motor when needed. Advantages: Higher fuel efficiency. (25-45 percent improvement in fuel economy) Lower emissions. (20 to 30 percent) Reduced operating costs. Better acceleration performance. What is important to remember about radial bearings? A turbine rotor is supported by two radial bearings, one on each end of the steam cylinder. These bearings must be accurately aligned to maintain the close clearance between the shaft and the shaft seals, and between the rotor and the casing. If excessive bearing wear lowers the he rotor, great harm can be done to the turbine. How many governors are needed for safe turbine operation? Why? Two independent governors are needed for safe turbine operation. One is an over speed or emergency trip that shuts off the steam at 10 percent above running speed (maximum speed). The second, or main governor, usually controls speed at a constant rate; however, many applications have variable speed control.

How is a fly ball governor used with a hydraulic control? As the turbine speeds up, the weights are moved outward by centrifugal force, causing linkage to open a pilot valve that admits and releases oil on either side of a piston or on one side of a spring-loaded piston. The movement of the piston controls the steam valves. What is meant by critical speed? It is the speed at which the machine vibrates most violently. It is due to many causes, such as imbalance or harmonic vibrations set up by the entire machine. To minimize damage, the turbine should be hurried through the known critical speed as rapidly as possible. (Caution, be sure the vibration is caused by critical speed and not by some other trouble). How is oil pressure maintained when starting or stopping a medium-sized turbine? An auxiliary pump is provided to maintain oil pressure. Some auxiliary pumps are turned by a hand crank; others are motor-driven. This pump is used when the integral pump is running too slowly to provide pressure, as when starting or securing a medium-sized turbine. Besides lubrication, what are two functions of lubricating oil in some turbines? In larger units, lube oil cools the bearings by carrying off heat to the oil coolers. Lube oil in some turbines also acts as a hydraulic fluid to operate the governor speed-control system. Do you stop cooling-water flow through a steam condenser as soon as the turbine is slopped? You should keep the cooling water circulating for about 15 mill or more so that the condenser has a chance to cool down gradually and evenly. Be sure to have cooling water flowing through the condenser before starting up in order to prevent live steam from entering the condenser unless it is cooled. Overheating can cause severe leaks and other headaches. How can the deposits be removed? Water soluble deposits may be washed off with condensate or wet steam. Water insoluble deposits are removed mechanically after dismantling the turbine. Experience shows that water soluble deposits are embedded in layers of water-insoluble deposits. And when the washing process is carried out, water soluble parts of the deposit dissolve away leaving a loose, friable skeleton of water-insoluble deposits which then break loose and wash away. How can the fatigue damage on high-pressure blades be corrected?

Fatigue-damage on high-pressure blades arises due to vibration induced by partial-arc admission. This can be corrected by switching over to full arc admission technique. What is a radial-flow turbine? In a radial-flow turbine, steam flows outward from the shaft to the casing. The unit is usually a reaction unit, having both fixed and moving blades. What are four types of turbine seals? Carbon rings fitted in segments around the shaft and held together by garter or retainer springs. Labyrinth mated with shaft serrations or shaft seal strips. Water seals where a shaft runner acts as a pump to create a ring of water around the shaft. Use only treated water to avoid shaft pitting. Stuffing box using woven or soft packing rings that are compressed with a gland to prevent leakage along the shaft. What are two types of clearance in a turbine? Radial clearance at the tips of the rotor and casing. Axial the fore-and-aft clearance, at the sides of the rotor and the casing. What is the function of a thrust bearing? Thrust bearings keep the rotor in its correct axial position. What are some conditions that may prevent a turbine from developing full power? The machine is overloaded. The initial steam pressure and temperature are not up to design conditions. The exhaust pressure is too high. The governor is set too low. The steam strainer is clogged. Turbine nozzles are clogged with deposits. Internal wear on nozzles and blades. What is a stage in a steam turbine?

In an impulse turbine, the stage is a set of moving blades behind the nozzle. In a reaction turbine, each row of blades is called a "stage." A single Curtis stage may consist of two or more rows of moving blades. What is a diaphragm? Partitions between pressure stages in a turbines casing are called diaphragms. They hold the vane-shaped nozzles and seals between the stages. Usually labyrinth-type seals are used. One-half of the diaphragm is fitted into the top of the casing, the other half into the bottom. What are the two basic types of steam turbines? Impulse type. Reaction type. What are topping and superposed turbines? Topping and superposed turbines arc high-pressure, non-condensing units that can be added to an older, moderate-pressure plant. Topping turbines receive high-pressure steam from new high-pressure boilers. The exhaust steam of the new turbine has the same pressure as the old boilers and is used to supply the old turbines. What is a combination thrust and radial bearing? This unit has the ends of the Babbitt bearing extended radically over the end of the shell. Collars on the rotor face these thrust pads, and the journal is supported in the bearing between the thrust collars.

What is the differences between gas turbine and a steam turbine? Gas turbine works on Bryton cycle where as steam turbine works Rankine cycle. Construction, operation of a gas turbine are entirely different to steam turbine. Gas turbine has a compressor to compress the combustion air, a combustion chamber to burn the fuel and a turbine section to extract the work for burning fuel. Steam turbine is just has a turbine section to extract the work from steam. What is operating pressure? The amount of pressure nearest the point of performing work at the output end of a pneumatic system. The system operating pressure is used to specify the capability of valves and actuators.

What are the safety valves? How many on each boiler? A valve opening automatically to relieve excessive pressure, especially in a boiler. There are normally two to six safety valves provided in the drum depending upon the capacity. The super heater outlet will have one to three safety valves on either side of the boiler. There will be an electromatic relief valve on the super heater pipe in addition. This valve will be set at lower pressure than the lowest set safety valve on the super heater. The reheater pipes both at the inlet and outlet side will also have safety valves which can range from two to eight both in the inlet and outlet of the reheater put together. What is a sentinel valve? Sentinel valves are simply small relief valves installed in some systems to warn of impending over pressurization. Sentinel valves do not relieve the pressure of the system. If the situation causing the sentinel valve to lift is not corrected, a relief valve (if installed) will lift to protect the system or component. If a relief valve is not installed, action must be taken quickly to secure the piece of equipment or system to reduce the pressure. What is the function of Hydrogen seals work on a generator? Provide a seal between the generator housings and rotor shaft to maintain the pressurized hydrogen gas inside the generator. Also, provides a trap-vent system to prevent the release of hydrogen into the turbine generator lube oil system and building atmosphere. How is the excess discharge pressure prevented? Pressure relief valves on the discharge side of each seal oil pump relieves back to seal oil system. Which two seal oil pumps are driven from the same motor? Main seal oil pump and re-circular seal oil pump; both are driven by Main seal oil pump motor. When does Emergency Seal Oil Pump automatically start? When its pressure switch senses Main Seal Oil Pump discharge pressure reduced to 78 PSI. What is the consequence of not maintaining hydrogen (or air) pressure in generator casing at a value above atmospheric pressure when seal oil system is in service? Failure to do so will cause excessive seal oil to be drawn into the generator. What is OEE?

OEE means Overall Equipment Effectiveness. This terminology widely used in Total productive maintenance, which is used to calculate the effectiveness of machines in manufacturing. Basically it captures the losses of machines in production and try to improve defects on machines. Higher the OEE, more capable is the machine. Why Involutes Curve used in Gear? Involute curve is the path traced by a point on a line as the line rolls without slipping on the circumference of a circle. Involute curve has a contact angle between two gears when the tangents of two gears pass through the contact point without friction. What is Bearing stress? The stress which acts on the contact surface area between two members is known as Bearing stress. An example for this is the stress between nut and the washer. Which is hard material Cast Iron or Mild Steel? Cast iron. Due to the excess carbon content than mild steel it is harder. The more carbon content, the more hardness will be. But it reduces the weldability due to this hardness. It is brittle too. What are the materials used for Sliding Wear pad? Urethane-Coated Base Material Provides Optimum Sliding Surfaces for Maximum Wear Ability Galvanized Steel for Backing on Head and Side Pads For crane services, We use Velcro Nylon wearing pad What is the difference between a Shaper machine and a Planner machine? In Shaper machine tool is having reciprocating motion and work piece is clamped on table which is stationary. It is mostly suitable for light duty operation.In Shaping large cutting force is transferred to tool. In Planer machine tool is having stationary and work piece is clamped on table which is reciprocating motion. It is mostly suitable for Heavy duty operation. In planner large cutting force is transferred to table. How will you calculate the tonnage of Mechanical Press? F = S x L x T divided by 1000 F = Force in kilo Newtons S = shear stress of material in MPa

L = the total length of peripheries being cut/sheared in mm T = thickness of material in mm What is the composition of Grey cast iron Grade 20? Carbon 0.07% : 3.10 3.25% Silicon : 1.75-1.95% Manganese : 0.50 0.7%Sulphur : 0.05 Phosporous : 0.04 0.07%

What is the composition of Cast iron Grade 35? Carbon=2.90-3.10%Manganese=0.60-1.00%Silicon=1.50-1.90%Sulphur=0.10% Phosphorus=0.15% Chromium=0.30% What are the super alloys? Super alloys is an alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance at high temperatures, having good surface finish. Why the Super alloys used for land-based turbines? Super alloys are the top most alloys used for their excellent strength and corrosion resistance as well as oxidation resistance. No other alloys can compete with these grade. What kinds of NDT methods are available? 1.Visual Inspection 2.Microscopy inspection 3.Radiography Test 4.Dye Penetrate technique 5.Ultrasonic testing 6.Magnetic Particle inspection 7.Eddy Current technology 8.Acoustic Emission 9. Thermograph 10.Replica Metallographic What is Stress Corrosion cracking? Molybdenum=0.30% Cupper=0.25%

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a process involving the initiation of cracks and their propagation, possibly up to complete failure of a component, due to the combined action of tensile mechanical loading and a corrosive medium. What is meant by D2 Material used for Die tooling? D2 High Carbon Cold Work Tool Steel D2 is a high Carbon, high Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Air hardening alloy tool steel which offers good wear resistance, high surface hardness, through hardening properties, dimensional stability and high resistance to tempering effect. D2 tool steel is also suitable for vacuum hardening. Typical Composition C.-1.50% Si.-0.30% Cr. -12.00% Mo. -0.80% V. -0.90% What is Vacuum Induction Melting? As the name suggests, the process involves melting of a metal under vacuum conditions. Electromagnetic induction is used as the energy source for melting the metal. Induction melting works by inducing electrical eddy currents in the metal. The source is the induction coil which carries an alternating current. The eddy currents heat and eventually melt the charge. Apr 15 Magnetic Bearing Technology | Floating Rotors | Direct Drive System Technologies For High Power Machines Latest Automobile Technology, Latest Interview Questions & Answers, Latest Mechanical Seminar Topics, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Projects, Mechanical Vibration No Comments

Magnetic bearings have been utilized by a variety of industries for over a decade with benefits that include non-contact rotor support, no lubrication and no friction.

Conventional mechanical bearings, the kind that physically interface with the shaft and require some form of lubrication, can be replaced by a technology that suspends a rotor in a magnetic field, which eliminates friction losses.

There are two types of magnetic bearing technologies in use today passive and active. Passive bearings are similar to mechanical bearings in that no active control is necessary for operation. In active systems, non-contact position sensors continually monitor shaft position and feed this information to a control system. This in turn, based on the response commanded by the system, flows to the actuator via current amplifiers. These currents are converted to magnetic forces by the actuator and act on the rotor to adjust position and provide damping. Additional benefits of magnetic bearings include: No friction No lubrication No oil contamination Low energy consumption Capacity to operate within a wide temperature range No need for pumps, seals, filters, piping, coolers or tanks Environmentally friendly workplace Impressive cost savings In practice, these attractions are balanced in order to maintain a gap between the shaft (rotor) and static parts (stator). The function of the magnetic bearing is to locate the shafts rotation axis in the center, reacting to any load variation (external disturbance forces),

Floating rotors could boost compressor efficiencies Traditional centrifugal compressors are based on low-speed drives, mechanical gears and oil-film bearings, resulting in high running costs because of their high losses, wear, and need for maintenance. This new compressor drive (above) uses a permanent magnet motor, operating at an efficiency of around 97%, to drive a rotor "floating" on magnetic bearings, which spins the compressor impeller at speeds of around 60,000 rpm. These drives experience almost no

friction or wear, and need little maintenance. They also minimize the risk of oil contamination, and result in compressors that are about half the size of traditional designs. How they work

Magnetic bearings are basically a system of bearings which provide non-contact operation, virtually eliminating friction from rotating mechanical systems. Magnetic bearing systems have several components. The mechanical components consist of the electromagnets, position sensors and the rotor. The electronics consist of a set of power amplifiers that supply current to electromagnets. A controller works with the position sensors which provide feedback to control the position of the rotor within the gap.

The position sensor registers a change in position of the shaft (rotor). This change in position is communicated back to the processor where the signal is processed and the controller decides what the necessary response should be, then initiates a response to the amplifier. This response should then increase the magnetic force in the corresponding electromagnet in order to bring the shaft back to center. In a typical system, the radial clearance can range from 0.5 to 1 mm. This process repeats itself over and over again. For most applications, the sample rate is 10,000 times per second, or 10 kHz. The sample rate is high because the loop is inherently unstable. As the rotor gets closer to the magnet, the force increases. The system needs to continuously adjust the magnetic strength coming from the electromagnets in order to hold the rotor in the desired position.

How failure of Knuckle Pin occurs? The most common mode of failure is overloading. Operating forces of the application produce loads that exceed the clamp load and the joint works itself loose, or fails catastrophically. It occur due to shear forces and twisting moment. What is the Expansion of SCADA, DCS & HMI?

SCADA- Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition DCS- Distribution Control System and HMI Human Machine Interface

Method for Testing Light Emitting Diode ( LED )? Give forward Bias voltage to the LEDs pin by using Multi meter,if it is ok then it will glow up or remains in off state. What is principal work of O ring? O rings are fitted to form a leak proof joints between two mating surfaces. O ring is like a Gasket which is made by rubber to protect the leakage of gas or vapour in-between two metal products. What is the difference between Relay and Contactor? Purpose of a relay is to protect a device or a circuit. Whereas purpose of a contactor is to make and break the circuit thereby extracting the required signals from their auxiliary contacts. How to make various operations by Pressing a single push button (at least for 2 operation) ? It is simple by using contactors and auxiliary relays to do the operation. BMS (Building Management System ) and PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) are the latest versions but comparatively expensive. What is the Difference Between SCADA and BMS? SCADA is a control and data acquisition interface software, installed on computers (often PCs) and used with industrial automation controls (PLCs). They are generally developed by automation product manufacturers, (Rockwell, Siemens, Invensys, by some independents) (often bought by larger automation industries, look at wonder ware, Citect, In-touch), and sometimes by individuals who like their own interfaces in Visual C, Delphi Communications are carried out over specialized buses such as Modbus, Profibus, Fieldbus, Industrial Ethernet and the sensors, drives, motor controllers are designed to exchange with the PLCs over such links. Building Management Systems are a parallel industry; components are different, manufacturers are HVAC and lighting industrials (Carrier, Trane, Honeywell) and standards are different. They use different communication protocols (BACNET, EIB, Lon Works) and different standards. Generally, industrial standards will use more power, control higher voltages, and use smaller gauge wire than building automation. How to control Temperature (Electronics way)? We can use 1 RTD ( Resistance Temperature Detector ) for temperature detection. When temperature change, resistance also changes in RTD. This RTD input can be given to a PLC

and from the output of the PLC a valve can be controlled based on RTD input. This valve can in turn control the temperature of a container by the valve ON/OFF operation.

Driver Assistance Technologies | Satellite Navigation System | Anti Sleep Device | Automatic Parking System | Pedestrian Detection With Automatic Braking System Latest Automobile Technology, Latest Interview Questions & Answers, Latest Mechanical Seminar Topics, Mechanical Projects No Comments Due to the cramped out space in cities resulting from increasing population and rising No. of vehicles, driving is becoming tougher with each passing day. Hence the need for driver assist technology. The driver assist technologies are meant not only for safer driving but also to help you reach at your destination in time. Here were putting 5 driver assist technologies that will not only make driving fun but safe at the same time. 1. GO 950 LIVE Satellite Navigation System

Description: Finding the shortest route while traveling is going to become easy with the Tom Tom GO 950 LIVE. This device will offer you precise and the latest travel information through a new user interface. 2. Wake-Up Angle Vibrating Anti-Sleep Device

Description: Feel drained after a long day at work and now have to drive back home. A sleepy state can prove to be dangerous specially while driving. To make sure that you dont catch up on your forty winks while driving, a device named Wake-Up Angle has was designed by The Design Town in the year 2007. Resembling a hearing-aid, the device is positioned behind the ear. Whenever the drivers head bends forward, below the safe angel, the Wake-Up Angle starts vibrating which in turn stirs up the person behind the wheel. 3. BMW develops automatic parking system

Description: So, you love your Beemer but every time you have to park it in your tight garage your heart stops beating. How can you see your beauty on wheels get wounded, that too while

parking? Well, to kill all such woes BMW has developed a robotic parking system. All you have to do is press a remote-control button and see the parking-assist technology place your car wherever you want. Just relax and see your car maneuver through the parking lot or your garage. A demo of this technology was shown at Munich headquarters recently. 4. Satellite Navigation System

Description: Garmin Nuvi 265W Satellite Navigation System is here to become your best buddy while driving. It will not only guide you which route to take but will also guide you at every step and turn. Nuvi 265W will make sure you stay safe on the road as it comes wedged with an advanced safety camera warning system. This uncomplicated and harmless device will guide you through rough traffic as it comes filled with maps for Europe and millions of points of interest (POIs). So grab this handy and reasonably priced piece of equipment and always take the right route. 5. Volvos Pedestrian Detection with automatic brakes

Description: The reaction time goes for a toss while driving when someone suddenly emerges in front of the car. This can prove to be quite a disaster, throwing you behind bars and the pedestrian in a hospital. Just to avoid any such situation a Pedestrian Detection technology along with automatic brakes has been embedded in Volvos S60 sedan. It will intelligently sense anyone who gets in the way and if the driver fails to respond will apply brakes and make the vehicle freeze. But if you are driving above 22mph, speed of the vehicle will be reduced to desirable levels avoiding any serious crashes. Apr 05 Introduction To Wind Turbine | Wind Turbine Design | Wind Turbine Technology Latest Interview Questions & Answers, Latest Mechanical Seminar Topics, Mechanical Projects, Renewable Energy No Comments

Wind energy is the worlds fastest-growing energy technology. It is a clean energy source that is reliable, efficient, and reduces the cost of energy for homeowners, farmers, and businesses.

Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread electricity distribution. They can even be combined with other renewable energy technologies. For utility-scale sources of wind energy, a large number of turbines are usually built close together to form a wind farm. Several electricity providers today use wind farms to supply power to their customers.

There are two main forms of wind turbine used today. The most common of which is the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), these are identified by the fact that the axis of rotation of the blades are in a fixed horizontal position therefore the unit must be placed in the direction of the wind, these are most popular in rural areas.

The other main type of turbine is the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), this has a vertical axis position and does not have to be faced into the direction of the wind, and therefore it is equally effective irrespective of wind direction. This type of turbine works most effectively in urban areas usually typified by turbulent winds, therefore although the HAWT typically produce a higher efficiency rating, the development of the VAWT technology is surely essential for the future of building-integrated systems to allow the technology to be used in a diverse range of environments. The other main advances required to increase productivity include advanced blade design and the ability for the turbine to operate in lower wind speeds by lowering the cut-in threshold.

How Wind Turbine Works -Wind Turbine parts Poissons Ratio | Basics Of Mechanical Engineering FEA, Latest Interview Questions & Answers, Mechanical Engineering No Comments

When an element is stretched in one direction, it tends to get thinner in the other two directions. Hence, the change in longitudinal and lateral strains are opposite in nature (generally). Poissons ratio , named after Simeon Poisson, is a measure of this tendency. It is defined as the ratio of the contraction strain normal to the applied load divided by the extension strain in the direction of the applied load. Since most common materials become thinner in cross section when stretched, Poissons ratio for them is positive. For a perfectly incompressible material, the Poissons ratio would be exactly 0.5. Most practical engineering materials have between 0.0 and 0.5. Cork is close to 0.0, most steels

are around 0.3, and rubber is almost 0.5. A Poissons ratio greater than 0.5 cannot be maintained for large amounts of strain because at a certain strain the material would reach zero volume, and any further strain would give the material negative volume.

Some materials, mostly polymer foams, have a negative Poissons ratio; if these auxetic materials are stretched in one direction, they become thicker in perpendicular directions.Foams with negative Poissons ratios were produced from conventional low density open-cell polymer foams by causing the ribs of each cell to permanently protrude inward, resulting in a re-entrant structure. An example of the practical application of a particular value of Poissons ratio is the cork of a wine bottle. The cork must be easily inserted and removed, yet it also must withstand the pressure from within the bottle. Rubber, with a Poissons ratio of 0.5, could not be used for this purpose because it would expand when compressed into the neck of the bottle and would jam. Cork, by contrast, with a Poissons ratio of nearly zero, is ideal in this application.

It is anticipated that re-entrant foams may be used in such applications as sponges, robust shock absorbing material, air filters and fasteners. Negative Poissons ratio effects can result from non-affine deformation, from certain chiral microstructures, on an atomic scale, or from structural hierarchy. Negative Poissons ratio materials can exhibit slow decay of stress according to Saint-Venants principle. Later writers have called such materials anti-rubber, auxetic (auxetics), or dilatational. These materials are an example of extreme materials.