ELS102

SPEECH SEGMENTS
consonant vowel consonant

H A T
Three segments :
Two consonants ( beginning and end )
Single vowel ( between consonant )
SUPRASEGMENTALS - Individual speech sounds to syllables within word or to

intonational patterns across words, phrases, and clauses.
Ex : recording --------- re. ‘ cor . ding.
When we arrived at the party , everyone was having fun. ( two tone units)
Speech Segments - determines where one meaningful unit (e.g., word or morpheme)
ends and the next begins in continuous speech, and it is critical for auditory language
processing.
- Tremendous variations exist across language with the range in size from around
dozen phoneme to near 100 depending upon the language ( Handbook of the
international phonetics association, P .27 )
1. Phonemes - Restrictive speech sound; Make meaningful differences in words.

Minimal pairs – words that differ by only a single phoneme in the same position in a
word.
> Considered allophones not phonemes , predictable variations in pronunciation of a
phoneme.
 Phonemes – languages vary in the inventory of phonemes they have .
Hindi - Consider aspirated and unaspirated P as distinctive .
German - the language that is closely related to English lacks the phoneme / /
instead makes use of the as indefinite articles die, der , das .
Asian Languages – do not distinguish the phonemes / / and / l / as in right and
light.
THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

- Use a system of symbol representing one and only one sound ,no one to one
correspondence in the alphabetic writing system .
Reasons why English grapheme deviated from pronunciation:
- English uses the Roman Alphabet that rooted in Latin
Speech is less conservative than writing
 The international phonetic association was founded in 1886 call ma to develop

a phonetic alphabet known as the international phonetic alphabet or IPA. Each
symbol corresponds to a single sound there are two types of transcription:
( broad and narrow transcription)
1. Broad Transcription – focus on individual phonemes.
2. Narrow Transcription - Captures the phonetic differences between word

sounds.
Conventions in transcribing phonemes and allophones :
1. Pony transcriptions are placed within slashes : //
2. Allophone transcriptions are placed within brackets : [ ]
ENGLISH CONSONANTS
3 features : voicing , place of articulation , manner of articulation.
Manner of Articulation
1. Plosives - Also quotes stop they are sounds made by blocking off the
bloodstream entirely for a very short period of time, just long enough to build
pressure behind the articulators. [ p ] , [ b] , [t], [d], [k], [g].
a) Voiced stops – never aspirated /b/ , /d/ , /g/

b) Voiceless stops - Can and cannot be aspirated, they will be aspirated when
/p/ , /t/ and /k/
- Word initial (regardless of stress) : stop , cat , command
- Intervocalic (bet. two vowels but only when preceding a stressed vowel) :
meticulous, repair, return
unvoiced - /p/ and voiced - /b/ = bilabial ( sounds produced when lips
brought together )
/t/ and /d/ = alveolar ( Sounds made by racing the tip of the phone towards the
Ridge that is right behind the upper front teeth called the alveolar ridge )
/k/ and /g/ = velar ( Sounds that are made by raising the back of the tongue towards
the soft palate called velum.
PLACE OF ARTICULATION
Nasals - Just as the name suggests, produce by lowering the soft palate and blocking
the oral cavity with the lips or the tongue, then let go of the air out of the nostrils .
/m/ = make /n/ = nice /n/ = long
FRICATIVES : English has 9 fricatives.

- Do not need to block off the breath stream completely, it only needs a narrow
opening to squeeze some air.
- Each of nine fricatives has voiced and voiceless counterpart except /h/
/f/ , / θ/ ,/ s/ ,/ ∫/ , / v/ , /ð/ , /z/ ,/ З/ , /h/
Labiodental /f/ /v/ - upper teeth touch the lower lip
Dental / θ/, /ð/ - tip or blade of the tongue touches the upper teeth.
Alveolar /s/ /z/ - They are blade of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge in the
mouth.
Postalveolar /∫/ ,/ З/ - A tip or blade of the tongue touching the back of the alveolar
ridge.
Glottal /h/ - Independent of the other articulators, produce by bringing the buccal
folds close enough to produce a hissy sound . ( Hewlett and Beck 2006: 36)
AFFRICATES – English has two affricates consonants , one voiced and one
voiceless.
- Real consonant sounds; Made by combining a plosive and affricative . They
begin as plosives and end as fricatives.
- [t͡ʃ] = church and [d͡ʒ] = judge
Palatal - Front of the tongue touching the hard palate .
Stop + Fricative
 Sound Production : Tongue causes complete blockage of air
 After air is released: Tongue creates obstruction of the air flow creating the
kind of turbulence like a fricative.
APPROXIMANTS – English has 3 central approximants , one lateral approximants.

VOWELS - produce with open vocal tract
- Vowels are described according to the tongue body and lip movement
- 3 core dimensions: backness, height, tenseness other : lip rounding( or not )
- 3 degrees of the height : high, mid and low
Backness – position of tongue ( front , central , back)
Tenseness – tense , lax
Lip rounding – rounded , unrounded
THE CARDINAL VOWEL CHART

Vowels are defines in Turns off abstract follows space that serves as uncoordinated
system known as the cardinal vowel chart.
Rounded – back vowels Unrounded – front and central vowels
Tenseness :
Tense [ I , e o , u ]
Lax
- Slightly more peripheral composition
( i.e higher and frontier for front vowels and higher and backer in the case of back
vowels )
DIPTHONGS – combination of English vowels functioning as a unit.

- In contrast, to monophthongs produced with single articulatory configuration
- equivalent of affricates ( two phases )
- diphthongs in American English :

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SPEECH SEGMENTS

consonant vowel consonant

SUPRASEGMENTALS - Individual speech sounds to syllables within word or to

1. Phonemes - Restrictive speech sound; Make meaningful differences in words.

THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

 The international phonetic association was founded in 1886 call ma to develop

2. Narrow Transcription - Captures the phonetic differences between word

a) Voiced stops – never aspirated /b/ , /d/ , /g/

FRICATIVES : English has 9 fricatives.

APPROXIMANTS – English has 3 central approximants , one lateral approximants.

THE CARDINAL VOWEL CHART

DIPTHONGS – combination of English vowels functioning as a unit.

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