2-2-2-3 Design of Reservoir Facilities 2-2-2-3-1 Dam 1) Investigation of Embankment Materials (1) Quarry Site (Riprap Material) Investigation

Rwanda Preparatory Survey on “LWH”
2-2-2-3 Design of Reservoir Facilities
2-2-2-3-1 Dam
1) Investigation of embankment materials
(1) Quarry site (riprap material) investigation
Date :6th of September, 2013
Location :Muhulire, outcrops beside the road, about 4 km to the dam site
Quality :Quartzose sandstone which is hard and used for bedding rocks of houses and rocks for
masonry, hides inner cracks caused by alternation, but is massive enough for ripraps’ use
Dam site
Quarry site
Figure 2.2.2.17 Location of Quarry Site Photo 2.2.2.1 Outcrops and Ripraps Produced
(2) Sand and gravel（filter material, aggregate for concrete）

Location :Rwinkwuvu sand pit, about 30 km to the dam site
Quality :Deposits on an old river terrace which is composed of alternative layers of fine to coarse
gravel and fine to medium sand; the former consists of hard and angular gravels measuring
5mm to 20mm in grain size and originating from quartzite, sandstone and shale. After
being mixed, the material is classified into sand-and-gravel, suitable for the filter material
of fill type dams and might available to the aggregate of concrete.
Photo 2.2.2.2 Profile of the Alternative Layers, Conditions after Mixed
JICA 2-73 MINAGRI

Preparatory Survey on “LWH” Rwanda
Sand-and-gravel pit
Figure 2.2.2.18 Location of Sand-and-gravel Pit
(3) Sand (fine aggregate of concrete, etc.)

Location :Rukira sand pit, about 43 km to the dam site
Quality :The layer consisting of medium sand, uniform in grain size, lies at the bottom of small
valley, which is the deposit of highly weathered sandstone with characteristic features of
thermal metamorphism. It would not be able to be evaluated ‘high quality’ but be able to
be used as the fine aggregate for concrete due to lack of silt and organic materials. At the
time of implementation, it would be desirable to arrange the gradational conditions of
coarse aggregate; and before implementation, it is necessary to confirm if harmful
substance is contained or not as the thermal metamorphism is often caused by hydrogen
sulfide vapor rising along cracks.
Sand pit
Figure 2.2.2.19 Location of the Sand Pit
MINAGRI 2-74 JICA

Photo 2.2.2.3 Profile of the Layer and the Material

(4) Earth material
[Foot slope beyond the river bed, upstream right-bank side]
The walls of test pits, TP-1 and TP-2, are composed of reddish brown lateritic sandy clay and uniform
to the depth of 4m with half-consolidated thin layers appearing sometimes though. The upper portion
of the pits is hard and becomes solid blocks after excavation by manpower due to the low moisture
content condition; but changes its impression to be cohesive clayey soil after water being added and
several palm grips being repeated.
It would be the point how to crush the solid blocks of soil and how to make it uniform in moisture
content condition from the view point of implementation of the embankment by using this material. In
TP-2, the ground water table appeared at the depth of 4m, where the excavated soil has almost the
condition of optimum moisture content.
After excavated
Photo 2.2.2.4
Profile of TP-1 and TP-2
TP-1 TP-2
JICA 2-75 MINAGRI

[Foot slope beyond the river bed, upstream left-bank side]
The walls of test pits, TP-3 and TP-4, are composed of yellowish brown sandy clay originating from
shale. These layers are assumed to be terrace or talus deposits as a layer containing flat-and-round
shale gravels appeared at the depth of 2m in TP-3 and semi-angular gravels of quartzose sandstone
appeared here and there in TP-4. The excavation by manpower was a painstaking work because of the
upper being dry, hard and half-consolidated and the lower consisting of layers with residual rock
structures, though completely weathered, and rocks/gravels appearing occasionally. The excavated
soils seemed to be highly cohesive so that these soils are available as the embankment materials.
It would be the point how to crush the solid blocks of soil and how to make it uniform in the moisture
content condition from the view point of implementation of the embankment by using these materials.
In TP-4, the ground water table appeared at the depth of 4m, where the excavated soil has almost the
condition of optimum moisture content.
After excavated
TP-3 TP-4
Photo 2.2.2.5 Profile of TP-3 and TP-4
MINAGRI 2-76 JICA

[Test pit logs and locations]

Test Pit No.1 Test Pit No.3
Depth Classification Moisture Depth Classification Moisture
Color Cohesion Color Cohesion
(m) etc. content (m) etc. content
Black Top soil Dry
Greyish brown Top soil Dry
0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0
Lateritic soil yellowish brown harf coagulated clay
1.5 1.5
Redish brown Sandy clay 12%± High 10%± High
Hard clods, able to be crushed by repeated clasping
2.0 2.0
Brown harf coagulated clay
2.5 2.5
Excavation 10%± High
3.0 3.0
Excavation Lateritic soil With planular and round gravels
3.5 Dark brown Sandy clay 15%± High
3.5
4.0 4.0
Test Pit No.2 Test Pit No.4

Depth Classification Moisture Depth Classification Moisture
Color Cohesion Color Cohesion
(m) etc. content (m) etc. content
Black Top soil Dry Dark brown Top soil Dry
0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0
Yellowish brown Sandy clay Wopt－5% High
Lateritic soil Hard clods, able to be crused by repeated clasping
1.5 1.5
Redish brown Sandy clay Wopt－1%～2% High
Hard clods, able to be crushed by repeated clasping
2.0 2.0
2.5
2.5
Excavation 3.0
3.0 Brown with yellowish spots
3.0
Sandy clay Wopt± High
3.5 Excavation containing quartish sandstones with rounded edges
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.0
TP-1 TP-2
TP-4
TP-3
Dam
Right borrow area
Left borrow area
Figure 2.2.2.20 Test-pit Logs and Locations
JICA 2-77 MINAGRI

Table 2.2.2.33 Summary of Physical Soil Test
Table 2-2-3-1
Table2.2.3.1 Summary
Summary of physical
of physical soilsoil tests
tests
F.M.C. Specific Atterberg Limits Particle Size Distribution
Sample Name
MINAGRI
(%) Gravity LL(%) PL(%) PI(%) Clay Silt Sand Gravel
Sand & gravel 1.2 34.1 64.7
Sand 5.9 94.1 ―
TP-1 13.3 2.21 43.9 22.7 21.2 81.0 3.8 8.8 6.4
TP-2 11.2 2.16 39.7 21.2 18.5 75.2 2.9 10.9 11.0
Preparatory Survey on “LWH”
TP-3 12.2 2.22 38.4 24.3 14.1 66.0 3.7 13.0 17.3
TP-4 11.0 2.13 31.1 21.9 9.2 74.5 3.4 15.7 6.4
2) Result of laboratory soil tests
Test results in 2009

A(0.2～1.5m) 9.6 2.65 40.9 19.2 21.7 32.0 46.0 20.0 2.0
A(1.5～3.5m) 10.4 2.66 58.6 28.7 29.9 18.0 68.4 12.6 1.0
A(3.5～5.0m) 11.6 2.70 55.6 27.9 27.7 28.0 56.2 13.8 2.0
B(0.2～1.0m) 7.6 2.65 57.9 27.5 30.4 23.5 64.9 6.1 5.5
B(1.0～3.5m) 9.6 2.63 44.7 22.8 21.9 16.5 30.9 20.6 32.0
B(3.5～5.0m) 6.8 2.70 38.4 17.6 20.8 18.4 52.0 16.6 13.0
2-78
Table 2.2.2.34 Summary of Mechanical Soil
Table 2-2-3-2
Table 2.2.3.2 Summary
Summaryof mechanical
of mechanical
soil tests soil
Permeability Test Direct Shear Test Consolidation Test
Standard Compaction
Sample Name Specimen Condition Result Specimen Condition Result Specimen Condition % of Settlement
Opt.M.C.(%) ρdMax(t/m3) ρd(t/m3) M.C.(%) k (m/sec) ρd(t/m3) M.C.(%) C(KN/m2) φ(°） ρd(t/m3) M.C.(%) 50kPs 100kPs 200kPs 400kPs
in this preparatory survey. Followings are the achievement of these.
Sand & gravel 8.3 2.00 2.00 8.3 3.92E-05

TP-1 19.4 1.68 1.68D-100 19.4 2.59E-08 1.69D-100 20.0 43.19 25.49 1.69D-100 20.0 1.78 2.72 4.00 4.73
D-95 D-95 D-95
1.60 19.4 6.32E-08 1.61 20.0 40.05 24.36 1.61 20.0 1.33 2.69 4.28 6.29
D-85
1.43 19.4 2.11E-07
TP-2 18.1 1.71
TP-3 14.8 1.78 1.77D-100 14.8 1.04E-07
D-95
1.60 14.8 5.69E-08 1.63D-91 22.0 33.82 27.12 1.63D-91 22.0 1.00 1.55 3.02 4.70
D-85 D-87 D-87
1.52 14.8 2.36E-07 1.55 22.0 32.48 26.18 1.55 22.0 1.88 3.61 4.49 6.68
TP-4 14.3 1.81
Physical soil tests of six samples were carried out in 2009 and physical and mechanical soil tests of 4
samples (standard compaction test to 4 samples and direct shear test to two samples) were carried out
Rwanda
JICA
3) Dam Type
The homogeneous type shall be adopted as the most adequate type for dam body based on the
following reasons.
- Fill-type dam should be adopted as the dam body constructed on the soft ground composed of
earthen foundation from the view point of stability and economy.
- The foundation treatment for reducing the seepage quantity shall be done by the blanket method
because the usual grouting method injecting cement milk into rock cracks can not be applied to
earthen foundations, where the wide bottom of the homogeneous dam body can contribute to
increase the seepage length and decrease the length of the horizontal blanket.
- Earth materials good and much enough in quality and quantity can be obtained from the borrow
area close to the dam site.
- The dam height is less than 15m, which assures the stability of the embankment constructed
adequately and requests the simple structural composition, i.e. the homogeneous type rather than
the zoned type, from the view point of workability.
In case of the homogeneous type dam, specifications of the dam body are defined as follows.
Toe drain
Foundation
Filter
Figure 2.2.2.21 Illustrated Specifications of Homogeneous Dams
H :Dam height
B :Dam crest width
HWL :High water level (the maximum water level at the time of the design flood overflowing the
spillway weir)
FWL :Full water level (the maximum water level at the time of daily storage behavior)
H1 :Water depth at the time of FWL
H2 :Water depth at the time of HWL
h1 :Overflow depth at the time of the design flood overflowing the spillway weir
h2 :Freeboard of the dam crest to HWL
4) Dam axis
The following two cases of dam axis location, the downstream axis and the upstream axis, would
come to the surface as candidates in this dam site. Here, the downstream axis is adopted based on the
following comparison results, of which advantage is the capability of storing the more water in the
reservoir by the less embankment volume.
JICA 2-79 MINAGRI

Table 2.2.2.35 Comparison on the Dam Axis Location
Item Upstream dam axis Downstream dam axis

Catchment area 8.68 km2 8.8 km2
3
Reservoir capacity 400,000m 600,000m3
Dam crest elevation EL.1390m (to do the comparison under the same condition)
Dam crest length 225m 145m
Embankment volume 37,000m3 30,000m3
Dam height 10.0m 11.5m
Downstream axis Upstream axis
Figure 2.2.2.22 Location Map of Dam Axes
5) Design flood discharge
(1) Methodology
In the Ngoma22 site, the one and a half year record of precipitation and river flow rate observed by a
JICA Expert, the former agricultural advisor of MINAGRI, is available for studying the flood
discharge at the dam site. And there is Gahororo meteorological weather station near by which
provides the daily rainfall record ranging from 1960 to 1993. Based on these records, the design flood
discharge shall be studied and estimated through following steps.
MINAGRI 2-80 JICA

Simulation model building to the relation between the daily rainfall and the flow rate observed
Estimate the flow rate (daily average) to the rainfall record of Gahororo by the simulation model
Conduct the probability calculation to the annual maximum of the daily average flow rate
and obtain the exeedance probability values of 1/1000 and 1/100
Convert the estimated probability values of 1/1000 and 1/100 into the daily total flow rate
Build up a hydrograph to 24 hours' span based on the flow rate record

and calculate runoff ratio per unit time
Calculate the flow rate corresponding to the runoff ratio above to the daily total flow rate
of exeedance probability value 1/1000 and 1/100 and draw the hydrograph of each
Adopt the peak flow rate on the above hydrograph as the design flood discharge
(2) Simulation model by Tank Model Method
The simulation model was built up by Tank Model method through trial and error process with
intentions of giving the first priority to accord the peaks of the flow rate each other. The obtained
factors of the model are shown on Fig 2.2.2.23 and the relationship between the simulated flow rate
conditions and the observed ones are shown on Fig 2.2.2.24.
First tank
Side hole coefficient
90 0.0330
50 0.0014
20
0.0013
WL=0
0.020 bottom hole coefficient
Second tank
70
WL=65
0.0009
40
0.0007
20
0.0002
0.0017
Third tank
WL=180
0 0.0006
(height is shown in mm)
Figure 2.2.2.23 Simulated Discharge Model by Tank Model Method
JICA 2-81 MINAGRI

70
60 Daily rainfall
Daily rainfall(mm/day)
50
40
30
20
10
0
2/22
3/23
4/22
5/22
6/21
7/21
8/20
9/19
10/19
11/18
12/18
1/17
2/16
3/18
4/17
5/17
6/16
7/16
8/15
0.25
Flow rate
0.20
Observed
Flow rate(m3/s)
0.15 Calculated
0.10
0.05
0.00
2/22
3/23
4/22
5/22
6/21
7/21
8/20
9/19
10/19
11/18
12/18
1/17
2/16
3/18
4/17
5/17
6/16
7/16
8/15
water depth in tanks Tank No.1
Tank No.2
Tank No.3
150
water depth(mm)
100
50
0
2/22
3/23
4/22
5/22
6/21
7/21
8/20
9/19
10/19
11/18
12/18
1/17
2/16
3/18
4/17
5/17
6/16
7/16
8/15
0.18
0.16 Discharge from tanks
Discharge volume (m3/s)
0.14
0.12 Tank No.1
Tank No.2
0.10
Tank No.3
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
2/22
3/23
4/22
5/22
6/21
7/21
8/20
9/19
10/19
11/18
12/18
1/17
2/16
3/18
4/17
5/17
6/16
7/16
8/15
Result of simulation analysis

period 22/2/2012～10/9/2013
Correlation coefficient 0.921 Runoff ratio(%)
Cumulative flow rate calculated 1,760 ×1000m3 calculated 12.8%
Cumulative flow rate observed 1,720 ×1000m3 Observed 12.5%
Cumulative rainfall observed 1,564 mm
Figure 2.2.2.24 Observed Flow Rate and the Simulated Flow Rate
MINAGRI 2-82 JICA

(3) Simulated flow rate based on the Gahororo daily rainfall
The annual maximum of the daily average flow rate calculated by applying the simulated runoff model
by Tank Model method to the Gahororo daily rainfall are as shown below. Among these, the flow rate
of 1985 is the maximum of which flow rate conditions are shown on Fig 2.2.2.25.
Annual maximum of the daily Annual maximum of the daily

Year Ranking Year Ranking
average flow rate (m3/sec) average flow rate (m 3/sec)
1960 0.510 4 1977 0.408 8
1961 0.298 13 1978 0.276 15
1962 0.279 14 1979 0.532 2
1963 0.447 7 1980 0.156 27
1964 0.175 23 1981 0.358 10
1965 0.504 5 1982 0.234 17
1966 0.392 9 1983 0.193 21
1967 0.041 34 1984 0.272 16
1968 0.494 6 1985 0.583 1
1969 0.160 26 1986 0.312 12
1970 0.150 28 1987 0.199 20
1971 0.105 30 1988 0.530 3
1972 0.066 31 1989 0.218 18
1973 0.177 22 1990 0.353 11
1974 0.174 25 1991 0.201 19
1975 0.052 33 1992 0.054 32
1976 0.150 28 1993 0.175 23
60
Daily rainfall
Daily rainfall in 1985
50
Daily rainfall(mm/day)
40
30
20
10
0
1/1 2/1 3/1 4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1 10/1 11/1 12/1
0.70
Flow rate converted from
Flowdaily rainfallfrom
rate converted bydaily
therainfall
simulation model model
by the simulation in 1985
0.60
0.50
Flow rate(m3/s)
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
1/1 2/1 3/1 4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1 10/1 11/1 12/1
Year and calculation period 1985, 1/1-12/31

Cumulative flow rate, calculated 2,935 ×1000m3
Annual rainfall 1,349 mm
Annual runoff ratio 24.7%
Figure 2.2.2.25 Simulated Flow Rate（Maximum : 1985）
JICA 2-83 MINAGRI

(4) Flow rate by exceedance probability calculation
The flow rate with 1/1,000 probability shall be applied to the design of spillway channels and the one
with 1/100 probability is to be applied to the stilling basin as same as other recent dams in Rwanda.
The flow rates with 1/1,000 probability and 1/100 probability are obtained as follows by applying the
exceedance probability calculation method shown by Ph.D. Iwai to the annual maximum values in the
previous section.
Calculated results:
- 1/1,000 daily average flow rate :1.124m3/sec (Total flow rate=1.124×86,400=97,114m3/day)
- 1/100 daily average flow rate :0.803m3/sec (Total flow rate=0.803×86,400=69,379m3/day)
- 1/10 daily average flow rate :0.490m3/sec (Total flow rate=0.490×86,400=42,336m3/day)
Table 2.2.2.36(1) Exceedance Probability Calculation by Iwai Method
xl xs xg bs b
log10xg 2
xl･xs-xg
Max Min xl･xs-xg2 2xg-(xl+xs)
/2xg-(xl+xs)
Average bs
=∑log10xi
0.583 0.041 0.2222 -0.03 -0.18 0.14 0.1
0.532 0.052 0.2222 -0.02 -0.14 0.16 0.1
0.530 0.054 0.2222 -0.02 -0.14 0.15 0.1
0.510 0.066 0.2222 -0.02 -0.13 0.12 0.1
0.504 0.105 0.2222 0.00 -0.16 -0.02 0.1
0.494 0.150 0.2222 0.02 -0.20 -0.12 0.1
0.447 0.150 0.2222 0.02 -0.15 -0.12 0.0
0.408 0.156 0.2222 0.01 -0.12 -0.12 0.0
0.392 0.160 0.2222 0.01 -0.11 -0.12 0.0
0.358 0.174 0.2222 0.01 -0.09 -0.15 0.0
Probability value
Occurrence year to the occurrence
Yaverage
T ξ 1/a・ξ +1/a・ξ
x+b x
2 0.0000 0.0000 (0.4068) 0.4 0.244

5 0.5951 0.1393 (0.2675) 0.5 0.392
10 0.9062 0.2121 (0.1946) 0.6 0.490
20 1.1630 0.2722 (0.1345) 0.7 0.585
30 1.2967 0.3035 (0.1032) 0.8 0.640
50 1.4520 0.3399 (0.0669) 0.9 0.709
100 1.6450 0.3851 (0.0217) 1.0 0.803
200 1.8215 0.4264 0.0196 1.0 0.898
500 2.0350 0.4764 0.0696 1.2 1.025
1000 2.1850 0.5115 0.1047 1.3 1.124
MINAGRI 2-84 JICA

② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩
JICA
Number of Total 0.00 -22.214 -13.830 6.530 3.3 1
Rwanda
sample N= 34 Mean 0.00 -0.653 -0.407 0.192 0.1 0

※ In case of occurrence year being less than 2.0, expressed as 1.
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪
Ranking Y= e
n YEAR xi Fn(%) log10xi xi+b log(xi+b) Y2 x2 x3 ξ period1 period2 ξ1 ξ2 year
1 1985 0.583 97.14 -0.23433 0.731 -0.13583 0.01845 0.3 0 1.1574 19 20 1.1455 1.1630 19.7
2 1979 0.532 94.29 -0.27409 0.680 -0.16722 0.02796 0.3 0 1.0233 13 14 1.0084 1.0361 13.5
3 1988 0.530 91.43 -0.27572 0.678 -0.16850 0.02839 0.3 0 1.0179 13 14 1.0084 1.0361 13.3
4 1960 0.510 88.57 -0.29243 0.658 -0.18149 0.03294 0.3 0 0.9624 11 12 0.9442 0.9780 11.5
5 1965 0.504 85.71 -0.29757 0.652 -0.18547 0.03440 0.3 0 0.9454 11 12 0.9442 0.9780 11.0
6 1968 0.494 82.86 -0.30627 0.642 -0.19218 0.03693 0.2 0 0.9167 10 11 0.9062 0.9442 10.3
7 1963 0.447 80.00 -0.34969 0.595 -0.22517 0.05070 0.2 0 0.7758 7 8 0.7547 0.8134 7.4
8 1977 0.408 77.14 -0.38934 0.556 -0.25459 0.06482 0.2 0 0.6501 5 6 0.5951 0.6858 5.6
9 1966 0.392 74.29 -0.40671 0.540 -0.26726 0.07143 0.2 0 0.5960 5 6 0.5951 0.6858 5.0
10 1981 0.358 71.43 -0.44612 0.506 -0.29548 0.08731 0.1 0 0.4754 3 4 0.3045 0.4769 4.0
11 1990 0.353 68.57 -0.45223 0.501 -0.29979 0.08987 0.1 0 0.4570 3 4 0.3045 0.4769 3.9
12 1986 0.312 65.71 -0.50585 0.460 -0.33684 0.11346 0.1 0 0.2987 2 3 0.0000 0.3045 3.0
13 1961 0.298 62.86 -0.52578 0.446 -0.35025 0.12267 0.1 0 0.2414 2 3 0.0000 0.3045 2.8
2-85
14 1962 0.279 60.00 -0.55440 0.427 -0.36914 0.13626 0.1 0 0.1608 2 3 0.0000 0.3045 2.5
15 1978 0.276 57.14 -0.55909 0.424 -0.37220 0.13853 0.1 0 0.1477 2 3 0.0000 0.3045 2.5
16 1984 0.272 54.29 -0.56543 0.420 -0.37631 0.14161 0.1 0 0.1301 2 3 0.0000 0.3045 2.4
17 1982 0.234 51.43 -0.63078 0.382 -0.41745 0.17426 0.1 0 -0.0456 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
18 1989 0.218 48.57 -0.66154 0.366 -0.43601 0.19011 0.0 0 -0.1249 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
19 1991 0.201 45.71 -0.69680 0.349 -0.45664 0.20852 0.0 0 -0.2131 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
20 1987 0.199 42.86 -0.70115 0.347 -0.45913 0.21080 0.0 0 -0.2237 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
21 1983 0.193 40.00 -0.71444 0.341 -0.46670 0.21781 0.0 0 -0.2560 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
22 1973 0.177 37.14 -0.75203 0.325 -0.48754 0.23770 0.0 0 -0.3451 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
23 1964 0.175 34.29 -0.75696 0.323 -0.49022 0.24032 0.0 0 -0.3565 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
23 1993 0.175 34.28 -0.75696 0.323 -0.49022 0.24032 0.0 0 -0.3565 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
25 1974 0.174 28.57 -0.75945 0.322 -0.49157 0.24164 0.0 0 -0.3623 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
26 1969 0.160 25.71 -0.79588 0.308 -0.51085 0.26096 0.0 0 -0.4446 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
27 1980 0.156 22.86 -0.80688 0.304 -0.51651 0.26679 0.0 0 -0.4688 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
28 1970 0.150 20.00 -0.82391 0.298 -0.52516 0.27579 0.0 0 -0.5058 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
Table 2.2.2.36(2) Exceedance Probability Calculation by Iwai Method
28 1976 0.150 20.00 -0.82391 0.298 -0.52516 0.27579 0.0 0 -0.5058 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
30 1971 0.105 14.29 -0.97881 0.253 -0.59614 0.35539 0.0 0 -0.8090 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
31 1972 0.066 11.43 -1.18046 0.214 -0.66872 0.44718 0.0 0 -1.1190 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
32 1992 0.054 8.57 -1.26761 0.202 -0.69373 0.48126 0.0 0 -1.2259 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
33 1975 0.052 5.71 -1.28400 0.200 -0.69804 0.48726 0.0 0 -1.2443 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
MINAGRI
34 1967 0.041 2.86 -1.38722 0.189 -0.72255 0.52209 0.0 0 -1.3490 1 2 0.0000 0.0000 1.0
(5) Estimation of design flood runoff
a) Analysis of actual hydrographs observed
Followings are the representative and actual relationships between flow rate and time, i.e. hydrographs,
regarding observed runoffs to daily rainfalls of different amount, pattern and period.
Hydrograph to 40.4mm daily rainfall

実測洪水波形(16/Mar./2012 on 16/Mar./2012
日雨量40.4mm)
0.16 0
(mm/15min)
0.14
rate (m3/sec)
雨量（mm/15min)
0.12
流量(m3/sec)
0.1 4
0.08 雨量
H
0.06 流量
Rainfall
8
0.04
Flow
0.02 t
0 12
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Hydrograph 時間（sec)
to 44.8mm daily rainfall
実測洪水波形(15/Apr./2012 on 15/Apr./2012
日雨量44.8mm)
0.16 0
(mm/15min)
0.14
rate (m3/sec)
雨量（mm/15min)
0.12
流量(m3/sec)
0.1 8
0.08 H 雨量
0.06 12 流量
Rainfall
0.04
Flow
16
0.02 t
0 20
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
to 57.8mm daily rainfall on 24/Apr./2012
実測洪水波形(24/Apr./2012 日雨量57.6mm)
0.4 0 (mm/15min)
0.35
rate (m3/sec)
雨量（mm/15min)
0.3
流量(m3/sec)
0.25
0.2 4 雨量
H
0.15 流量
Rainfall
Flow
0.1
0.05 t
0 8
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
to 21.4mm daily rainfall
実測洪水波形(23/Mar./2013 on 23/Mar./2013
日雨量21.4mm)
0.4 0
0.35
(mm/15min)
rate (m3/sec)
雨量（mm/15min)
0.3
Flow流量(m3/sec)
0.25
0.2 4 雨量
0.15 流量
Rainfall
0.1
0.05
H
t
0 8
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Time (sec)
時間（sec)
Figure 2.2.2.26 Actual Hydrographs Observed
MINAGRI 2-86 JICA

b) Runoff model
Followings are the profiles of each runoff shown on Fig 2.2.2.26.

Table 2.2.2.37 Characteristics of the Period of Flood Concentration
(1) Period of
Occurrence date (2) Increased Increasing
flood
and flow rate gradient Characteristics
concentration
Daily rainfall (m3/sec) (2)／(1)
(hour)
16/3/2012, 40.4mm t=3.24 H=0.127 0.039 The runoff finished in about 24hours.
The base flow kept increased
15/4/2012, 44.8mm t=3.94 H=0.124 0.031
conditions after the flood.
The base flow kept highly increased
24/4/2012, 57.6mm t=6.10 H=0.258 0.042
conditions after the flood.
The flow rate increased but the runoff
23/3/2013, 21.4mm t=3.22 H=0.054 0.017 ratio was very low, i.e. a large part of
rainfall was absorbed into ground.
Through the analysis above, following points are clarified.
- The longer the duration time of rainfall becomes, the longer the period of flood concentration
becomes. The increasing gradient of runoff, however, is almost constant regardless of the
difference in rainfall amount, pattern and period.
- Though the decreasing gradient is also almost constant, the amount of base flow and its
discharging time will be increased and kept longer respectively if the duration of rainfall becomes
longer which occurs in the latter half of rainy season.
The hydrograph of the runoff on 16th March 2012 is adopted as the runoff model based on the
following perception.
- Although the runoff corresponding to the daily rainfall with probability of 1/1000 and 1/100
brings about the base flow increase for long duration as analyzed above, taking account of safer
side for design, it assumes that the peak flood finishes in 24 hours
0.16
0.14
rate (m3/sec)
0.12
流量(m3/sec)
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
Flow
0.02
0
0 14400 28800 43200 57600 72000 86400
時間（sec)
Time (sec)
Figure 2.2.2.27 Runoff Model
c) Distribution of the probability daily flow rate
The distribution of the probability daily flow rate shall be done as follows.
- To read out the flow rate (m3/sec) at 30 minute interval from Fig 2.2.2.27
- To calculate the runoff quantity for 30 minute
- To calculate the ratio (%) of this runoff quantity to the total daily flow rate
JICA 2-87 MINAGRI

- To distribute the probability daily flow rate according to this calculated ratio
Table 2.2.2.38 shows the distribution process and the result is shown as Fig 2.2.2.28.
Table 2.2.2.38 Distribution of Probability Daily Flow Rate following the Runoff Model
30min. 1/1,000 daily flow rae 1/100 daily flow rae 1/10 daily flow rae 1/2 daily flow rae
Time Flow rate ratio to the
inflow 30min. inflow average rate 30min. inflow average rate 30min. inflow average rate 30min. inflow average rate
(hour) (m3/sec) total (%)
(m3) (m3) (m3/sec) (m3) (m3/sec) (m3) (m3/sec) (m3) (m3/sec)
0.5 0.01479 26.6211 0.657698057 638.7168909 0.3548427 456.3043348 0.2535024 278.443049 0.1546906 138.655904 0.0770311
1.0 0.047058 84.7035 2.092675635 2032.281016 1.129045 1451.877429 0.8065986 885.955157 0.4921973 441.177877 0.2450988
1.5 0.073948 133.1055 3.288490284 3193.584454 1.7742136 2281.521674 1.267512 1392.21525 0.7734529 693.279522 0.3851553
2.0 0.092771 166.9869 4.125560538 4006.496861 2.2258316 2862.272646 1.5901515 1746.59731 0.9703318 869.750673 0.4831948
2.5 0.108905 196.0281 4.843049327 4703.278924 2.6129327 3360.059193 1.8666996 2050.35336 1.1390852 1021.01166 0.5672287
3.0 0.123694 222.6492 5.500747384 5341.995815 2.9677755 3816.363528 2.120202 2328.79641 1.2937758 1159.66756 0.6442598
3.5 0.135795 244.4301 6.038863976 5864.582362 3.2581013 4189.703438 2.327613 2556.61345 1.4203408 1273.1133 0.7072852
4.0 0.141173 254.1105 6.278026906 6096.843049 3.387135 4355.632287 2.4197957 2657.86547 1.4765919 1323.53363 0.7352965
4.5 0.13445 242.01 5.979073244 5806.51719 3.2258429 4148.221226 2.3045673 2531.30045 1.406278 1260.50822 0.7002823
5.0 0.121005 217.809 5.381165919 5225.865471 2.9032586 3733.399103 2.0741106 2278.1704 1.2656502 1134.4574 0.6302541
5.5 0.104871 188.7678 4.66367713 4529.083408 2.5161574 3235.612556 1.7975625 1974.41435 1.0968969 983.196413 0.5462202
6.0 0.090082 162.1467 4.005979073 3890.366517 2.1613147 2779.308221 1.5440601 1695.9713 0.9422063 844.540508 0.4691892
6.5 0.079326 142.7859 3.527653214 3425.845142 1.9032473 2447.450523 1.3596947 1493.46726 0.829704 743.699851 0.4131666
7.0 0.06857 123.4251 3.049327354 2961.323767 1.6451799 2115.592825 1.1753293 1290.96323 0.7172018 642.859193 0.357144
7.5 0.061847 111.3246 2.750373692 2670.997907 1.4838877 1908.181764 1.060101 1164.39821 0.6468879 579.833782 0.3221299
8.0 0.05378 96.804 2.391629297 2322.606876 1.2903372 1659.28849 0.9218269 1012.52018 0.5625112 504.203288 0.2801129
8.5 0.048402 87.1236 2.152466368 2090.346188 1.1613034 1493.359641 0.8296442 911.268161 0.5062601 453.78296 0.2521016
9.0 0.044369 79.8633 1.97309417 1916.150673 1.0645282 1368.913004 0.7605072 835.329148 0.4640717 415.967713 0.2310932
9.5 0.038991 70.1829 1.733931241 1683.889985 0.9354944 1202.984155 0.6683245 734.07713 0.4078206 365.547384 0.2030819
10.0 0.036302 65.3427 1.614349776 1567.759641 0.8709776 1120.019731 0.6222332 683.451121 0.3796951 340.33722 0.1890762
10.5 0.033613 60.5025 1.494768311 1451.629297 0.8064607 1037.055306 0.5761418 632.825112 0.3515695 315.127055 0.1750706
11.0 0.030924 55.6623 1.375186846 1335.498954 0.7419439 954.0908819 0.5300505 582.199103 0.3234439 289.916891 0.1610649
11.5 0.029579 53.2422 1.315396114 1277.433782 0.7096854 912.6086697 0.5070048 556.886099 0.3093812 277.311809 0.1540621
12.0 0.028235 50.8221 1.255605381 1219.36861 0.677427 871.1264574 0.4839591 531.573094 0.2953184 264.706726 0.1470593
12.5 0.02689 48.402 1.195814649 1161.303438 0.6451686 829.6442451 0.4609135 506.26009 0.2812556 252.101644 0.1400565
13.0 0.026218 47.19195 1.165919283 1132.270852 0.6290394 808.903139 0.4493906 493.603587 0.2742242 245.799103 0.1365551
13.5 0.025546 45.9819 1.136023916 1103.238266 0.6129101 788.1620329 0.4378678 480.947085 0.2671928 239.496562 0.1330536
14.0 0.024201 43.5618 1.076233184 1045.173094 0.5806517 746.6798206 0.4148221 455.634081 0.25313 226.89148 0.1260508
14.5 0.023529 42.35175 1.046337818 1016.140508 0.5645225 725.9387145 0.4032993 442.977578 0.2460987 220.588939 0.1225494
15.0 0.022857 41.1417 1.016442451 987.1079223 0.5483933 705.1976084 0.3917764 430.321076 0.2390673 214.286398 0.119048
15.5 0.022857 41.1417 1.016442451 987.1079223 0.5483933 705.1976084 0.3917764 430.321076 0.2390673 214.286398 0.119048
16.0 0.022184 39.93165 0.986547085 958.0753363 0.5322641 684.4565022 0.3802536 417.664574 0.2320359 207.983857 0.1155466
16.5 0.021512 38.7216 0.956651719 929.0427504 0.5161349 663.7153961 0.3687308 405.008072 0.2250045 201.681315 0.1120452
17.0 0.02084 37.51155 0.926756353 900.0101644 0.5000056 642.97429 0.3572079 392.35157 0.2179731 195.378774 0.1085438
17.5 0.020168 36.3015 0.896860987 870.9775785 0.4838764 622.2331839 0.3456851 379.695067 0.2109417 189.076233 0.1050424
18.0 0.020168 36.3015 0.896860987 870.9775785 0.4838764 622.2331839 0.3456851 379.695067 0.2109417 189.076233 0.1050424
18.5 0.019495 35.09145 0.86696562 841.9449925 0.4677472 601.4920777 0.3341623 367.038565 0.2039103 182.773692 0.1015409
19.0 0.019495 35.09145 0.86696562 841.9449925 0.4677472 601.4920777 0.3341623 367.038565 0.2039103 182.773692 0.1015409
19.5 0.019495 35.09145 0.86696562 841.9449925 0.4677472 601.4920777 0.3341623 367.038565 0.2039103 182.773692 0.1015409
20.0 0.019495 35.09145 0.86696562 841.9449925 0.4677472 601.4920777 0.3341623 367.038565 0.2039103 182.773692 0.1015409
20.5 0.019495 35.09145 0.86696562 841.9449925 0.4677472 601.4920777 0.3341623 367.038565 0.2039103 182.773692 0.1015409
21.0 0.018823 33.8814 0.837070254 812.9124066 0.451618 580.7509716 0.3226394 354.382063 0.1968789 176.471151 0.0980395
21.5 0.018823 33.8814 0.837070254 812.9124066 0.451618 580.7509716 0.3226394 354.382063 0.1968789 176.471151 0.0980395
22.0 0.018823 33.8814 0.837070254 812.9124066 0.451618 580.7509716 0.3226394 354.382063 0.1968789 176.471151 0.0980395
22.5 0.018823 33.8814 0.837070254 812.9124066 0.451618 580.7509716 0.3226394 354.382063 0.1968789 176.471151 0.0980395
23.0 0.018823 33.8814 0.837070254 812.9124066 0.451618 580.7509716 0.3226394 354.382063 0.1968789 176.471151 0.0980395
23.5 0.018823 33.8814 0.837070254 812.9124066 0.451618 580.7509716 0.3226394 354.382063 0.1968789 176.471151 0.0980395
24.0 0.018823 33.8814 0.837070254 812.9124066 0.451618 580.7509716 0.3226394 354.382063 0.1968789 176.471151 0.0980395
Total 4047.617 100 97114 69379 42336 21082
4
3.5
flow rate（m3/sec)
3
2.5 1/1,000
2
1/100
1.5
1/10
1 1/2
0.5
0
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
time（hour)
Figure 2.2.2.28 Assumed Runoff of Probability Flood
MINAGRI 2-88 JICA

(6) Estimation of design flood discharge
In Ngoma22 the reservoir surface area at its full water level is small compared with the catchment area
and the period of flood concentration is short. Therefore, the storage function of the reservoir is not
taken into account in the estimation of design flood discharge. In other words, the effect of the stored
water being discharged through the spillway during the flood flowing into the reservoir is not taken
into account, and the runoff peak is assumed to reach the spillway at once under the full water level
condition of the reservoir. Following values are adopted as the design flood discharge by reading out
the peak value of the runoff curve of each probability flood as shown on Fig 2.2.2.28.
- Design flood discharge with 1/1000 probability applied to the spillway channel :Q=3.4 m3/sec
- Design flood discharge with 1/100 probability applied to the spillway channel :Q=2.45m3/sec
- Design flood discharge with 1/10 probability applied to the downstream river :Q=1.5m3/sec
6) Sedimentation into the reservoir
Followings are the hydro-geological and environmental characteristics related to sedimentation

phenomenon in the catchment area of Ngoma22 reservoir.
- The ground surface is covered with a thick sandy clay layer measuring up to almost 10m or so in
the catchment area of Ngoma22 reservoir. This sandy clay is mainly composed of fine particles,
i.e. silt and clay, counting almost 80% in dry weight. Nevertheless this layer is highly pervious
under in-situ conditions so that a large portion of rainfall is absorbed into ground.
- The hydro-geological condition mentioned above makes the runoff ratio low, gully erosion not to
appear on the slope surface, and outcrops not to appear at the bottom of valleys on the hill slopes.
- The hill slopes including farmlands are covered with green vegetation in rainy seasons.
- The river water does not become muddy but opaque and light yellowish brown under heavy
rainfall.
It is adequate to consider the erosive action of rainfall water to be low so that the smallest value of
sedimentation shall be adopted among the ones which are estimated by using the formulas suggested
as follows.
Sediment :Qsd=D・A・Y
D :Sediment yield (Specific sediment rate, specific degradation) in m3/km2 per year
A :Catchment area：A=8.8 km2
Y :Durable years of the reservoir, 50 years is applied generally in Rwanda.
- Gresillons（France） :D =700(P/500)-0.22・A-0.1 (P :Anual rainfall)

-0.22 -0.1
=700・(1112/500) ・8.8
3 2
=472.3m /km /year
- Gottshalk (USA) :D =260・A-0.1
=260×8.8-0.1
=209.2m3/km2/year
- Puech (West Africa) :50 <D <200 m3/km²/year
D=70m3/km2/year
JICA 2-89 MINAGRI

Based on these sediment yield values, sedimentation volumes are estimated as follows.
Equation/Method Evaluated value Adopted value
Gresillons 208,000 m3
3
Gottshalk 92,000 m3 30,000 m
Puech 30,000 m3
30,000m3 is adopted as the design sedimentation and the design sedimentation level becomes EL.
1382.0 meter according to the water level and storage volume relation indicated on Fig 2.2.2.11 in the
previous section.
7) Freeboard of the dam crest
The freeboard of the dam crest is decided by the following formula.
- h2=0.05・H2+1.0 (in case of “R” being less or equal than 1.0m (R≦1.0m))
- h2=0.05・H2+R (in case of “R” being larger than 1.0m (R＞1.0m))
“R” is the wave height that includes the height of wave swash on the slope, and estimated by the
following diagram usually. Rwanda is situated in the equatorial calm zone so that the average wind
velocity does not exceed 10m/sec as shown below as the observation record in Kigali. Therefore “R”
is considered to be less than 1.0m to 900m of the opposite shore distance and the freeboard is
estimated to be 1.1m as follow.
- h2 =0.05・H2+1.0
=0.005×{EL.1392.3m H.W.L.－(EL.1380m Foundation－1.5m Excavation)}+1.0m
=1.07m
≒1.1m
Slope inclination
Smooth slope
R ; Wave and swash height (m)
ripraped slope
Opposite shore distance=900m
Full line; V=20m/sec

Dotted line; V=30m/sec
V; average wind velocity
F ; wind current distance on the reservoir (m)

Figure 2.2.2.29 Swash Height of Waves on the Slope
MINAGRI 2-90 JICA

Frequency of wind velocity and direction in Kigali(%) (Data number: 8,056）
8) Design of Foundation Treatment against Seepage
(1) Foundation treatment method
The foundation of the dam body is composed of the upper pervious ~ semi-pervious earthen layer, and
the lower semi-pervious weathered rock layer. In the dam construction, foundation treatment works
are usually provided to reduce the leakage through foundation, in other words to secure the storage
function of the reservoir.
As the treatment method, the grouting method and the blanket method are common. The former is the
technological method where cracks in a rock formation are choked by cement milk injected through
the wall of drilled hole and the consequent imperviousness of the foundation can reduce the leakage
quantity. The latter is composed of earthen works of the horizontal blanket, which is connected to the
impervious embankment, increase the seepage path length and decrease the hydraulic gradient and
leakage quantity consequently.
In the case of Ngoma22, the grouting method can not be applied because of the foundation being
composed of earthen to highly weathered rock formation and having no cracks/room for cement milk
to be injected. The blanket method is the only applicable method for the foundation treatment of the
dam of Ngoma22.
(2) Basic equations
Head loss by the blanket

Hydraulic gradient in the foundation
Natural Blanket
Blanket
Pervious foundation
(k)
Impervious foundation
Artificial Blanket
Figure 2.2.2.30 Component for Studying the Blanket Structure
JICA 2-91 MINAGRI

Here,
qf :Seepage quantity through the foundation layer (m3/sec)
h :Differential between the reservoir water level and the downstream water level (m)
xr :Effective seepage length (m)
xd :Bottom length of the dam body (m)
x :Required length of the blanket (m)
k :Permeability coefficient of the foundation layer (m/sec)
k1 :Permeability coefficient of the blanket and the dam body (m/sec)
t :Thickness of the blanket (m)
d :Thickness of the foundation layer (m)
(3) Permeability coefficient of the foundation
Table 2.2.2.39 and Fig 2.2.2.31 are the results of in-situ permeability tests by pit method carried out in
2012 and 2013 and the borehole permeability tests done by this preparatory survey. On Fig 2.2.2.31
the boundary in permeability coefficient shall be drawn at the depth of 10m. The upper layer’s
permeability coefficient is estimated to be k=4.2×10－3cm adopting the additional value of average and
standard deviation from the view point of margin. The lower layer is considered to be impervious with
the permeability coefficient of less than K=1.0×10－4cm/sec in comparison with the upper layer so that
the lower layer is not counted as the foundation through which seepage arises. The thickness of the
foundation layer becomes 8.5m when considering the excavation depth of 1.5m (Refer to Appendix
6.14).
Table 2.2.2.39 Summary of In-situ Permeability Test Results
Pit/ test depth Permeability coefficient mean value
Hole No. ground condition
Bore hole (m) (cm/sec) (cm/sec)
N0.1 1.7 3.60E-03 earth
No.2 1.7 3.30E-02 earth
No.3 3.4 2.30E-04 earth
TP-1
No.4 3.4 3.20E-03 earth
No.5 5.1 8.50E-04 earth
No.6 5.1 1.00E-03 earth
No.1 1.0 2.20E-03 earth
TP-2
No.2 1.0 4.30E-03 earth
N0.1 1.7 1.20E-02 earth
No.2 1.7 1.00E-02 earth
No.3 3.4 1.40E-03 earth～highly
TP-3
No.4 3.4 1.30E-03 weathered
No.5 4.2 1.10E-04 highly weathered
N0.1 1.7 2.15E-04 earth
No.2 1.7 2.17E-04 earth
No.3 3.4 2.42E-03 earth
TP-4
No.4 3.4 2.42E-03 earth
9.87E-04
N0.1 1.7 8.05E-04 earth
No.2 1.7 2.22E-03 earth
TP-5
No.3 3.4 1.30E-04 earth, water
No.4 3.4 1.32E-04 earth, water
N0.1 1.7 2.11E-03 earth
No.2 1.7 1.64E-03 earth
No.3 3.4 7.27E-04 earth
TP-6
No.4 3.4 7.14E-04 earth
N0.1 1.7 7.14E-04 earth
No.2 1.7 9.66E-04 earth
No.3 3.4 3.28E-04 earth
TP-7
No.4 3.4 3.18E-04 earth
No.5 4.2 1.40E-04 earth
No.6 4.2 1.39E-04 earth
0～5m 2.5 1.70E-04 earth
BH-4 5～10m 7.5 2.40E-04 earth
10～15m 12.5 5.90E-04 highly weathered
0～5m 2.5 9.90E-04 7.5m以深 earth
BH-5 5～10m 7.5 1.40E-05 9.40E-05 earth
10～15m 12.5 5.30E-05 highly weathered
0～5m 2.5 1.50E-04 earth
BH-6 5～10m 7.5 1.80E-04 earth
10～15m 12.5 3.70E-05 weathered rock
MINAGRI 2-92 JICA

0
1
2
3
4
5
6 Kaverage=1.0×10－3cm/sec
Depth 深度(m)
7
(m)
8 σ
9 K=4.2×10－3cm/sec
10
11
12 ピット法透水試験
Tested by Pit Method
13 ボーリング孔内透水試験
Tested in borehole
14
15
1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01
Permeability coefficient (cm/sec)
透水係数(cm/sec)
Figure 2.2.2.31 Results of In-situ Permeability Tests
(4) Assumed cross-section of dam body
The cross-section of the homogeneous type dam is assumed for the study.
Toe drain
(5) Trial calculation and adoption of blanket length “x”
To the cases of the blanket thickness: 1.0m, 1.5m, 2.0m, 2.5m, the seepage quantity “qf” is calculated
to the given value of “x” by the former basic equations. The calculated result is shown in Table
2.2.2.40 and summarized on Fig 2.2.2.32.
Here, the allowable leakage quantity is set to be 0.05% of the total reservoir capacity per day. Then the
allowable quantity is calculated at 480m3/day (= 960,000m3×0.05/100)
Through checking the calculation result, it is clarified that 1.5m of the blanket thickness and 30m of
the blanket length can satisfy the allowable limit.
The leakage quantity per meter to these dimensions is as follows.
qf=3.98×10-5m3/sec=3.98×10-5 m3/sec×86,400sec/day=3.44m3/day
When the leakage quantity all through the longitudinal dam crest length is counted, the total leakage
quantity per day is estimated to be 325.9m3/day, which is less than the allowable one.
Q =3.44m3/(day・m)×22m+(1/2)×(167.5m－22m)×3.44m3/(day・m)
=325.9m3/day<485m3/day
JICA 2-93 MINAGRI

Table 2.2.2.40 Trial Calculation of Blanket Length and Thickness
t(m) k d(m) k1 a x(m) e2ax xr(m) qf(m3/sec)

1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 0 1 0 6.069E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 10 1.397564 9.907664 5.00313E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 20 1.953186 19.28506 4.53059E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 30 2.729703 27.70967 4.17623E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 40 3.814936 34.93109 3.91382E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 50 5.331618 40.87611 3.72133E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 60 7.45128 45.60973 3.58109E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 70 10.41364 49.27964 3.47943E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 80 14.55374 52.06650 3.40601E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 90 20.33978 54.14966 3.35312E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 100 28.42615 55.68850 3.31509E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 110 39.72738 56.81536 3.28779E-05
1 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.016737 120 55.52157 57.63526 3.2682E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 0 1 0 6.069E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 10 1.314303 9.938214 4.80296E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 20 1.727393 19.51647 4.34069E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 30 2.270318 28.42512 3.98404E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 40 2.983887 36.44095 3.70978E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 50 3.921732 43.44123 3.4994E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 60 5.154345 49.39699 3.33833E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 70 6.774373 54.35246 3.2152E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 80 8.90358 58.3998 3.12117E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 90 11.702 61.65561 3.04944E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 100 15.37998 64.24283 2.99474E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 110 20.21396 66.27884 2.95306E-05
1.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.013665 120 26.56728 67.86883 2.92131E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 0 1 0 6.069E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 10 1.267049 9.953575 4.60371E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 20 1.605413 19.6347 4.15638E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 30 2.034137 28.79997 3.80625E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 40 2.577351 37.25769 3.53171E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 50 3.26563 44.88021 3.31614E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 60 4.137713 51.60508 3.14669E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 70 5.242685 57.42731 3.01337E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 80 6.642738 62.38641 2.90842E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 90 8.416675 66.55195 2.82576E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 100 10.66434 70.01017 2.76061E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 110 13.51224 72.85338 2.70926E-05
2.0 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.011835 120 17.12067 75.17232 2.66877E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 0 1 0 6.069E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 10 1.23578 9.962818 4.40482E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 20 1.527153 19.70647 3.97437E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 30 1.887225 29.03068 3.63448E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 40 2.332195 37.76952 3.36479E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 50 2.88208 45.80129 3.14997E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 60 3.561617 53.05172 2.97832E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 70 4.401376 59.49142 2.84082E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 80 5.439133 65.12907 2.73047E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 90 6.721572 70.00253 2.64176E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 100 8.306385 74.16955 2.57035E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 110 10.26487 77.69932 2.51282E-05
2.5 0.000042 8.5 0.0000001 0.010585 120 12.68512 80.66565 2.46643E-05
0.00007
0.00006
漏水量Qf(m3/sec・m)
of (m3/sec・m)
adopted
採用
0.00005
0.00004
0.00003 t=1.0m
t=1.5m
0.00002
Leakage
t=2.0
0.00001 t=2.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Blanket length (m)
ブランケット長(m)
Figure 2.2.2.32 Blanket Length and Leakage Quantity
MINAGRI 2-94 JICA

(6) Seepage analysis by finite element method
Here, the seepage analysis by finite element method shall be conducted to confirm the seepage
suppressive effect of the foundation treatment by the combination of homogeneous dam body and
horizontal blanket and the safety of the foundation against seepage failure.
a) Coverage of the analysis

The analysis targets the total mass of dam body and foundation. The analysis coverage of the
foundation is decided empirically as follows.
Upstream :100m from the dam axis (upstream end of the horizontal blanket + dam height)
Downstream :60m from the dam axis (slope toe of the embankment + dam height)
Depth :To the elevation line of EL. 1345.0 (from the river bed elevation to the depth about
twice of dam height)
b) Permeability coefficient
Permeability coefficient k=1×10-5cm/sec, which corresponds to the quality control criteria to the
embankment work, is applied to the dam body and the horizontal blanket. k=5×10-3cm/sec is applied
to the drain and the toe drain judging empirically from the material’s gradational conditions. As for the
foundation, it is divided into two layers by the boundary at 7m in depth (EL. 1373.0m) based on the
geological conditions and the result of borehole permeability tests. The permeability coefficients are
estimated as follows based on Fig 2.2.2.33.
The upper layer ; k= 4.2×10-3cm/sec, The lower layer ; k= 3.7×10-4cm/sec

0
1
2
3
4
5 Kav=1.0×10－3cm/sec
6
(m)
K=4.2×10－3cm/sec
深度(m)
7 +σ
Depth
8
Kav=9.4×10－5cm/sec
9
K=3.7×10－4cm/sec
10 +σ
ピット法透水試験
Tested by Pit Method
11
孔内透水試験
Tested in borehole
12
13
1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01
Permeability
透水係数(cm/sec) coefficient (cm/sec)
図3-2-2-3-13 基盤透水度の評価
Figure 2.2.2.33 Estimation of k for Finite Element Analysis
JICA 2-95 MINAGRI

c) Analysis result
Fig 2.2.2.34 of the illustration of analysis model, where the seepage flow is caught by the drains
colored in red, shows the zones in permeability coefficient and the velocity vector distribution
obtained by the analysis. The seepage flow through the dam body and the foundation is concentrated
in the upper foundation layer and is gathered effectively into the toe drain by the aid of impervious
trench and the embankment at the slope toe. 1.0×10-3cm/sec is the maximum seepage flow velocity at
the toe drain bottom. To this, the hydraulic gradient is: i=v/k=(1.0×10-3cm/sec)/(4.2×10-3cm/sec)=0.24.
The value of 0.24 is estimated to have a large margin to the critical hydraulic gradient that is defined
as the ratio of “underwater unit weight of soil” and ”unit weight of water” so that there is no
possibility of the piping phenomenon arising at the seeping out point.
The leakage quantity is estimated by summing up the seeping out quantity of each element. A vast
majority of the amount is concentrated on two elements with three nodes, No.419, No.420 and No.421,
and counted to be 0.00004m3/sec/m (=3.46m3/day/m), which is equivalent to 3.44m3/day/m calculated
by the equations.
Though total amount of leakage shall be a little bit larger than this amount, it would be able to say that
the foundation treatment by the combination of homogeneous dam body and horizontal blanket
functions enough to reduce the leakage and that the adequacy of design details is confirmed.
MINAGRI 2-96 JICA

JICA
Rwanda
num Head Press Head Discharge

419 261 157.8 157.800003 0 -0.000025
420 262.5 157.8 157.800003 0 -0.000009
421 264 157.8 157.800003 0 -0.000006
-0.00004 m3/s/m
-3.456 m3/day/m
V=1.0×10－3cm/sec
2-97
V=3.0×10－4cm/sec
V=6.0×10－4cm/sec
Figure 2.2.2.34 Seepage Analysis Result（Analysis Model and Velocity Vector Distribution）
MINAGRI
9) Typical Cross-Section of the Dam Body and the Slope Blanket
(1) Typical cross-section of the dam body
a) Crest width
The width of the dam crest is provided with 6m as the safety treatment considering the additional dam
height being not so high and the water surface coming up near the dam crest.
b) Slope inclination
The upstream slope and the downstream slope is provide with the inclination of 1:3.0 and 1:2.5
respectively considering the stability of the dam body and the bottom width of the embankment being
effective to reduce the seepage quantity.
c) Berm
A berm of 2.5m wide is provided at EL.1385.0m on the upstream slope and the downstream slope of
the dam body considering its contribution to the embankment stability and maintenance works.
d) Drain
A vertical drain, which has 1.0m of width and continuously longitudinal, is provided in the
downstream embankment to catch the seepage flow toward downstream and prevent it from appearing
on the downstream slope.
The seepage water caught by the vertical drain is led by the horizontal drain to the toe drain and
discharges outside. The horizontal drain is placed on the bed of impervious embankment to make the
seepage path length in the foundation as long as possible.
e) Toe drain and catch-weir embankment

Toe drain is provided as a pan of drainage to which the seepage through embankment and foundation
flows into. Behind the toe drain, a catch-weir embankment with a impervious trench is provided to
catch the seepage flow as much as possible.
f) Slope protection
The upstream slope is protected by riprap works against the erosive action of waves. The protection
range by riprap works is from EL. 1388.50m (Low Water Level – 0.50m) to EL. 1392.30m (High
Water Level).
The downstream slope and the slope toe are protected by grass planting against the erosive action of
rain water.
g) Dam crest protection
The dam crest is protected by the compacted soil-cement mixture, 4m wide and 0.4m deep, against the
erosive action of rain water, ant activities digging holes into embankment and the wheel load of
vehicles for maintenance works. Here, this soil-cement improving method is introduced considering
the protection work to be impervious and not to increase the dam height.
A row of curbstones composed of cubic rocks with the size 40cm x 40cm x 60cm approximately laid
at 1.0m interval are provided to the dam crest edge upstream and downstream respectively to prevent
cars from dropping from the crest.
MINAGRI 2-98 JICA

(2) Typical cross-section of the slope blanket
a) Coverage area by the slope blanket
The hill slopes extending at the both sides beyond the horizontal blanket, of which length is decided to
be 30m in the previous section, must be covered by the slope blanket to prevent the reservoir water
from seeping into the foundation from both sides of the horizontal blanket.
b) Back pressure and the shape of the cross-section
The ground water in hills flows down toward the slope toe or the water table in the valley river before
the reservoir being filled with water, and after water being stored in the reservoir the ground water
flows down toward the water surface in the reservoir. Therefore, the ground water table goes up
remarkably after the water is stored in the reservoir.
The slope blanket restrains reservoir water from seeping into the hillside ground and also restrains
ground water from seeping out from the hillside to the reservoir side. Therefore, at the stage of the
reservoir water level being lowered, the slope blanket receives on its contact surface the water pressure
caused by the ground water table contained in hills. The slope blanket must be designed to be safe
against this back pressure something like lifting up or pushing foreword the embankment from its
contact surface.
The slope blanket is designed to resist this back pressure by its own embankment weight, so that the
cross-section is shaped with following dimensions that secure the embankment to have the zone
thickness more than 50% of the water depth at the corresponding position.
Excavation of the ground;
- Cutting slope in the area of higher than EL.1381.50 :Inclination=1:2.4

- Berm at EL.1381.50 :Width=3.5m
- Cutting slope in the area of lower than EL.1381.50 :Inclination=1:4.0
Embankment shape of the dam;

- Crest width :W=4.0m
- Embankment slope in the parts of higher than EL.1385.00 :Inclination=1:3.0
- Berm at EL.1385.00 :Width=2.5m
- Embankment slope in the parts of lower than EL.1385.00 :Inclination=1:5.0
JICA 2-99 MINAGRI

Figure 2.2.2.35 Typical Cross-section of the Dam Body and the Slope Blanket
MINAGRI 2-100 JICA

10) Stability Analysis of the Dam Body
(1) Standard to be followed
The stability analysis of the dam body is to be conducted following the standard “Design of Storage
Reservoir”, which is the design standard of low dams edited by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries of Japan.
(2) Methodology of stability analysis
a) Earthquake-resisting design by static seismic force
Lake Kivu in the northern part of Rwanda is situated on African Great Rift Valley and earthquakes
occur occasionally in Rwanda so that the earthquake-resisting design shall be applied to the dam body,
where the stability of dam body is evaluated to a body force assumed by a seismic acceleration acting
horizontally on the dam body, the method of which is so-called “static seismic intensity method”.
b) Stability analysis by the sliding-circle sliced block method
In this method, a sliding surface is set as a circular arc in through the dam body, the soil block on the
assumed sliding surface is sliced into reed-shape. The slide-resisting force and slide-activating force is
evaluated at the bottom of each slice, and then slide-resisting forces and slide-activating forces are
summed up respectively. The safety factor is defined as the proportion of the total slide-resisting
forces against the total slide-activating forces by the following formula.
Σ{c'×l + ( N − U − N e ) × tan φ '

Fs =
Σ(T + Te )
Here,
Fs :Safety factor
c’ :Cohesion of the material at the slice bottom on the sliding surface
φ’ :Internal friction angle of the material at the slice bottom on the sliding surface
l :Length of the sliding surface at the slice bottom l=b/cosα
b :Width of the slice
N :Vertical force component of the total load acting on the slice bottom
T :Tangential force component of the total load acting on the slice bottom
Ne :Vertical force component of the seismic load acting on the slice bottom
Te :Tangential force component of the seismic load acting on the slice bottom
U :Pore pressure acting on the slice bottom Center of the circular arc
b : Width of the slice
Seismic force
JICA 2-101 MINAGRI

c) Design seismic intensity
“Seismic Hazard Map of the World”

estimates the western part of Rwanda,
Lake Kivu side, to be ”Moderate Hazard”
and the eastern part to be “Low Hazard”.
The Ngoma22 site is located in the latter
area where the maximum acceleration
with 475 years exceedance probability is
estimated to be 0.8m/sec2. This value is
converted into static seismic intensity “k”
as follows.
k=0.8 m/sec2/9.8 m/sec2
=0.08
d) Conditions for analysis
Conditions such as the situation of the

dam body and the reservoir, requested
safety factor, design seismic intensity ‘k’, Figure 2.2.2.36 Earthquake in Rwanda
etc. are as follows in accordance with the (Seismic Hazard Map of the World, by Andrew Alden)
standard “Design of Storage Reservoir”.
Reservoir situation k Stress condition Side Safety factor
Just after
― 50% Total stress Up/Downstream 1.20≦
completion
F.W.L. EL.1392.0 100% Effective stress Up/Downstream 1.20≦
L.W.L. EL.1389.0 100% Effective stress Upstream 1.20≦
Rapid draw EL.1392.0→
50% Effective stress Upstream 1.20≦
down EL.1389.0
e) Design values
(a) Quality control criteria
Quality control criteria shall be set to conduct the quality control of the embankment works and secure
the quality of the embankment that satisfies the design conditions. Physical properties of the
embankment materials shall be decided in accordance with the quality control criteria.
[Impervious embankment]
To the impervious embankments consisting of the dam body, the horizontal blanket and the slope
blanket, the “D value” control method is applied based on the dependency of mechanical properties on
the relative density (compaction degree of the embankment; “D value”). “D value” is defined by the
following formula.
Dry density of the embankment

D value = × 100(%)
Maximum dry density in the laboratory compaction test
The impervious materials in the dam site area used for the embankment materials are pervious in the
layer and untouched conditions in spite of the materials being composed of mainly clay and silt
gradationally. Moreover, the excavated materials tend to be solid lumps due to the low moisture
content and solidity of the layer itself. Therefore, it is important to crush the lumps of soil and break
MINAGRI 2-102 JICA

the structural fabric of soil particles in the layer to make the embankment impervious. Considering this
point, high level compaction is to be requested and in this line the vibratory tamping roller shall be
adopted as a compaction machine and D value of 97% shall be applied as the compaction criteria.
Permeability coefficient should be a factor for embankment quality control so that the field
permeability test is planned to implement. The criteria value is set to be 1.0 X 10-5 cm/sec taking
account of some empirical elements in terms of embankment permeability such as 1) as anisotropic
aspect, in terms of permeability in vertical and in horizontal direction, caused by horizontal spreading
and compaction of embankment works being carries out layer by layer, 2) the difference of
permeability direction between the results of field test and laboratory 3) it is empirically said that the
value of permeability obtained by the field test is larger than that of laboratory test result, the
difference is one order of magnitude.
[Drain and Toe Drain]
Sand-and-gravel obtained from the Rwinkwuvu sand pit 30 km away from the dam site shall be used
as the embankment materials for drain and toe drain. The quality control of these zones shall be done
in terms of the compaction degree, D value, and the field permeability test. The criteria shall be set as
follows.
- D value :High level compaction is not required so that D value of 95% shall be adopted as the
common value.
- Permeability coefficient:
The value of k≧1.0×10－3cm/sec shall be adopted considering the zone’s function to catch the
seepage flow, lead and discharge it out of the embankment.
(b) Physical properties
[Impervious embankment]
- Unit weight:
Dry density :Based on the compaction test results, the average dry density corresponding to
D-97% is adopted.
ρd=(1.68+1.71+1.78+1.81)×0.97÷4=1.69 tf/m3
Wet density :Moisture content shall be adjusted at around the optimum moisture content Wopt
so that the materials’ moisture content is assumed to be at Wopt.
ρt=ρd×(1+w/100)=1.69×{1+(19.4/100+18.1/100+14.8/100+14.3/100)/4}=1.97tf/m3
- Saturated unit weight:
Specific gravity of soil particles shall be estimated based on the test result of the previous study
in 2009.
Gs=(2.65+2.66+2.70+2.65+2.63+2.70)/6=2.67
Void ratio “e” shall be calculated as the value corresponding to the dry density D 97%.
e=Gs/ρd－1=2.67÷1.69－1=0.58
Saturated unit weight is calculated as follows.
ρsat=( Gs +e)÷(1+e)=(2.67+0.58)/(1+0.58)=2.06 tf/m3
JICA 2-103 MINAGRI

- Shear strength;
Shear strength of the materials is evaluated based on the direct shear tests carried out in this
preparatory survey. Reduction of the shear strength factors obtained in the test shall not be considered
because of the specimens consisting of clay and silt only and the shear strength factors being not
influenced by granular particles on the shearing surface.
Shear strength (τ) is expressed in the equation: τ=σtanφ+c by the shear strength factors, i.e.
cohesion: c and internal friction angle: φ, here σ: vertical stress. The figure below is the test result
expressed by the equation above. This shows the tendency of the shear strength being proportional to
the density condition. The design shear strength is evaluated as follows focusing on the lowest shear
strength considering the safety side and the requisite minimum numbers of testing though it might be
able to adopt higher values in accordance with the quality control criteria.
- Cohesion :C=32 KN/m2
- Internal friction angle :φ=26°
[Drain and Toe Drain]
- Unit weight:
Dry density :D 95% dry density is
adopted in accordance with the
compaction criteria; the value is
calculated based on the maximum dry
density of the compaction curve.
ρd=2.00×0.95=1.90tf/m3
Wet density :Moisture content shall be

adjusted at around the optimum moisture
content Wopt so that the materials’
moisture content is assumed to be at
Wopt. Figure 2.2.2.37 Summary of the Direct Shear Tests
ρt=ρd×(1+w/100)=1.90×(1+8.3/100)=2.06 tf/m3
- Saturated unit weight;
The drain zone and the toe drain zone shall not be fully saturated so that the saturated unit weight
is treated to be equivalent to the wet density.
ρsat=2.06 tf/m3
Shear strength :Internal friction angle 35° is adopted as the commonly evaluated value to sand.
Cohesion is not counted.
φ=35°
f) Seepage line in the dam body

The seepage line in the homogeneous fill type dam is estimated by the method suggested by A.
Casagrande. In embankment banked layer by layer through spreading and compaction process, there is
a differential in permeability between the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. It is said
empirically that the ratio of the horizontal permeability coefficient (kh) of the vertical permeability
MINAGRI 2-104 JICA

coefficient (kv) is 5.0 (kh/kv =5) in case of the compaction being done by tamping rollers. Before
applying the method, the cross-section of dam body must be transformed from such anisotropic
conditions into isotropic conditions. This transformation can be done through multiplying the
horizontal length and distance of dam body by 1/√5. A. Casagrande showed the way of setting the
seepage line by a fundamental parabola and the way to modify this parabola in terms of the flowing-in
portion and the flowing-out portion. The fundamental parabola is given by the formula based on the
illustration indicated below.
y = 2 y0 x + y02 y0 = h 2 + d 2 − d
Seepage line
Modifications of the flowing-in portion and the flowing-out portion are done as follows by the
equation and illustrations.
y0
a + Δa =
1 − cos α
vertical
α; gradient of flow-out surface
Seepage line
The F.W.L. (WL.=EL.1392.0) and L.W.L.(WL.=EL.1389.0) is shown in Fig 2.2.2.38.
g) Results of the stability analysis

The results of the stability analysis are shown on Fig 2.2.2.39 to Fig 2.2.2.44. Here, the safety of dam
body against sliding failure at the event of earthquake is confirmed with the minimum safety factor
being 1.865 to the downstream side just after completion of dam construction.
JICA 2-105 MINAGRI

Figure 2.2.2.38 Setting of Seepage Line in the Dam Body
MINAGRI 2-106 JICA

Figure 2.2.2.39 Safety Factor Distribution (F.W.L / Upstream)
JICA 2-107 MINAGRI

Figure 2.2.2.40 Safety Factor Distribution (F.W.L / Downstream)
MINAGRI 2-108 JICA

Figure 2.2.2.41 Safety Factor Distribution (Just after completion / Upstream)
JICA 2-109 MINAGRI

Figure 2.2.2.42 Safety Factor Distribution (Just after completion / Downstream)
MINAGRI 2-110 JICA

Figure 2.2.2.43 Safety Factor Distribution (L.W.L / Upstream)
JICA 2-111 MINAGRI

Figure 2.2.2.44 Safety Factor Distribution (Rapid draw Down / Upstream)
MINAGRI 2-112 JICA

11) Additional Embankment for Settlement
The embankment materials consist of cohesive soils so that the consolidation shall not finish
completely within the period of construction but some portions are postponed after the end of the
construction term. The additional embankment is provided to avoid the shortage of freeboard of the
dam crest due to this postponed settlement. The adequate height of additional embankment can be
evaluated based on the relation curve between the load and the settlement ratio obtained from the
consolidation test result as follows.
An element with the thickness of “dx” at the position “x” m above the embankment bottom, is
assumed here H: dam height and γ: unit weight of embankment, the load “L” acting on the element
“dx” is expressed as “L=(H－x)・γ”.
A settlement ratio “y” is introduced and expressed as the function of load “L”. Then, the settlement of
“dx” is expressed as “y・dx” and the settlement at the dam crest can be calculated by integrating “y・
dx” from the bottom (x=0) to the dam crest (x=H). The relation between “L” and “y” is expressed by a
linear approximate equation “y=aL”. The settlement of dam crest is shown as follows;
H
⎡ x2 ⎤ aγH 2
H H H
∫0 ydx = ∫0 aLdx = a ∫0 (γH − γx ) dx = a ⎢

⎣
γHx − γ ⎥
2 ⎦0
=
2
8
7
Approximate Eq.：y=aL
6
ratio (%)
5
Representative curve
沈下率(%)
Settlement
3
TP-1(D-100%)
TP-1(D-95%)
2
TP-3(D-100%)
TP-3(D-95%)
1 adopted
採用曲線
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
荷重(kPs)
Load (kPs)
Figure 2.2.2.45 Load - Settlement Ratio Curve
Here, y=aL, a=7.2%/(300kPs), γ=1.97tf/m3, and H=14.9m
Then, the settlement of dam crest =1/2×(0.072/30.0tf/m2)×(1.97tf/m3)×(14.9m)2
=0.52m
JICA 2-113 MINAGRI

The consolidation settlement occurs even during the construction period. It is said empirically that the
percentage of the postponed settlement to the total settlement is about 35% or so. In this Project,
however, the embankment works shall be conducted in a concentrated manner in dry season, so that
the postponed percentage of settlement is assumed to be 80% and the additional height of embankment
is designed to be 40 cm.
The additional height 40 cm is applied to the central section longitudinally and is gradually decreased
toward the abutment.
12) Design of Drain

Materials the drain zone are requested to satisfy the following gradational conditions from the view
point of piping phenomena at the time of the seepage flowing into the drain from the impervious
embankment, and the drainage capacity for water caught by the drain to be led and discharged outside.
F15 F15
(1) < 5， >5
B85 B15
Here,
F15 :Grain size of the drain corresponding to passing percent 15%

B85 :Grain size of passing percent 85% regarding the zone through which seepage flows into the drain
B15 :Grain size of passing percent 15% regarding the zone through which seepage flows into the drain
(2) Drain materials are to be non-cohesive and the content percentage of fine particles less than
0.075mm in grain size is to be less than 5% fundamentally. The particle size distribution
curves of both the drain material and the zone material in front of the drain are to be parallel.
Though sand-and-gravel materials gathered from Rwinkwuvu are considered to be suitable for drain
material, the compatibility of conditions above will be confirmed as follows.
Ｂ85=0.02～5.2
100
90
80
70
Percent Passing
60
50
sand & gravel
40 A(0.2～1.5m)
A(1.5～3.5m)
30 A(3.5～5.0m)
B(0.2～1.0m)
20
B(2.0～3.5m)
10 B(3.5～5.0m)
F15=0.34
0
F
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
15
= 0.34 /(0.02 ~ 5.2) = 17 ~ 0.065 <5
Diameter, mm
B85 Ｂ15=～0.004 0.425 2.00 4.75 19.0 75.0
Figure 2.2.2.46 The Gradation Balance between Sand-and-Gravel and Impervious Filling Materials
MINAGRI 2-114 JICA

F15
= 0.34 /(0.02 ~ 5.2) = 17 ~ 0.065 < 5
B85
Although two samples, which are A (1.5 - 3.5m) and B (0.2 - 1.0m), don’t satisfy the standard due to
the overmuch content of clay, the other samples satisfy the standard. As a whole, it is judged that this
sand-and-gravel material can be used for the drain as the impervious materials is expected to be
homogenized through excavation works in borrow areas and the high cohesiveness of clay is supposed
to resist against the wash-away action of seepage flow.
F15
= 0.34/(~ 0.004) = 85 ~> 5
B15
Based on examination above, the standard condition is satisfied.
Moreover, the request for “parallel” is highly satisfied in the particle size distribution curves between
the sand-and-gravel and the impervious materials and the standard of “the content percentage of fine
particles ranging less than 0.075mm in grain size is to be less than 5%” is also satisfied. Permeability
coefficient of the sand-and-gravel estimated by the Hazen formula is as follows and pervious enough
for the requested discharge function.
k = C1D102 = 100× 0.0282 = 0.078cm / sec
Based on the examinations above, the sand-and-gravel is judged to be suitable for the drain material.
13) Monitoring Facilities of the Dam Body
According to recommendation of International Commission on Large Dam which is the Commission

categorizing a dam having 15m height is the large dam, the lathe Ngoma22 dam plans to install some
monitoring facilities of the dam body because the Ngoma22 dam has 14.9 m height and applies the
blanket method applied as the foundation treatment where the seepage through foundation is allowed
to some extent.
Following equipment are to be installed in accordance with the large homogeneous fill-type dam being
requested to be provided with deformation monitoring equipments, leakage monitoring equipments
and seepage line monitoring equipments.
- Deformation monitoring equipments
Deformation of the dam body surface shall be monitored by checking the deformation at measuring
points against the fixed points placed on the both abutment ground. In this regard, one fixed
observation point is placed on each abutment ground, and seven deformation observation points are
placed on the dam crest and on the berms upstream and downstream.
- Leakage monitoring equipments
Perforated PVC pipes shall be laid in the toe drain to catch the seepage water gathered by the toe drain
and discharge it through PVC pipe connected to the perforated ones outside the dam body. At the
discharge mouth of the PVC pipes, leakage quantity is measured by hand. Two systems composed of
perforated pipes and non-perforated ones are installed to the left-bank-side river bed and the
right-bank-side river bed respectively to grasp the aerial difference in leakage.
- Installation of pore water pressure gauges
Pore water pressure gauges shall be installed instead of monitoring boreholes of seepage lines. In case
of homogeneous fill-type dams which a large amount of residual pore pressure relatively keeps
JICA 2-115 MINAGRI

existing, water tables in monitoring boreholes are sometimes not clear whether they reflect the pore
water corresponding to the residual pore water pressure or they reflect the water levels of seepage flow.
Pore water pressure gauges can catch the turning point from the descending tendency of residual pore
pressure due to dissipation of the ascending tendency caused by seepage flow so that it is possible to
clarify the pore pressure to be the residual one or to be the one brought from seepage flow.
Moreover, in case of the pore pressure being measured in a saturated zone, it is possible to conduct an
analysis of seepage flow conditions by drawing a flow-net diagram which is obtained by grasping the
total head distribution. Total head is calculated as the sum of the pore pressure and the gauge
elevation.
From the view point mentioned above, seven (7) gauges in the dam body and fifteen (15) gauges on
the foundation surface are installed.
In addition, the pore water pressure gauges are electric type and the measurement shall be done by the
electric transducer at the observation pit on the downstream berm in which the tail ends of lead cables
are gathered.
2-2-2-3-2 Design of Spillway
1) Decision of alignment
The alignment of the spillway is designed taking account of some conditions such as topographical
and geological conditions and relation with other facilities. At 1,390m elevation, topographical
steepness and gentleness are inversed, and slope is gentle at the high elevation and it is steep at low
elevation on the left bank, while the condition at right bank shows opposite trend. In terms of
geological condition, abutment part of both banks within 0.75 m depth is judged as relatively good and
there is no big difference between the right and left banks.
Concerning relation with other facilities, the spillway can compete with the intake works from the
reservoir to dam body. If intake pipe and the spillway will be parallel and the intake will be set at
upstream of toe of the spillway, they will not be crossed, which leads to easy construction and
maintenance.
Since a pump station is to be set at the left bank, it is recommended to construct the spillway at the
right bank to avoid the competition with the piping of the pump station and also to minimize extension
and bend of spillway. Moreover, it is needed to pay attention to connection with slope blanket at the
side canal of spillway. Under the condition that foundations are different, different settlement can be
caused at the side canal. Therefore, parallel alignment with contour and blanket axis of ground on the
right bank is applied for the design. Based on the conditions mentioned above, following alignment is
proposed.
MINAGRI 2-116 JICA

Figure 2.2.2.47 Case Study of Alignment of the Spillway
2) Decision of Spillway Type
In terms of topographic matter, it is proposed to select a type of spillway which forms side canal with
nearly 90 degree between flow direction of inflow part and the spillway alignment, if contours of both
banks are parallel with a river route such as the valley shape.
The basic structure of spillway is open canal type with rectangle shape. It is designed to cross with the
dam axis at the link part. It is needed to set a box culvert type bridge at the dam crest, which makes it
possible for persons concerned to walk the spillway. Especially, the surface, which tangents with dam
embankment at the upstream of dam axis, will have 1:0.3 slopes so that the rolled compaction banking
can be easily applied on the surface of the structure. Just before banking, contact clay will be applied
for impervious effects. The chute and energy dissipator, which will connect with existing river also,
will have rectangle shape. It is needed to propose a layout taking consideration into that intake will
connect with the energy dissipator.
3) Hydraulic Design
(1) Name of part
hydraulic
水理的規定点
ｺﾝﾄﾛｰﾙﾎﾟｲﾝﾄ
control point
Side canal Connection canal Chute canal

側水路部取付水路部急流水路部 Dissipator
減勢工部
概略縦断面図
Figure 2.2.2.48 Longitudinal Section
JICA 2-117 MINAGRI

(2) Design of side intake canal
a) Design of overflow head
Overflow head is a factor for dam height decision. It is, therefore, needed to determine the design
considering construction conditions of the spillway mentioned above and dam size. Economical
overflow head of the side canal spillway can be calculated by using the formula as shown below:
1
Hd = × Qd1/ 2 × HF−1/ 4 × CLF−1/ 8 − 0.05
1.63
Hd : Design overflow head (m)
Qd : Design flood discharge = 3.4（m3/s)
HF : Dam height＝14.9 (m)
CLF : Dam length (banking) = 200.0 (m)
1
Hd = × 3.41 / 2 × 14.9 −1 / 4 × 200 −1 / 8 − 0.05
1.63
＝0.247（m）
Based on the calculation result mentioned above, the overflow head of the side canal spillway is
designed as 0.3m.
b) Design of overflow weir

Design full water level (=crest elevation): EL. 1392.00 (m)
Design flood water level: EL. 1392.30 (m)
Approaching canal elevation: EL. 1391.50 (m)
Design overflow head: Hd = 0.30 (m)
Height of overflow weir: W=0.50 (m)
Discharge formula is as shown below: Design設計
flood level
洪水位
3/2
Q=C･L･ＨＨｄ
Design full 計water
画満水level
位
0.99
Cd=2.20－0.0416(Hd/W)
Ｗ
Canal bed
１+ 2a（H/Hd）接近水路敷高
C = 1.60 ×
1 + a（H/Hd)
Figure 2.2.2.49 Cross Section of Overall Weir
Q : Discharge (m3/s) 越流部断面図
L : Width of overflow weir (m)

H : Any overflow head (m)
Hd : Design overflow head (m)
W : Weir height of overflow (m)
a : Constant
C : Coefficient of discharge
Cd : Coefficient of discharge when H = Hd
Cd= 2.20－0.0416×(0.30/0.50）0.99 ＝2.1749

A = (1.60－Cd)/ (Cd－3.20) =0.561
MINAGRI 2-118 JICA

１+ 2 × 0.561 × 1
C = 1.60 × ＝2.175
1 + 0.561 × 1
Q 3.4
L= 3/2
＝＝9.514
C･ H 2.175 × 0.30 3/2
Considering the calculation result above and safety, length of overflow weir is designed as 10.000 (m).
The Harold standard overflow crest is applied and proposed slope of the bottom part of the overflow
weir cross section is 1:0.7, which is proper for nappe.
c) Determination of side canal cross section
Cross section of side canal and slope of overflow weir is designed as trapezoidal and 1:0.7
respectively. The proposed cross section will be applied for all the side canals. Width of canal bottom
is 1.5m, and longitudinal slope of the side canal will be level in consideration of efficient construction.
(3) Hydraulic design of transition canal
The side canal at the end point is connected to rectangle shape transition canal with contraction of side
wall at weir side. The length of transition canal part is designed as 20.000 (m) considering topographic
situations, geological conditions and relation with other facilities, and it will be connected with the
chute. Overflow weir will be set as a hydraulic control point to stabilize flow conditions of side canal.
Side
側水canal
路部取Transition
付水路部canal 急Chute
流水路 canal
部
側 ca
水n 路alコslウ
o pe
配 canal
取付水slope
路コウ配
upper bed of lower取bed

lower bed of 付水of路
side
側水路 canal
上流端敷高 connection
下流端canal
敷高
side
側水路 canal
下流端敷高
概略縦断面図
Figure 2.2.2.50 Cross Section of Transition Canal
a) Cross section of transition canal
Width of bottom of canal is designed as 1.500 (m) as well as that of the side canal end.
Longitudinal slope of the transition canal should be designed taking account of prevention of shock
wave, surface vibration and control of Froude number of the side canal. Therefore, the slope of
transition canal shall have sufficient gentle slope and it can be calculated by using following formula.
g･ｎ2･Fr 2･(1 + 2d/B）

4/3
s=
d 1/3
s : Longitudinal slope of transition canal
g : Acceleration of gravity 9.8 (m/s2)
n : Coefficient of roughness n = 0.015
Fr : Froude number Fr = 0.369
d : Depth of side canal at the end point d =1.397 (m)
B : Width of bottom of side canal B = 1.500 (m)
JICA 2-119 MINAGRI

9.8 × 0.015 2 × 0.369 2･(1 + 2 × 1.397/1.50）

4/3
s= ＝1/916
1.3971/3
Based on the calculation result, longitudinal gradient of transition canal is designed as level.
b) Freeboard of transition canal
Freeboard is calculated based on following formula:
Fb = 0.07d＋hv + 0.10
Fb : Freeboard of transition canal (m)

d : Depth of design flood discharge (m)
Hv : Velocity head for design flood discharge (m)
Based on the calculation, freeboard of access canal, vertical height and design crest elevation are as
shown below:
Table 2.2.2.41 Calculation Result of Transition Canal Height
Water Necessary Design Bed Crest of
Distance Freeboard
depth height height elevation wall
(m) (m)
(m) (m) (m) (EL.m) (EL.m)
0.00 1.006 0.420 1.426 1.50 1390.50 1392.00
6.00 1.267 0.311 1.578 2.90 1390.50 1393.40
12.00 1.283 0.309 1.593 2.90 1390.50 1393.40
18.00 1.298 0.308 1.606 2.90 1390.50 1393.40
20.00 1.303 0.307 1.611 2.90 1390.50 1393.40
(4) Hydraulic design of chute canal

a) Cross section of chute canal part
In consideration of topographic, geological and construction condition of energy dissipator, the slope
of chute part is set at 1:5.00. The chute canal has rectangle shape and its width of bottom is 1.50m as
well as that of the transition canal for efficient connection with energy dissipator downstream.
hydraulic
コントロControl
ールポイ point
ント
急
c流
hu
水
te
路
ca
n底a
l コ
s lo
ウp e
配
settling
静水池basin
敷
Connection
取付水路 canal
部 chute
急流水 canal
路部 energy
減勢dissipator
工部
概略
Figure 2.2.2.51 縦断 Section
Cross 面図 of Chute
b) Freeboard of chute canal
Freeboard of the chute canal is calculated based on the following formula:
MINAGRI 2-120 JICA

Fb = 0.6＋0.037V･d1/3
Fb : Freeboard (m)
V : Velocity (m/s)
d : Depth (m)
In addition, height of canal is calculated based on the following formula:

1
H = (d + Fb) ×
cosθ
θ : Degree slope at the bottom of canal
The calculation results are as shown below:

Table 2.2.2.42 Calculation Results of Freeboard and Height of Shute
Water Vertical Design
Distance Freeboard Wall height
depth height height
(m) (m) (m)
(m) (m) (m)
9.00 0.328 0.776 1.104 1.126 1.30
18.00 0.278 0.797 1.075 1.096 1.10
27.00 0.259 0.807 1.065 1.086 1.10
36.00 0.249 0.812 1.061 1.082 1.10
45.00 0.245 0.814 1.059 1.080 1.10
54.00 0.242 0.816 1.058 1.079 1.10
60.00 0.241 0.816 1.058 1.079 1.10
(5) Hydraulic design of energy dissipater
a) Type of chute
The purpose of chute construction is to prevent from destruction and erosion of dam body, spillway
structure and other structures caused by high discharge velocity. The chute should have functions to
soften high energy by flood by changing fast supercritical flow in the shute canal to subcritical flow.
There are many cases of design for hydraulic jump style of chute as fill dam spillway construction.
The chute type is determined depending on relation between hydraulic jump curve and water
level-discharge curve in the downstream of dam. In terms of economical matter, forced hydraulic jump
type, which has short chute length, is applied.
b) Stilling basin inflow
Depth, discharge velocity, Froude number and hydraulic jump depth of flood, which dash to apron bed
of the stilling basin,
V1 1
Fr = 1/2 d2 = （ 1＋8Fr 2 - 1）
× d1 ×
(g･d 1） 2
Fr : Froude number
V1 , d1 : Inflow acceleration velocity (m/s), inflow depth (m)
d2 : Depth of hydraulic jump (m)
g : Gravity acceleration velocity 9.8 (m/s2)
JICA 2-121 MINAGRI

Table 2.2.2.43 Specifications of Stilling Basin Inflow

Elevation of Velocity of Froude Depth of hydraulic
Depth of inflow
Category of flood discharge apron bed inflow number jump
d１(m)
(EL.m） V１(m/s) Fr d２(m)
Design flood discharge Qd
Qd= 3.4 m3/s 1378.7 0.241 9.395 6.110 1.968
Chute design flood

discharge 1378.7 0.193 8.446 6.135 1.584
Qe=2.45 m3/s
c) Length of stilling basin
Length of stilling basin is calculated based on the formula as shown below:
L = a･d2
L : Length of stilling basin (m)

a : Enforced hydraulic jump type a=3.0
d2 : Depth of hydraulic jump (m)
∴L = 3.0 × 1.584 = 4.752 (m)
Based on the result mentioned above, the length is designed 5.00 (m) as safer side.
d) Height of stilling basin
If hydraulic jump does not exceed crest of side wall under the condition of 1/1,000 year probability,
there is not big problem in terms of safety. Given that discharge of design spillway flood (Qd) is 3.4
(m3/s) and hydraulic jump depth of discharge is 1.968m, height of stilling basin is designed at 2.00m.
e) Height of sub-dam
Height of sub-dam is calculated based on following formula.
W (1 + 2Fr 2 ) 1＋8Fr 2 －1－5Fr 2 g 2/3

= －（ Fr）
d1 1/2
1＋4Fr － 1 + 8Fr 2 2
W :Height of sub-dam
Fr :Froude number before hydraulic jump Fr =6.135
d1 :Depth before hydraulic jump =0.193 (m)
W = 0.666 m
In consideration of that it is not very big issue if conjugate depth in the downstream is low in case of
enforced hydraulic jump type, height of sub-dam is designed 0.6 m. Crest elevation (EL. 1378.7 +
0.600 = EL. 1379.3m) will be same as that of existing canal lot. Transition canal to the downstream is
set at inversed slope of 1:5.0.
(6) Share of energy dissipater for spillway chute of low water level outlet works
Low water level outlet works functioning through bottom outlet will be used for outflow of river
environmental maintenance water for the downstream, irrigation water for paddy field, and regulation
of reservoir water level. Since there are paddy plots just downstream of the proposed dam axis and a
part of them will be expropriated for the dam construction, it is necessary to minimize the area of land
to be expropriated for the dam construction. It is, therefore, proposed not to set chute of outlet works
MINAGRI 2-122 JICA

and to discharge water to the chute through the pipe. In that case, there is a possibility the water
discharged will crash the vertical wall of spillway at opposite side and also spray can be caused, since
it can be air outlet. Therefore, it is proposed to cover the canal of spillway by cover to reduce the water
energy in the canal.
2-2-2-3-3 Design of Intake and Outlet Works
Purpose of the proposed reservoir construction is to irrigate paddy fields and hillside farm land. The
proposed intake works consist of outlet works at low water level and intakes on the right and left
banks. They are designed in accordance with necessity. The outlet works at low water level is
designed taking account of temporary drainage and functions for safety management.
1) Basic conditions
(1) River water discharge (current and planned discharge for paddy field irrigation)
- River maintenance discharge : 0.004m3/s

- Maximum discharge : 0.020m3/s
When the volume intake discharge for paddy field is more than that of river maintenance discharge,
which is calculated at 0.004m3/s, it is not necessary to discharge river maintenance water additionally.
(2) Hillside irrigation discharge
- Maximum intake for left bank hillside irrigation : 0.080 m3/s (＝0.0008m3/s/ha×100ha)
- Maximum intake for right bank hillside irrigation : 0.132 m3/s (＝0.0008m3/s/ha×165ha)
(3) Conditions of reservoir
Table 2.2.2.44 Basic Conditions for Reservoir Design
Water storage volume

Effective capacity 450,000 m3
Total capacity 960,000 m3
Design low water discharge 510,000 m3
Design sedimentation volume (for 30,000 m3
Design elevation
Crest elevation EL.1393.40 m
Freeboard 1.10 m
Design flood elevation EL.1392.30 m
Normal full water level EL.1392.00 m
Low water level EL.1389.00 m
Available water depth 3.00 m
Design sedimentation level EL.1382.00 m
(4) Conditions of air and water temperature
Existing paddy field is located at just downstream of the proposed dam axis and its irrigation water
resource is river at present. The source of river is spring water from the foot of upstream mountain and
the water reaches to the whole paddy field by forming natural flow. Given that the river bottom width
in the upstream of the proposed dam axis is small, so that water temperature from the upstream to the
paddy field downstream will not be influenced very much by air temperature. Mean air temperature in
the area is more that 20 degree through the year, therefore, it can be considered that river water
flowing into the site can not damage the paddy because the water temperature can not be very low.
JICA 2-123 MINAGRI

Table 2.2.2.45 Lowest, Suitable and Highest Temperature for Paddy Growing (Japonica Rice)
Item Lowest temperature Optimum temperature Highest temperature
℃ ℃ ℃
Germination 10 - 13 30 - 34 40 - 44
Growth of seedling － 32 －
Extension of height 15 - 16 30 - 32 40
Increase of tillering 14 28 - 34 40
Total weight 13 - 14 30 - 34 40
Differentiation of young panicle 15
Heading 17 - 20
Flowing 15 - 19 28 - 40 50 - 60
(5) Intake for paddy field
Irrigation water for the paddy field downstream will be taken from low water level outlet facility by
using the bottom outlet. Bearing capacity of the soil on the site is categorized into weak soil
foundation, since N-value is less than 20.
If an intake tower is constructed, foundation treatment works such as pile foundation are needed to be
constructed, since weigh of the tower is so heavy for its height, namely, 12m reading from surface of
planned horizontal blanket (EL.1380.0m) to full water level (EL.1392.0m) and the weight of
maintenance bridge due to the length of 36m. It is, however, not recommended to construct such
structure taking account of impact on the bottom outlet or the dam body.
It is possible to construct a slope intake on the slope of the dam body, however, it is not recommended
to operate the gate because the length of spindle of the gate is long, which is 38m. Therefore, it is
judged that expanding the bottom outlet to intake water from the reservoir directly is quite difficult.
In case of intake from the low water outlet facility, the height of design sedimentation level
(EL.1382.0m), which is equivalent to 2.5m, is considered to be structural limit. Water temperature at
design sedimentation level is generally low, however, it ranges from 20℃ to 23℃ constantly through
the year and it is considered that the water temperature of the dam lake is almost same as that of
underground spring. In other words, temperature of reservoir water to be irrigated will range almost
same as the current irrigation water temperature. Therefore, management of irrigation water
temperature for paddy cultivation will be done as well as it has been done so far.
Intake at low water level can be influenced by mud water inflow. Since the particles are heavy and it
takes time for precipitation, bottom water is relatively muddier that surface water. However, the water
will be used for paddy field, which will not result in a big issue. Therefore, low water level outlet
works will be used for the paddy irrigation.
(6) Hillside irrigation

Pipelines and horses will be installed for hillside irrigation so that muddy water is not suitable.
Therefore, intake from surface water within 3m depth is proposed. It is common to set the intake
works at just upstream of the dam. It is, however, needed to consider the dam body design since slope
blankets are set on right and left banks. It is possible to construct the intake at upstream by avoiding
slope blanket, however, it is needed to set more than 50 m distance from the dam axis. Considering
scale of structure, construction cost, maintenance and so on, it is better to construct the intake near the
dam axis as much as possible. Moreover, soil surface does not have sufficient bearing capacity so that
it is judged that foundation on well compacted dam body is safer. It is recommended to set intake
works on both right and left banks in terms of maintenance and safety since the hillside farmlands are
extended on the both banks.
Based on the examination mentioned above and the left bank intake will divert water to the pump
MINAGRI 2-124 JICA
station, the intake should be set on the dam body, which makes it possible to minimize the length of
pipeline and construction works. The spillway is designed on the right bank, therefore, the right bank
intake will be set on the upstream of spillway to avoid crossing and it will divert water to the
downstream on the mountainous side of the spillway.
2) Design of low water level outflow works
(1) Pipe type and diameter for river water outlet
It is proposed to use steel pipe which has toughness and ductility for river maintenance outlet and
paddy field irrigation in consideration of water storage pressure and influence of settlement and
deformation. The design velocity is set at 0.7 - 1.6m/sec and φ150mm of pipe is applied.
(2) Temporary drainage during dam construction
Flood discharge during the construction work is estimated 1.5m3/sec at 1/10 probability. There are two
methods of the type for temporary drainage as follows:
Case-A :Multiple-stage diversion method
Drain water is discharged at the place where dam body banking works is not under operation, while
the construction works of remaining parts can continuously be implemented.
Case-B :Complete closure method
Pipe drain is buried and then and dam body banking can be carried out continuously.
They mentioned two methods, however, are not suitable on the side by the reason mentioned below.
In case of A, it is possible to minimize the construction period since dam body, blanket, excavation
and banking can be started from the beginning of overall construction period. On the other hand,
regarding case B, construction period will be longer than 1, since it is needed to construct pipe drain.
If construction work will be done during rainy season, moisture control is necessary. On the other hand,
in case that construction works will be suspended during rainy season, excavation of soil surface is
required. Therefore, both methods are not recommendable.
Large scale structure for temporary drainage should be determined carefully taking account of
appropriation for other purpose expected in future and safety for soil foundation. Multiple-stage
diversion method is more proper than complete closure and the method is possible to minimize
construction scale by temporary storing of drained water at the reservoir.
Therefore, multiple-stage diversion is proposed as drain water treatment method during the dam
construction period.
If temporary drain around current river is set for dam construction works for dry season (January and
February) and rainy season (March to May), specifications are presented as follows based on the
hydraulic calculation.
Table 2.2.2.46 Hydraulic Calculation for Temporary Drainage
Item Calculated result Remarks
Discharge (m3/s) 1.500 flood discharge at 10 years probability
Bed Slope (1/I) 1,000
Roughness Coefficient. 0.018
Side Slope 1.000
Bottom Width (m) 2.000
JICA 2-125 MINAGRI


2
Area of Cross (m ) 1.530
Wetted Perimeter (m) 3.670
Hydraulic Radius (m) 0.417
Velocity (m/s) 0.980
Depth of Flow (m) 0.591
Froude Number 0.45
(3) Drain water treatment after dam construction
After the dam body construction, water will be stored at the reservoir and discharged from the spillway
when water level becomes higher than intake or full water level. Virgin water storage will be
experienced through controlling of water level and monitoring conditions of the reservoir for safety
confirmation. It is needed to construct a structure equipped with sufficient outlet capacity to control
water level of the reservoir.
In such case, the structure should have more outlet capacity than that of intake, however, large scale
discharge exceeding intake volume is not recommendable in consideration of conditions of irrigation
canal in the downstream. For the purpose of the dam safety, an outlet structure which can reduce water
level to middle level within 100 days is examined as discussing below.
a) Design conditions
- Normal full water level : EL.1392.0m

- Planned sedimentation level : EL.1382.0m
- Middle water level : EL.1387.0m
- Downstream water level : EL.1379.67m
- Extension of pipeline canal : 92.717m
b) Outlet time and pipe diameter
When reservoir water level is low, outlet time (T) is calculated based on the formula below. It is
needed to calculate pipe diameter to satisfy (T).
⊿Ｖ
Ｔ = ∑⊿Ｔ＝ ∑
⊿ｈ
Ｋ 2g（ H－）
2
⊿T : Time for reduction of reservoir water level from H to ⊿h

H : Difference between reservoir water surface and outlet of intake pipe
⊿V : Storage capacity between H and ⊿h
K : Coefficient
1
Ｋ=
（ｆi／ａi 2 ）
∑
Fi : Loss coefficient
Ai : Cross section area of pipe
MINAGRI 2-126 JICA

Table 2.2.2.47 Examination of Outlet Time
3
WL （EL.m） ⊿V (m ) H-⊿h/2 (m) K x⊿T KT
Normal full water level 1,392 167,304 11.83 10,987 10,987
1,391 147,538 10.83 10,127 21,114
1,390 130,712 9.83 9,417 30,531
1,389 114,037 8.83 8,668 39,199
1,388 97,144 7.83 7,842 47,041
Middle water level 1,387 81,993 6.83 7,087 54,127
When ⊿h is 1.0m and outflow water level is 1379.67m, KT=54,127, T=864,000 seconds (for 10
days). Therefore, K=KT/T=0.06265.
Diameter of pipe (D) is calculated based on inflow loss, friction loss and outflow loss. When D
=0.4468m, the value can be same as K value mentioned above. Therefore, D is determined 0.50m
(φ500mm) considering safety. In that case, K=0.08295, T=54,127/0.08295=652,525 seconds, namely,
7 days, 13 hours and 15 minutes.
3) Design of intake works of right and left banks

(1) Design intake
The pump station will be set on left bank which has gentle slop on the hillside and irrigation water for
beneficiary area will be diverted to the right bank after intake at left bank. Therefore, intake discharges
at right and the left banks are as shown below:
Table 2.2.2.48 Intake from Right and Left Bank Intake Works
3
Unit: m /s
Left bank Left bank Right bank Right bank
gravity pumping gravity pumping Total
irrigation area irrigation area irrigation area irrigation area
Intake from left
0.048 0.032 0.048 0.128
bank
Intake from right
0.084 0.084
bank
(2) Hydraulic calculation
Hydraulic calculation of intake pipe from inside of reservoir to the junction point in the downstream of
dam axis is done. Head loss is determined based on screen loss, inflow loss, friction loss, outflow loss
and other conditions.
a) Screen Loss: hr
In case of surface water intake, screen to catch leaves and dust is set in general. However, it is
considered not to be necessary to set screen for the proposed dam construction, since the intake
structure is to be set at lower place than effective water depth of the dam and the dam water will be
taken at the position considered the seal height in order to prevent aeration, which leads to low
possibility of suspended solid inflow. However, screen loss is examined taking account of head loss
occurs. Screen loss is calculated based on Kirschmer formula.
t 4/3
hr =βsinθ（）・hv
b
β: bar shape coefficient degree: 2.43
θ : Degree 90°
JICA 2-127 MINAGRI

t : Thickness of bar 0.005m､b: chink of bar 0.05m

hv : Velocity head=V2/2g
V : = 0.35464C･D0.63･I0.54
I : = 10.666C-1.85･D-4.87･Q1.85
C : Velocity coefficient
D : Pipe diameter (m)
I : Dynamic water slope
b) Inflow loss: he
he＝1.0×hv
c) Friction head loss: hf
hf= 10.666C-1.85･D-4.87･Q1.85 ･L (extension, m)
d) Inflow loss head: ho
ho= 1.0×hv
e) Other head loss
As other head loss, it is set of 20% of friction head loss.
Hydraulic calculation results are summarized in following table. Head loss is set at less than 0.3m,
moreover,φ450mm andφ400mm of steel pipes are applied for left bank and right bank, respectively
to minimize the construction cost.
Table 2.2.2.49 Hydraulic Calculation Result of Intake Works
left bank intake right bank intake
Pipe diameter (m) 0.40 0.45 0.35 0.40
3
Deign discharge (m /s) 0.128 0.128 0.084 0.084
Extension (m) 72.0 72.0 100.0 100.0
Velocity coefficient 100 100 100 100
Mean velocity (m/s) 1.025 0.810 0.879 0.673
Velocity head (m) 0.054 0.033 0.039 0.023
Screen loss (m) 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.003
Inflow loss (m) 0.054 0.033 0.039 0.023
friction loss (m) 0.296 0.167 0.362 0.189
Outflow loss (m) 0.054 0.033 0.039 0.023
Other loss (m) 0.059 0.033 0.072 0.038
Total head loss (m) 0.469 0.271 0.517 0.275
MINAGRI 2-128 JICA

2-2-2-4 Pump Station
2-2-2-4-1 Type of Pump Facilities
Although power transmission has not equipped yet at the planned construction site of pump station,
power source of three-phase alternating current (AC) can be extended from the point of 6 km away
from the site. On the other hand, Rwandan government regards solar power generation as important
energy source on social capital development policy and some sales agencies providing solar power
generation system equipment are operating in Kigali. Using diesel generator for the power source of
electric pump is out of touch with reality because of high cost of fuel and transportation.
From points of mentioned above, commercial power or solar power generation will be examined for
the power source of prime mover of pump. Therefore, comparative study about the method of water
distribution is conducted, one method is installing solar power generation system integrated lifting
pumps, which is submergible motor pump, along the irrigation canals in command area, the other is
installing facilities at dam site to distribute irrigation water to whole command area from the point
which consist of pumps and solar power generation system or receiving equipment from commercial
power.
As the result of comparative study shown in next table, installing a pump station at the dam site using
solar power generation mainly and commercial power subsidiary is selected plan.
JICA 2-129 MINAGRI

Table 2.2.2.50 Pump Facilities Arrangement and Power Source
MINAGRI
Plan Ａ Plan B Plan C Plan D
Plan Pumps with solar panel Pump station at dam site Pump station at dam site Pump station at dam site
along the canal (solar power only) (power grid only) (solar power an power grid)
Schematic
diagram
- Solar power system integrated pumps - Pump station is installed at the dam site, - Pump station is installed at the dam - Pump station is installed at the dam
are installed along the main canal. which can pump up irrigation water to whole site, which can pump up irrigation water site, which can pump up irrigation
- Command are is divided into blocks by command area. to whole command area. water to whole command area.
Outline of each pump, where irrigation water is - Power source of pumps is solar power - Electric grid extended is used for - Generated electricity by solar is used
facility distributed from tanks. generated electricity. power source. mainly, grid power is used subsidiary.
- Irrigation water is stored once in reservoir - Irrigation water is stored once in - Irrigation water is stored once in
tank at upper place and distributed to reservoir tank at upper place and reservoir tank at upper place and
2-130
command area. distributed to command area. distributed to command area.
- Installation is easy since absorption - Operation and maintenance is easy at one - Operation and maintenance is easy at - Operation and maintenance is easy
pipes or buildings are not necessary. place. one place. at one place.
- Water management or facility control by - Electric charge which will be paid by - Stable operation of pumps and supply -Stable operation of pumps
Advantages
farmers' organization on each irrigation farmers is low of irrigation water according to demand irrespective of insolation is possible.
block is realized. - Farmers' economic obligation is quite low are possible.
since electric charge is not required.
- Since exchange by each part is difficult, - Since discharge depends on insolation, - Electric charge, which is farmers' - Failure of equipment or mistake of
whole facility should be replaced. shortage of water might happen by obligation, may affect their living operation will affect whole command
Disadvantag - Products which can provide required weather. expenses. area.
es discharge and lift head as well as - Failure of equipment or mistake of - Failure of equipment or mistake of
guaranteed manufacture's aftercare. operation will affect whole command area. operation will affect whole command
area.
Though initial cost is cheapest, Monthly farmers' economical obligation is Initial cost is relatively low and also Only a little economical burden by
manufacturers of equipment are limited. small. While unexpected lack of water maintenance of facilities is easy. farmers allows stable supply of
Comprehensive Since the failure of equipment may cause caused by weather might happen and it However farmers' economical obligation irrigation water. For this reason,
evaluation long malfunction of irrigation system. may affect crop yield. such as electric charge may affect project benefit will appear quickly and
Confidence for effecting permanent farmer's living until their income will sustainable development is possible.
project benefit is low. increase as a result of the project. ◎
Rwanda
JICA
2-2-2-4-2 Determination of Pump Specifications
1) Design conditions
Figure 2.2.2.52 Design Conditions of Pump Station
- Design discharge : 0.080m3/s

(Left hill main canal 0.032m3/s + Right hill main canal 0.048m3/s)
- Discharge water level : EL. 1412.00m
- Suction water level : EL. 1388.70m
- Actual head : 23.30m
- Length of discharge pipe : 130m
- Type of discharge pipe : PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
2) Discharge pipe
Assumed that the average velocity of pumping as 0.9 - 1.6m/s (in case pipe diameter of 200 - 400mm),
pipe diameter to meet this condition is obtained by following formula.
where, D : Diameter (mm)

Q : Discharge（m3/s)
V : Velocity（m/s）
Provided that the velocity is nearly 1.3m/s as intermediate value of mentioned above,
D=1,000 ×（4×0.08/π/1.3）1/2＝280mm≒D=300mm
3) Calculation of total head of pump
Total head is obtained by adding pipe losses to actual head using following formula. As the result of
computation, design total head is calculated at H=24m.
Calculation of total head

H = Ha + Hl = (DWL-LWL) + hf + fn・V2/2g
where,
H : Total head (m)
Ha : Actual head (m)
Hl : Total head loss (m)
DWL : Discharge water level (m)
JICA 2-131 MINAGRI
LWL : Suction water level (m)

hf : Friction loss of pipe (m)
hf = 10.666・{Q1.85/ (C1.85・D4.87)}・L ; Hazen Williams formula

Q : Discharge (m3/s)
C : Velocity coefficient; 150 (Average value of PVC pipe)
D : Diameter (m)
L : Length of pipeline (m)
fn : Coefficient of various head loss
V : Velocity (m/s)
g : Gravity acceleration (m/s2) = 9.8 (m/s2)
Table 2.2.2.51 Results of Pipe Losses Calculation

Items Value Remarks
Discharge (m3/s) 0.08
Diameter (mm) 300
Length of pipe (m) 130
Velocity (m/s) 1.13
Velocity head (m) 0.065
Friction loss (m) 0.43 C=150
Bend, knee loss (m) 0.010 f=0.05,3points
outflow loss (m) 0.065 f=1.0
Other losses (m) 0.10
Total loss (m) 0.605
Actual head (m) 23.30
Calculated total head (m) 23.91
Design total head (m) 24.00
4) Discharge capacity and number of pumps
Since the main power source of pumps is solar generation, discharge capacity and number of sets of
pump units are determined taking account of following points.
- Required volume of irrigation water should be pumped by using solar generated electricity on
almost all days through a year.
- When maximum irrigation water volume planned is required, both solar generated power as main
power source and commercial electricity as subsidiary are used.
- During cloudy days or when solar power generation system will come to stop by breakdown
and/or for maintenance, necessary irrigation water will be pumped by using commercial
electricity.
In addition, daily water requirement on irrigation planning are obtained by another examination as
follows.
- Annual average irrigation water requirement on average weather conditions : 600m3/day

- Annual maximum irrigation water requirement on average weather conditions : 2,200m3/day
- Annual average irrigation water requirement on dry year weather conditions : 800m3/day
- Annual maximum irrigation water requirement on dry year weather conditions : 3,000m3/day
(=Design daily maximum water requirement)
MINAGRI 2-132 JICA

Suppose that a pump with discharge capacity of 0.080m3/s (=0.080×3,600＝288m3/hour) according to

the condition 3) mentioned above, operation hours of pump for daily maximum irrigation water
designed is,
3,000 / 288＝10.4 hours
This means only daytime operation can supply water even when maximum water is required.
Now suppose that two horizontal centrifugal pumps with discharge capacity Q=140m3/hour/set (Total
head H=24m) whose discharge is almost same as that of described above and which can be procured
from local store.
Following graph shows power energy generated by required capacity of solar panel (=14,280 Wp) and
hourly discharge when operating the supposed pump by solar power generation. Daily total irradiation
amounts to 5.1kWh/m2 and total discharge is estimated as 532m3 referring to local agency’s
estimation.
6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
80
72 73 72
Hourly output(m3/h)
70 67 66
60 56 54
Output 50
(m3/h)
40 37 35
30
20
10
0 0.079 0.079 0
0
Energy(kWh) 0.015 1.9 4.1 6.1 7.5 8.3 8.5 8.2 7.4 5.9 4 1.9 0.014
Irradiation(kWh/m2) 0.001 0.014 0.31 0.47 0.59 0.67 0.69 0.67 0.59 0.47 0.31 0.14 0.001
Ambient temp(℃) 16 16 17 19 21 23 25 26 26 26 26 25 25
Figure 2.2.2.53 Daily Average Pump Discharge by Solar Generation
From this estimation, number of pumps required whose maximum discharge capacity is 500 m3/day
for different conditions including the case that its discharge capacity may decline to 50 - 60% because
of weather fluctuation or generation efficiency is obtained as following table.
Table 2.2.2.52 Number of Pumps Required (sets)
Required Average year Dry year (1974)

Discharge capacity Average Maximum Average Maximum Remarks
capacity 600 2,200 800 3,000
500 m 3/day 1.2 4.4 1.6 6.0 Maximum
300 m 3/day 2.0 7.3 2.7 10.0 60%
250 m 3/day 2.4 8.8 3.2 12.0 50%
The table below shows discharges by three pumps using solar power generation as well as irrigation
water requirement in average year and dry year. Concerning average water requirement, assumed three
pumps by solar power can provide necessary water almost through the year. While in the case of
maximum water is required, pumps should be operated not only using solar generation but also using
JICA 2-133 MINAGRI

commercial electricity because facilities by solar power only might become uneconomical.
Figure 2.2.2.54 Pump Discharge and Irrigation Water Requirement per Decade
Therefore, facilities are composed of three pumps to be operated by solar power generation and two
pumps connected to grid power, so that five pumps in total are to be installed with same specifications.
Table 2.2.2.53 Specification of Recommended Pump

Items Specification Remarks
Pump type horizontal centrifugal pump with closed coupled motor
Number 3 sets by solar power generation for regular operation
5sets
2 sets by commercial power for emergency operation
Total head 24.0m
Discharge 140m3/h/set declared power 11kw
Solar modules 43kw 14.28Wp×3
Yet since number of pumps might be reduced by installing control panel which can exchange power
sources of solar generation and commercial power mutually, specifications of pumps and their number
as well as solar system shall be examined on detail design stage in the respects of initial cost and
running cost of them.
2-2-2-4-3 Pump Station Building and Supplemental Facilities
1) Structure of building
Pump station building is constructed for the purpose to protect the equipment and O&M works from
winds and rains, and the structure shall be of percolation-proof from rain water. The structure type of
pump station building shall be of reinforced concrete which is superior in the characteristics of
fire-proofing, durability and anti-wind, though concrete blocks shall be used for the wall body on
ground because of economical reason. The type of foundation is adopted spread foundation since the
weight of building is not so heavy, and overhead crane is not necessary because each pump’s weight
may be about 100kg.
2) Pump room layout
The plan of pump room shall be decided mainly by the alignment of pumps and receiving panels in
order to be made daily operation, inspection and maintenance easily and safely. Since operator’s
twenty-four hours staying in the room is not supposed, particular office space and daily life equipment
MINAGRI 2-134 JICA

shall not be provided.
3) Space for solar modules
The size of solar panel is 2m2 (1m x 2m）generally and 151 panels which is equivalent to 300m2 are
designed in this Project.
The location of installing the panels is near the pump station and gathering one place is better for
operation and maintenance. Though it is possible to install the panels on the ground directory, they
shall be installed on the top of regulating tank which will be constructed to store irrigation water with
its size is 3m high and surface area of 600m2 so as not to be stolen or broken. Moreover the fence will
be installed around the tank for safety. Installing the panels on the top pf the tank is reasonable from
the view point of decreasing land expropriation and compensation.
2-2-2-5 Plan of Irrigation Canal
2-2-2-5-1 Canal Types
Canal types are selected taking account of economy, water management system and O&M conditions
since they play an important role for function of canal system and may influence construction cost
largely.
1) Secondary canal
Secondary canals which are diverted from main canal and convey irrigation water to each farm plots
shall be pipeline because they are arranged along the slope of a hillside and required to supply
pressured water through hydrant.
2) Main canal
Main canal consists of lower canal which conveys irrigation water by natural gravity using lifted head
at the reservoir and upper canal which conveys pumped up water. Those structural types are
considered as open channel and pipeline receptivity.
General characteristics of both types and composite type are enumerated the table below. Moreover
following points should be considered on this Project besides own merits and demerits of their types.
- Open channel type takes long time to reach steady state of flow since the pressure traveling
velocity is slow and affects water management operability. Due to this feature, open channel
type should be avoided for long length section.
- Pipeline is hard to repair once some problem occurs. Whereas open channel type shall be
expected to be maintained properly by WOU judging from other past case in Rwanda even
though daily maintenance works such as removal of sediment are required.
- In case of long length canal, constructing regulating tank on the way can make the cross
section of canal smaller and reduce the water traveling time.
From the point of view described above, open channel type is adopted basically for economical reason.
While constructing regulating tank shall be adopted for lower main canal and pipeline type which can
be laid regardless of topographical conditions shall be selected for downstream from the tank because
the discharge is little and the difference of construction cost with open channel type may be also small.
Table 2.2.2.54 Length and Type of Main Canal
Location Length Canal type Remarks
Right side lower 10.2km Open channel＋Pipeline with Regulating tank
Right side upper 6.0km Open channel
JICA 2-135 MINAGRI

Left side lower 7.5km Open channel＋Pipeline with Regulating tank
Left side upper 4.6km Open channel
Table 2.2.2.55 Comparison Table for Canal Types
C: Open Canal + Pipeline with

Type A: Open Canal B: Pipeline
Regulating
Regulating tank
Tank
Sketch
- Construction cost is cheaper - The route of pipeline can be - Time of water arrival will
than pipeline. planned freely relatively be reduced by regulating
- Maintenance works to be without taking account of tank in middle stream.
done by the users can be topographic condition. - Diameter of pipeline is
managed easier than - Irrigation water can be smaller than Type B in
pipeline, because the utilized effectively because downstream, so that it is
material such as sand, stone, the system can minimize easier to repair works for
cement etc. can be got in water loss. the beneficiaries.
local market. - Easy operational system of - The extent for land
Advan - It is affordable for the water management can be expropriation can be
tage beneficiaries to purchase realized by establishing the smaller than Type A.
such material for demand-oriented water - Cross section of open
maintenance works. control equipped with canal will be smaller than
- Water flow can be seen by pressure regulating facilities Type A.
the users, so that they can constructed on the part of
check the condition of the pipeline system.
canal anytime and feel - The land on the line of pipe
effectiveness of the Project. can be effectively used after
laying the pipe
underground.
- There is possibility to clean - Although it is not necessary - There is possibility to
up inside the canal frequently for daily maintenance clean up inside the canal
because of much works, repair works such as frequently because of
sedimentation run off from water leakage, pipe bursting much sedimentation run
hillside. etc. may be difficult for the off from hillside in open
Dis - It will be take a long time of users. canal .(*1)
water arrival to the end from - Construction cost is higher - In order to prevent
advan
the beginning of the canal, so than open canal type. choking pipe with leaves
tage that the water management - In order to prevent choking and rubbish, an additional
is more difficult for the users pipe with leaves, an equipment such as bar
than pipeline system. equipment such as bar screen at the inlet of
- The extent for land screen at the inlet of pipeline is necessary.
expropriation can be larger pipeline is necessary.
than pipeline system.
2-2-2-5-2 Structure of Open Channel
Economical comparison of structural type for open channel is conducted concerning reinforced
concrete type with rectangular shape, concrete lining type with trapezoid shape and masonry type with
rectangular shape as follows. The height of side is determined in consideration of necessary freeboard.
The side wall gradient for concrete lining type is same as cutting gradient for terracing works
generally.
As the result of estimation of construction cost per meter, concrete lining type is found to cheapest
among three types. Concrete lining type shall be selected as open channel main for canal since this is
superior to easiness of construction as well.
MINAGRI 2-136 JICA

Table 2.2.2.56 Economical Comparison of Open Channel
Reinforced concrete Concrete lining Masonry
Type
(Rectangular shape） (Trapezoid shape) (Rectangular shape）
H
Cross Section
t2
B
t1 t1
Design Dischrge(m 3 /sec) 0.048 0.048 0.048

Slope of canal bed 1/1000(0.001) 1/1000(0.001) 1/1000(0.001)
Coefficient of roughness 0.015 0.015 0.024
Dimensions
B m 0.40 0.30 0.50
H m 0.40 0.40 0.40
t1 m 0.10 0.07 0.15
t2 m 0.10 0.07 0.10
n 0 3 0
Construciton Cost Unit Price Quantity Price Quantity Price Quantity Price
Excavation m 3 /m 4,500 0.58 2,625 0.28 1,262 0.68 3,075
Backfilling m 3 /m 5,500 0.28 1,558 0.00 0 0.28 1,558
Concrete m 3 /m 300,000 0.14 42,000 0.09 26,040 0.08 24,000
Masonry m 3 /m 75,000 0.12 9,000
Total 46,183 27,302 28,633
ratio 1.69 1.00 1.05
2-2-2-5-3 Canal Alignment Selection
Canal alignment along the ground contour line is selected so that water can flow by gravity to the
command area. Investigations around both sides of Ngoma22 valley and downstream area of river
show some afforestation area on the route of canal. One of the areas which is located at right side hill
of about 6km apart from dam site is found to
be possible to arrange a canal along the road
which is constructed at lower area of the hill.
On the other hand, the afforestation areas of
right side hill located 10km from dam site and
left side hill located 8km from dam shall be
the terminal point of main canals of both
banks since these have some difficulties for
construction and cannot be considered as
effective beneficial area due to extending
canal for topographically reverse direction.
Figure 2.2.2.55 Main Canal Alignment Selection Diagram

Photo 2.2.2.6 Present State of Right Side Hill
JICA 2-137 MINAGRI

2-2-2-5-4 Longitudinal Plan
If the longitudinal slope of canal is set to be large, it would be the cause of deterioration of flow or
scour of canal section owing to excessive increase of flow velocity while it can make the cross section
of canal smaller. Setting the longitudinal slope as small as possible is required in the extent of
allowable lowest velocity since large head between reservoir water level and the end of beneficiary
area are not secured on this Project are topographically. Furthermore, cross section is almost minimum
size necessary for construction and maintenance and construction cost is not so high even if setting the
longitudinal slope more gentle due to small discharge as 0.05m3/s.
The design velocity of canal secures more than 0.45m/s in order to avoid sedimentation of floating
sand particles and allowable maximum velocity is decided as 1.5m/s for using thin concrete.
As the result of calculation, longitudinal slope of 1/1,000 (=0.1%) shall be adopted taking above
mentioned conditions into account.
Table 2.2.2.57 Results of Uniform Flow Calculation for Main Canal (Open Channel)
Right lower Right upper Left lower Left upper

Roughness coefficient n= 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
Canal bed slope I= 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Side slope(right)1:m1 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333
(left) 1:m2 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333
Canal bed width B= (m) 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300
Water depth h= (m) 0.355 0.250 0.251 0.194
Cross section area A= (m 2) 0.148 0.096 0.096 0.071
Wetted perimeter P= (m) 1.048 0.827 0.829 0.708
Hydraulic mean depth R= (m) 0.142 0.116 0.116 0.100
Velocity V= (m/s) 0.573 0.501 0.502 0.453
Discharge Q= (m 3/s) 0.085 0.048 0.048 0.032
Froude number Fr= 0.307 0.320 0.320 0.329
Freeboad (m) 0.126 0.119 0.119 0.115
Necessary height (m) 0.481 0.369 0.370 0.309
Section size（width×height；m ） 0.3×0.5 0.3×0.4 0.3×0.40 0.3×0.3
2-2-2-5-5 Discharge Tank
At the start point of main canal, discharge tank shall be constructed which dissipate outlet flow from
reservoir or reservoir
tank and connect the flow
to main canal with
regulating.
The structure of the

discharge tank should be
reinforced concrete
securing a required space
for dissipation and
stilling. The discharge to
main canal shall be
regulated by valve
opening with controlling
overflowing water depth
at the rectangular weir.
Figure 2.2.2.56 Discharge Tank Structural Diagram
MINAGRI 2-138 JICA

<Discharge formula of rectangular weir>

Q=C･b･h3/2
Table 2.2.2.58 Study Table of Discharge Tank Size

No.1 No.2 No.3 Remarks
right/upper right/lower left/lower
D (m) 0.45 0.40 0.30
B (m) 1.50 1.50 1.50
b (m) 0.40 0.50 0.40
h1 (m) 1.65 1.50 1.20 =D3+0.3
ho (m) 0.168 0.211 0.169
F (m) 0.182 0.289 0.331
H (m) 2.00 2.00 1.70 =h1+ho+F
L (m) 1.50 1.50 1.50 ≧ 2D×1.5
C 1.7422 1.7353 1.7362 discharge coefficient
Q (m3/s) 0.048 0.084 0.048 main canal discharge
water head (EL.m) 1409.30 1388.70 1388.70
crest elevation (EL.m) 1409.13 1388.49 1388.53
2-2-2-5-6 Regulating Reservoir Plan
Three regulating reservoirs shall be constructed in the command area, one is a temporary storage
facility located at the beginning of the main canal on left hillside in order to distribute water to the
pump irrigated area, the others are regulating facilities located in the middle of main canal to control
water distribution. The former is named No.1 reservoir tank, the latter is No.2 regulating tank at right
side hill and No.3 regulating tank at left side hill.
Capacities of each tank are as follows.
1) No.1 regulating tank
The pumps are running to be run mainly by using generated electricity of solar energy. The pump
discharge in the early morning when most farmers start farming will not reach maximum level since
the output power is too low to make the motor run fast enough. Therefore, provided that required
water for about 4 hours’ irrigation, which is average irrigation hour annually, shall be stored
beforehand, the necessary volume is,
V=0.0008m3/sec/ha (=maximum unit water requirement)×100ha (pump irrigated area)×4 (hour)×
3,600＝1,152m3
Besides the total discharge of three pumps whose average discharge per day through the year supposed
about 500m3 in consideration of generated power by solar is estimated 1,500m3 per day. Consequently,
the capacity of No.1 tank shall be 1,500m3 that is enough to utilize generated power effectively and
does not influence farming.
Irrigation water requirement for farm land in the dry year of occurrence provability 1/5 is estimated
2,990 m3 per day in peak month. From the simulation on daily water balance in the reservoir tank of
1,500m3, it is proved that the tank will become full by water which will be pumped by maximum 5
pumps operated by solar power as well as grid power.
JICA 2-139 MINAGRI

Table 2.2.2.59 Fluctuation of Pump Discharge and Reservoir Volume
Pump discharge Irrigation water outflow
Time Solar Grid accumulation per hour accum ulation Volume Rem arks
3 s ets 2 s ets (1) (2) (3)-(2)+(1)
(m 3/h) (m 3/h) (m3) (m3/h) (m 3) (m 3)
1,500 Initial volum e(3)
6:00 0 0 -288 -288 1,212
7:00 0.237 0 -288 -576 924
8:00 111 111 -288 -864 747
9:00 168 279 -288 -1,152 627
10:00 201 480 -288 -1,440 540
11:00 216 696 -288 -1,728 468
12:00 219 915 -288 -2,016 399
13:00 216 1,131 -288 -2,304 327
14:00 198 280 1,609 -288 -2,592 517 Using grid
15:00 162 280 2,051 -288 -2,880 671
16:00 105 280 2,436 -110 -2,990 946
17:00 0.237 280 2,716 0 -2,990 1,226
18:00 0 274 2,990 0 -2,990 1,500
Figure 2.2.2.57 Simulation on Change of Reservoir Volume
2) No.2 and No.3 regulating tank

No.2 and No.3 regulating tank are facilities of controlling water distribution to the downstream of
lower main canal, or pipeline area without time difference.
If irrigation water necessary for the pipeline area and the period equivalent to the water traveling time
from water source point to regulating tank, or upstream canal length is stored beforehand, farmers can
start irrigation almost simultaneously with upstream area.
Table 2.2.2.60 Capacity of No.2 & No.3 Regulating Tank

Length of Design velocity of Traveling hours of Design discharge of Required capacity
upstream canal upstream canal upstream canal downstream canal of eservoir Design reservoir size
(m) (m/s ） (hr) (m3/s) (m3)
No.2 tank (right side) 5,210 0.57 2.5 0.036 324.0 10.0m×22.0m×1.5m（ =330m3)
No.3 tank (leftt side) 4,300 0.50 2.4 0.012 103.7 10.0m×10.0m×1.05m（ =105m3)
2-2-2-6 Plot Construction Plan for Existing Paddy Field
1) Irrigation development and plot construction in the project
(1) Standing position and importance of plot construction in irrigation development
- Based on the bio-physical conditions and other relevant data, Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan has
MINAGRI 2-140 JICA

determined the potential irrigable area so far, a summary of which has been given in the table
below. The assessment of Rwanda’s irrigation potential indicates that the country has a national
irrigation potential of nearly 589,711 ha, taking into consideration the following domains. As
indicated in the table below, irrigation development potential of marshland runs up to about half
of the national total, which is 219,793 ha occupying 47% of total irrigation development
potential. It can be said that marshland and/or existing paddy filed are given a key role in the
irrigation development of the country.
Table 2.2.2.61 Summary of Potential Irrigable Area

Irrigation Domain Potential Area (ha) %
Runoff for small reservoir 125,627 27
Runoff for dams 27,907 6
Direct river and flood water 79,847 17
Lake water resources 100,107 22
Groundwater resources 36,432 8
Marshland 219,793 47
Total 464,086 100
- On the other hand, current situation of underdeveloped and /or deficiency of irrigation facilities
in marshland are cited as a constraint factor in improvement of rice production which is a main
product in the marshland. As a participant country of CARD (Coalition for Africa Rice
Development) program, Rwanda has formulated NRDS (National Rice Development Strategy)
so far. It can be evaluated that necessity and/or demand of marshland development and
plot-construction of existing paddy fields are quite high.
(2) Present situation of marshland (exiting paddy field) in the project site
- Because of the condition of Project site, where spreads out 35 ha of existing paddy fields
downstream of the dam axis, the Project proposes to carry out hillside irrigation
comprehensively and effectively through improvement of irrigation facilities put in existing
paddy field so as to create water resource for hillside irrigation.
- The OD (Outline Design) team observed some disadvantages which obstruct a proper sharing of
irrigation water among the rice growers on the existing paddy field:
i) Small ditch in the plot and plot-to-plot irrigation system disturb a smooth flow of irrigation
water from plot to plot. The water level in the small ditch of the plot becomes lower than
the elevation of plot surface with the passage of time due to scraping away of the bottom in
the ditch which is caused by energy of irrigation water flow, so that the irrigation water
cannot go into from plot to next plot continuously.
ii) There is much water leakage from levee.
iii) The plots are not leveled, which causes unbalanced feeding of irrigation water in a plot
bringing the farmers to loss of harvest.
iv) Current irrigation system (plot-to-plot system) makes the farmers difficult to manage
irrigation and drainage properly because almost of all the plots are not connected to
irrigation and drainage canal directory and separately. In principle, irrigation and drainage
of each plot should be independent for proper water management. Even the size of plots is
small for a better water management, which must be at least 30m x 100m per plot.
v) Such situation on the paddy plots mentioned above can be commonly seen everywhere
JICA 2-141 MINAGRI

(3) Necessity of implementation of plot construction
- Technical countermeasure which the Project proposes can be a model in LWH project in the
future at the place where has similar topographic condition to Ngoma22 Project site.
- The leveling accuracy of paddy plot is a very important factor in the improvement of labor
productivity by realization of efficient and labor-saving water management. The leveling works
executed so far, however, have relied on only manpower so that the plots are not seen as level in
many project sites. It has become a case of bad construction cases.
- According to the situation mentioned so far, it can be considered that there is significance to
implement plot construction in Ngoma22 Project by introduction of Japanese technology using
advanced equipment like laser-leveler which are able to make the paddy plots level with
accuracy.
2) Outlive design of plot construction
Taking account of current situation of existing paddy field and circumstances of marshland
development as a part irrigation developed, the Project plans to implement this component as follows
through discussion made by both parties of Rwanda side and Japan side.
- Japan side takes construction of main irrigation canal and drainage canal over the whole line of
3.9 km, O&M road construction along the canals, and re-plotting (leveling) at model area of 2
ha,
- Rwanda side is responsible for executing re-plotting (leveling) for remaining area of 33 ha, and
- Heavy equipment such as tractor, laser-leveler and so on for leveling will be provided to
Rwanda side after completion of the construction works.
(1) Construction of main irrigation and drainage canal, division box, and O&M road
Alignment of these facilities basically follows the current lines so as not to disturb present paddy plots
taking account of water management the farmers have practiced so far. This is also considered to avoid
poor drainage of the plots where are newly embanked along the current irrigation canal and drainage
due to collection of underground water coming down through hillside upland spreading both banks of
targeted paddy fields.
Due to collection of underground water The underground water coming down from
coming down from hillside slope to the hillside slope can be utilized as supplemental
area of current irrigation and drainage, irrigation water because the underground
there is possibility of causing the poor water can be collected to the bottom of
drainage there because the area is Existing cross canal where can contribute to distribution of Existing cross
embanked of the canals. section irrigation water to paddy filed. section
Planned cross section Planned cross section
Figure 2.2.2.58 Canal Alignment Figure 2.2.2.59 Canal Alignment

shifting to Skirt of Hillside following Current Location (Proposed)
Along the main canal of around 3.9 km, 12 division boxes are to be constructed with around 300 m
interval to deliver the irrigation water to paddy plots spreading both sides of the main canal by raising
water level in the canal. At present, there is no O&M road, even footpath on the targeted paddy field
so that maintenance works for the facilities to be carried out by the farmers has not been very active.
After completion of all construction works planned, the road will be used for maintenance activities
MINAGRI 2-142 JICA

for project sustainability.
(2) Plot construction (enlargement, leveling, and levee construction)
As mentioned already, plot re-construction including enlargement and leveling of paddy plots, levee
rehabilitation /newly construction is to be implemented by Japan side at model area of 2 ha as a part of
technical transfer. Reaming area for re-plotting will be executed by Rwanda side. Construction
machine s like tractor, laser-leveler will be provided to C/P agency after completion of construction
works.
The size of a plot is planned as around 30m x 100m - 150m and each plot will be equipped with inlet
and outlet and then they are directory connected to the sub-irrigation canal and the main drainage
respectively for independent water management on plot base. One irrigation management block
composed of 10 paddy plots. The figures shown below indicate typical plan and cross section of plot
construction respectively.
Silt trap
Division box Division box
Main canal/dra
O&M road
100m ‐ 150m
Outlet
10 ‐ 20@30m=300m ‐ 600m
Inlet
Sub canal
Figure 2.2.2.60 Typical Plan of Plot Construction of Existing Paddy Field
Sub‐canal O&M Road Main canal & drain Silt Trap
100m – 150m 100m – 150m
Japan side:
Rwanda side: Main canal & drainage, Division box, O&M road Rwanda side:
Leveling and Sub canal out of Model Leveling and Sub canal out of Model
Japan side: Technical transfer in Model Area (2ha)
Figure 2.2.2.61 Typical Cross Section of Plot Construction and Role Sharing between Rwanda and Japan Side
JICA 2-143 MINAGRI

2-2-3 Outline Design Drawing
Drawings List
Drw.No. Drawing Name Pcs.

Reservoir
D-1 General Plan 1
D-2 Plan of Reservoir 1
D-3 Typical Section of Dam body 1
D-4 Longitudinal Profile of Dam Body 1
D-5 Plan and Section of Spillway 3
D-6 Section of Low Water Level Outlet Facility 3
D-7 Plan and Profile of Intake Works on Right Bank 1
D-8 Plan and Profile of Intake Works on Left Bank 1
Canal Facilities
C-1 Plan of Irrigation Canals 3
C-2 Typical Section of Main Canal 1
C-3 Section of Pump Station and No.3 Discharge Tank 1
C-4 Section of Discharge Tank 1
C-5 Section of Regulating Tank 2
C-6 Single Line Diagram 1
Paddy Field Improvement
L-1 Plan of Plot Construction 1
L-2 Cross Section of Paddy Plot 3
Total 25
MINAGRI 2-144 JICA

JICA
Rwanda
No.2 Regulating Tank
2-145
No.2 Discharge Tank
Dam axis
Dam
Pump Station & No.3 Discharge Tank
PROJECT: PREP ARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBAND RY, WATER-HAR VESTING AND

HILL SIDE-IRRIGATIO N PROJECT" IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
DRAW ING TITLE:

General Plan
0 500 m 1000m Drawing No. SCALE UNIT REV.
D-1
MINAGRI
No.1 Discharge Tank
Upper Main Canal
MINAGRI
TBM2
X=557244.1111
NO.10 NO.11 Y=9768915.724
X=557202.7568 CL
Y=9768897.9937 Da m Ax is
Lower Main Canal
N O. 9
N O. 9
ST .0
N O. 9
+6 3.
R.I.21.65
(N O
+ 5 6.
S T. 10
00
S T.2
0
(N O.
NO .9
+4 8.
00
00
( N O.
NO.10
( NO .
9 +2 1
68
.
.7
9+ 1 1
9 +1
74 0)
0°
+ 3 1. 74
4000
. 9+ 24. 0 0 )
00 00
.0 0
. 00 )
ST
1
.3
0
e W
NO.9
ST
I n t ak 6500
2520
φ400(SP)
or k s
. 40
ST
.
No.2 Discharge Tank 0. 00
50
R . I.
ST
2500
.
45° 60
50000
NO.8 Crest
ST
EL.1392.00
.7
0
ST
25200
ST
.8
0
46.3
.8 S T
2
8. .9
0°
60 0
NO.7
ST
.1
LWL Outlet Fac
ility
00
φ500(SP)
NO.6+15.0
ST
.1
10
ST
.1
20
18000 2500 21000 NO.6 77000
Sp
i
CL ll wa
y
FL OW
NO.5
25000 NO.4
19500
Lower Main Canal
2-146
25200
Le.I.0.00
NO.3
φ450(SP)
Intake Works
2500
Pump Station
5
5
No.3 Discharge Tank
25200
NO.2
NO.1+25.
NO.1+15.5
NO.1+45.
NO.1+77.0
NO.1+87.0
°
00
4000NO.1+65.5
87.
NO.1
Slope
Mooring Stage
Boat House
TBM4
X=557064.245 NO.0
Y=9768694.094
NO.1
X=557187.7743
Y=9768698.5557
NO.-1
TBM1
X=557260.0031
Y=9768666.991
NO.-2
Upper Main Canal
PR OJEC T : PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

0 50m 100m HILLSIDE-IRRIGATION PROJECT" IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
No1. Regulating Tank
Solar Panels D R AWI NG TIT LE: Plan of Reservoir

Draw ing No. SCALE UN IT R EV.
D-2
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
1400.00
7 7000 600 0
Riprap Freeboard Dam

Ｃ
Ｌ Dam Crest EL.1393.40
F.W.L.1392.00 H.W.L.1392.30
11 00
Slope Protection Planting
300
1390.00 3.00 2.50
L.W.L.1389.00 EL.1388.50 1 1
2500 2500
Dam Body EL.1386.00
EL.1385.00 EL.1385.00 Stone Pitching(t=0.5m)
Horizontal Blanket 16000 1000 2.50 3000
(t=1.5m) 1 Ground Line 1 Drainage Ditch
1380.00 EL.1380.00 3.00 EL.1380.00 EL.1380.70 1.00
Excavation Line EL.1378.50 1
Drain
Catch-Weir embankment
83000 31000
Leakage Observation Pipe
Toe Drain
1370.00
Typical section of Dam Body
2-147
40 00
Riprap Dam
EL.1393.40 Ｃ
Ｌ
EL.1392.30
3.00
EL.1388.50 1
2500
1
EL.1385.00 2.40
5.00
NO.7+0.00
1
EL.1381.50
EL.1380.00
EL.1378.50 1 3500
4.00
Horizontal Blanket
Typical Section of Slope Blanket
PRO JEC T: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

HILLSIDE-IRRIGATION PROJECT" IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
D RAWING TITLE: Typical Section of Dam Body

0 20m Drawing No. SCALE UNIT REV.
SCALE
D-3
MINAGRI
JICA 2-148 MINAGRI
(m)
Current
(m)
(m)
(EL)
(EL)
(EL)
Distance
Dam Crest
Between
1350.00
1360.00
1370.00
1380.00
1390.00
1400.00
Ground
Excavation
Extra Banking
Height
Elevation
Station No.
Distance
Accumulated
NO.0 0.000 0.000 1395.4

+12.500 12.500 12.500 1394.1 1393.40 1393.40 0.00
NO.1 10.000 20.000 1393.1 1392.30 1393.43 0.03
+10.000 10.000 30.000 1390.16 1390.90 1393.48 0.08
NO.2 10.000 40.000 1390.5 1389.50 1393.52 0.12
Extra Ba nking Changi ng Section
NO.3 20.000 60.000 1388.1 1386.60 1393.61 0.21

+10.000 10.000 70.000 1384.9 1383.70 1393.66 0.26
NO.4 10.000 80.000 1381.7 1380.80 1393.70 0.30
+8.000 8.000 88.000 1380.4 1378.50 1393.70 0.30
F.W.L.1392.00
Longitudinal Profile
Dam Crest
NO.5 12.000 100.000 1380.4 1378.50 1393.70 0.30

EL.1393.40
+10.000 10.000 110.000 1380.5 1378.50 1393.70 0.30

L.W.L.1389.00
0
Maximum Extra Banking Section(EL.1393 .70)
NO.6 10.000 120.000 1382.0 1380.00 1393.70 0.30
SCALE
H.W.L.1392.30
Ｃ
+15.000 15.000 135.000 1384.0 1382.25 1393.63 0.23

NO.7 5.000 140.000 1384.6 1383.00 1393.60 0.20
Ｌ Outlet
Bottom
25m
Dr awing No.
D-4
D RAWING TIT LE:
NO.8 20.000 160.000 1386.8 1386.00 1393.50 0.10
SC ALE
Extra Banking Changing Section
UNIT
+10.000 10.000 170.000 1388.9 1387.80 1393.45 0.05
+16.500 6.500 176.500 1390.8 1390.10 1393.42 0.02
Intake Pipe
R EV.
NO.9 3.500 180.000 1392.2 1390.10 1393.40 0.00
Ｃ
Ｌ
+10.000 1.000 181.000 1392.7 1390.10

Spillway
Longitudinal Profile of Dam Body

JICA
NO NO
21
0
.7 .6
Rwanda
+1
00
00
5.
00
252
0 Ｃ
Bo Ｌ
39
tt
om Lo
w
W
管理
Ou
橋
Wa
0
tl te
25
et r
a ke
00
00
870 o rk s
φ 40 φ Le
In t
3.
5 6.
400 50 ve
39 0( l
0
.1
. 9+
NO L SP Ou
.0
0
E )
8
lt
NO
.8
18
00
le
390
00
t
60
9+ 4
Hand Rail
40
00
EL . Fa
N O.
13 ci
0
C re 91 . li
st 50 0
0
ty
Side Ditch .0
740
EL .
85
1.0
B=200､H=150 EL .
1 39
2 .0 13
1 39 0 Side Ditch .
9 +3
0 .5 B=200､H=150 EL
)
0
NO .
40)
. 00
NO
φ500 Valve
4 .7
+2 1
.9
30°
φ150 Valve
.9
9+ 2
00 )
46.
(N O
1.
NO .
0
(
.
68.70°
9+1
74
ST
.
- 3.
(N O
Side Ditch
)
25.0°
ST .
.1 0
B=200 H=150
50
00°
.0 0
0
ST
ST.120
00
ST.110
9+1
45.
ST.100
ST.30
NO.40
ST.50
ST.60
O.
ST.90
ST.70
ST.80
0 (N
Side Ditch
.2
ST.88.602
NO B=200､H=150
ST
.1
0
φ
40
0(
S P)
LC D
am
Ax NO.10
is X=557202.7568
2-149
Y=9768897.9937
NO
.1
1
Plan of Spillway
1400.00
6440
4.286
Crest EL.1392.00 1
290 0
1500
1 300
1390.00 1100
1300
6000 0.5
EL.1388.30 1 5500 4500 Canal on Paddy Field
700
φ400(SGP)
1 100
1380.00
Exp.jt.
Exp.jt.
Contra.jt
ST .-3.740
ST .0
ST .10
ST .20
ST .30
ST .40
ST .50
ST .60
ST .70
ST .80
ST .110
ST .120
NO.85.50
ST.90
ST.100
NO.95.00
NO.98.00
3740 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 5000
1370.00 Energy
Note; Contra.jt.;Contraction Joint Dissipator
Exp.jt.;Expansion Joint
Longitudinal Profile of Spillway PRO JEC T: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND
D RAWING TIT LE: Plan & Section of Spillway

0 20m Dr awing No. SC ALE UNIT R EV.
SCALE
MINAGRI
D-5-1
CL S pi llway CL
Han d R ail
5 585 115 1250 1500 250 100 0 2 50 1500 250 Weep Ho le
D owe l Ba r
MINAGRI
Wee p Ho le 1 S ide Dr ain 1
Si de Dra in
300
3.0 3.0
1 1 0.3
1
1400
1400
Si de Ditch 1 Si de Ditc h
1900
Ri prap E L.1 392. 00 1 Co nta ct C lay
( t=5c m)
2900
2900
Fi lter
3300
350
1500
14 00
EL. 13 90.50
900 150 500

400
400
CL In take Pi peφ 400 CLInt ake Pip eφ 400

500 50 0
124 0 1500 400
Un der Dra in
85 1280 3140
400
400
450 1365
1815
4 00 6 00 400 600
1100 1000 1100 1000
CL S pi llway
1365
250
5 585 115 250 1500 250
1000
2-150
Si de Ditc h
1 0.3 Co nta ct C lay
1
Dam Bo dy ( t=5c m)
0.3
3.0 1
1
3300
3300
1
Div isi on W all
t =25 0 Con tac t Cla y
(t= 5cm ) 1
2900
3300
1:0.5
500
900
CLI ntak e Wo rks φ40 0
400
C ont act Cla y CL In take Pi peφ 400
4 00
(t= 5cm)
1240 1500 400 500 1240 1000
3140 C ont act Clay
40 0400
(t=5 cm)
4 00
224 0 110 0 800
2000 3740
4 00 6 00
250 1500 250
1100 1000
1 CL EL. 13 90.00
1
1300
1550
2 50
0 5m
SCALE
Dow el B ar 500 2000 500
Si de Drain
3000 PRO JEC T: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND
W eep Hol e
Plan & Section of Spillway
ST.40.000 Dr awing No. SC ALE UNIT R EV.
D-5-2
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
ＣＬ 2900 9 50 200 0 950

0
20 200 100 0 1000 500 200 2 50 7 50 750 250
et
tl
Ou
om 00
tt
A
00 15 φ 500 φ 150 EL.1380.20
Bo 29
(SP) (SP) EL.1380.00
200
Discharge Meter ＣＣ
ＬＬ EL.1380.02
900
EL.
00 EL 1379.67
10 .1 0 EL.1379.30
1200
15
700
850
37
0 EL.1379.32
500
9. φ Sluice Valve
100
20
10
28
00
(φ150)
150 700
150
250 250
0 2114
EL 50 Lo Under Drain
.1 φ w 200 0
37 Wa 716 1398
9. te
28 r 6 66 73 1
Le
ve
l
A
Ou
30
tl B
00
et
ST.88.602
Chute Block Baffle Piers End Sill
Sluice Valve 00
57
(φ500) 10
17
.3°
1200
46
250
250
1:5.0 1:2.0 1:5.0

EL.1378.70 EL.1379.30
1500
1500
1500
FLow Flow
EL.1378.70
120 7@180=1260 120

125 5@250=1250 125
2-151
250
250
95
5
100 3 20 540 100
82
45 00 100 0
1200
ST.90.00
B
900 1300 4 20 26 40 64 0
ST.85.50
45 00 5000 30 00 2000
Plan
5.0 45 00 5000(Energy Dissipator) 30 00 2000
1
EL.1380.70
250
2114
1100
ST.100
700
1383 73 1
EL.1380.00
1030
1100
1300 4 20 64 0
1400
250
EL.1379.670
900
100 3 20 540 100

2000
5.0
250
1 EL.1379.32 EL.1379.30
5.0
250
1.0 2.0 1
500
1 1
320
EL.1378.70
27 0
18 0
500
Weep Holeφ50
D RAWING TIT LE:
Plan & Section of Spillway
0 2.5m Dr awing No. SC ALE UNIT R EV.
SCALE S=1:50
D-5-3
MINAGRI
MINAGRI
00
+ 15.
NO.6
Ｃ
Ｌ
77000 6000
1400.00
Dam Crest EL.1393.40

F.W.L.1392.00 H.W.L.1392.30
3.00 2.50
1390.00 L.W.L.1389.00 EL.1388.50 1 1
2 500 2500
EL.1385.00 EL.1385.00
Desing Sedimentation 2.50 Sluice
EL.1382.00 1 1 Valve
3.00 1/150
1380.00 L.
E1396
7 .7
Horizontal Blanket Excavation Line EL.1379.96

16000
(t=1.5m)
LI.0.00
1370.00
59950
1 750 4 3950 43050
8 7004 675 4
1360.00 93758
2-152
SCALE A
1350.00
Steel Pipe 800 1000

150 500 150 Steel Pi pe 2 50 500 250
(φ500) (φ500)
1.0 EL.1380.75 Ｃ Conta ct Clay 1.0 EL.1380.350 Ｃ
ＬＬ
1 ～EL.1380.35 1 ～EL.1380.17
25 0
25 0
EL.1380.25 EL.1379.85
～EL.1379.85 0.2 ～EL.1379.670
500
500
EL.1380.00 1 EL.1379.60 1.0
10 00
10 00
～EL.1379.60 ～EL.1379.420
EL.1379.75 1
EL.1379.35
250
250
～EL.1379.35 ～EL.1379.17
350 500 350

500 1000 50 0
500 120 0 500
2000
2 200
Botto m Outlet Ty peA Bottom Outle t TypeB

SCALE B SCALE B
0 25m
SCALE A PRO JEC T: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND
0 1.5m
D RAWING TIT LE: Low Water Level Outlet Facility
SCALE B
Dr awing No. SC ALE UNIT R EV.
D-6-1
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
1300 5300
3926 1374 150
500 1500 500 1426 300
Screen
(B600xH660x4) 3.00
Screen
(B600xH660x4) 1
A
50
200
Design Sedimentation
650
Design Sedimentation
500 150
158 150
EL.1382.00
475
LI.2.00
642
250 500 250
1509
Gate
φ500 1000 Dam Body
150
2000
Gate
φ500
500
500 400
EL.1380.00 EL.1380.00
500
Horizontal Blanket EL.1380.0
(t=1.5m) 100
750 750
2-153
750 1500
250 2250
Screen Opening
500x500
150
650
650
500
600
Intake Screen
SCALE B
MINAGRI
(ST.88.602)
Ｃ
ＬSpillway
345 1037 1037
(250) (750) (750)
MINAGRI
Sluice Valve Regulating EL.1380.70
250
200 500 300 (φ150) Valveφ500
Expansion
Joint
EL.1380.02
1030
EL.1379.67 EL.1379.67
700
SPφ500
EL.1379.32
547
250 300 300
250 φ500 250

EL.1379.123
150
Under Drain 350x400
300 300 20
00
Longitudinal Profile of Outlet Works EL

.1
37
8.
70
98
73
00
14
13
10
21
6
66
A 500
6
71
02
.6
200
8
.8
ST
300 300
650
900
2900
φ150
1500
200 1000 1000 500 200
500
EL.1379.28
2-154
1000
φ500 φ150
2900
1100
ＬBottom Outlet
Ｃ
200 500 300 (SP) (SP)
φ500
Ｃ
ＬＣ
Ｌ
EL.1380.02
150
46.
EL.
150
1000
EL.1379.28
3°
1379.67
500
700
700
850
850
EL.1379.32
100
250300
200
0
1000 3000 5.
1:
150
150
A Under Drain
100 900 100 800 100 350x450
5717 ow 955 82
Fl 500 1100 900
25 Ｃ
Ｌ
0 Sp
il
lw
ay
15
00
25
0

Plan Of Outlet Works 0 2.5m HILLSIDE-IRRIGATION PROJECT" IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
SCALE DR AWING TITLE:
Low Water Level Outlet Facility
Dr awing No. SC ALE UNIT R EV.
D-6-3
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
16500
3900 8700 3900
3650 250 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 1000 1700
Hand Rail h=800

EL.1393.40
Gate
φ 400
H.W.L.1392.30 EL.1392.30 1
200
F.W.L.1392.00 EL.1392.10 3.0
200
EL.1392.00
300
EL.1391.80
567
rap EL.1391.50
R ip er
400
Filt
900
1067
2850 800 250 EL.1391.50
1567
1733
167
EL.1390.067
2233
2400
3450
ket Zone EL.1390.10
167
Blan rvious
EL.1390.733
4650
Imp e
EL.1389.40
167
EL.1390.067
EL.1389.20
200 200
2-155
L.W. L.1389.00 EL.1389.00
700
EL.1388.30
950
(SGP)
φ400
400
EL.1387.90
250
NO.9+24.740
Hand R ail
250
EL.13 87.90
1000
1000
1000
φ400(SP）
250
Gate
φ400
3900 8700 Stairs 3@30 0=3900
Plan PRO JEC T: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

D RAWING TITLE: Plan & Profile of Intake Works on
Right Bank
SCALE
D-7
MINAGRI
MINAGRI
1650 0
3900 8700 3900
3650 250 500 1500 500 1500 500 1500 1000 1700
H and Rail h=800

EL.13 93. 40
Ga te
φ450
H.W.L.1392.30 EL.1392.30 1
200
F.W.L.1392.00 EL.1392.10 3.0
200
EL.139 2.0 0
300
EL.1391.80
567
rap EL.1 391.50
Rip
400
er
Filt
900
1067
2850 800 250 E L.1391.50
1567
1733
167
EL .1390.067
2233
2400
3450
167
EL.1390.733 Dam Body
4650
Impervious Zone
E L.1389.40
167
EL. 1390.067
E L.1389.20
200 200
2-156
L.W.L. 138 9.00
700
EL.1388.3 0
950
φ450
400
EL.1387 .90
250
NO.3+0.000
Hand Rail
250
EL.1387.90
1000
1000
1000
φ450(SP）
250
Gate
φ450
3900 8700 Stairs 3@300= 3900
Plan PRO JEC T: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

DR AWING TITLE: Plan & Profile of Intake Works on

Left Bank
SCALE
D-8
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
Up pe r M ai n C ana l
B ×H =0 .3× 0. 4
L ow er Ma in Can al
B× H =0. 3× 0. 5
2-157
0 50 0m
S ca le
PROJECT : PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

DRAWIN G T ITLE: Plan of Irrigation Canals

Drawing No. SCALE U NIT REV.
C-1-1
MINAGRI
MINAGRI
Upp er M ain Ca nal

B× H =0. 3× 0. 4
Lo wer M ai n C anal
B× H =0.3 × 0.5
2-158
0 50 0m
S ca le
Up pe r Ma in Can al
B× H= 0.3 × 0.4
Low er M ai n Ca nal
B ×H =0 .3× 0 .5
PROJEC T: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

D RAWING TIT LE:

Plan of Irrigation Canals
D rawing No. SCALE UNIT REV.
C-1-2
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
2-159
L owe r Ma in Can al
( Pi pe lin e)
0 5 00 m
Sca le
PR OJECT: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

D RAWING TIT LE: Plan of Irrigation Canals

Dr awing No. SCALE UNIT R EV.
C-1-3
MINAGRI
MINAGRI
Typical Section of Open Channel Main Canal
N o Scal e
3
1
M ai ntenance Road
Drainage Canal
1 1 1
1
3 3
Sluice Gate B100×H100

P lane Co ncrete PVCφ300
Main Canal
PVC φ50 3
Drainage Catch Basin
1
Drainage Canal
Young Tree
1
1
Gravel
Main Canal
Dimension
ＢＨ Secondary Canal
L oc ati on (m m) (m m)
Ri gh t Hil l /Up pe r Ar ea 3 00 4 00 PVC φ50 PVCφ300
Ri gh t Hil l /Lo we r Ar ea 3 00 5 00
Le ft H ill / Upp er A re a 3 00 3 00
Le ft H ill / Low er A re a 3 00 4 00
Catch Basin
Young Trees
Construction J oi nt
Drainage Canal
2-160
Typical Section of Pipeline
No Scale
1 :1
Diversion Wo rk
3
Sluice G ate
B100×H100
1
Secondary Canal
PVC φ50
Sandy Soil
Dimension
Di am ete r Ｂｄ
(m m) ( mm) (m m)
50 5 00 100
10 0 5 00 100
15 0 5 00 100
20 0 5 00 100
25 0 6 00 150
PRO JECT: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND
30 0 8 00 150 HILLSIDE-IRRIGATION PROJECT" IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Sc al e
35 0 8 50 150
DRAWIN G TIT LE: Typical Section of Main Canal
40 0 9 00 100
45 0 9 50 150 Drawing No. SCALE UN IT R EV.
50 0 1 00 0 200
C-2
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
D D
C
B
C B D
A A
2-161
DRAW I NG TIT ILE:

Pump Staion & No.3 Discharge Tank
C-3
MINAGRI
No.1 Discharge Tank No.2 Discharge Tank
MINAGRI
Plan Section C-C Plan Section F-F
E F
B C
D D
A A
B C E F
Section A-A Section D-D
2-162
Section E-E
Section B-B
PROJECT : PR EP ARA TO RY SU RVE Y ON "L AND -H USB AN DR Y, WA TER -H ARV ES TI NG A ND

HI L LSI DE -I RR IG AT ION P RO JE CT " I N T HE REP UBL IC OF RWA ND A
DRAWING T ITLE:
Section of Discharge Tank
Drawing No. SCALE UNIT REV.
C-4
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
Plan
C
Section C-C
Lean Concrete
B B
Water Level Gauge Pipe Section D-D

φ350
PVCφ50
A A
2-163
Steps
W-300@300
C D
Section A-A
Water Level Gauge Pipe

φ350
PVCφ50
Lean Concrete Steps

W-300@300
Section B-B
PROJECT: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

Lean Concrete
DRAWI NG TI TLE: Section of Regulating Tank
Drawing No. SCALE UN IT R EV.
Sca le
C-5-1
MINAGRI
No.2 Regulating Tank No.3 Regulating Tank
MINAGRI
Plan
Plan
B C B C
A A A A
B C B C
Section A-A Section A-A
2-164
Lean Concrete
Lean Concrete
Section B-B Section B-B
Lean Concrete Lean Concrete

S ca le
PRO JECT: PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

DRAWI NG TI TLE:
Section of Regulating Tank
Drawing No. SCALE UN IT R EV.
C-5-2
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Sing le Line Diagram
Rwanda
Legend
2-165
DR AWI NG TIT LE:

Single Line Diagram
C-6
MINAGRI
Plan of Plot Construction
MINAGRI
2-166
C
L

DRAW ING T IT LE:

Plan of Plot Construction
0 100 m 200 m 300 m 400 m 500 m
D rawing No. SCALE UNIT REV.
L-1
Rwanda
JICA
NO.1（Bl ock-A）
JICA
Can al FH=1378.088
Rwanda
Fie ld FH=1379.500
DL=1370m
NO.2（Block-B）
Can al FH=1375.396
Fie ld FH=1376.500
DL=1370m
NO.3（Bl ock-C）
2-167
Can al FH=1372.693
Fie ld FH=1374.087
DL=1370m
NO.4（Bl ock-D）
Can al FH=1370.464
Fie ld FH=1371.584
DL=1370m

DR AW IN G TIT LE: Cross Section of Paddy Plot

0 20m
SCALE L-2-1
MINAGRI
NO.5（Block-E）
Canal FH=1368.294
Filed FH=1369.470
MINAGRI
DL=1360m
NO.6（Block-F）
Canal FH=1366.437
Field FH=1367.536
DL=1360m
NO.7（Block-G）
Canal FH=1364.768
Field FH=1366.043
2-168
DL=1360m
NO.8（Block-H）
Canal FH=1363.306
Field FH=1364.466
DL=1355m
PROJECT: PR EPA RA TO RY SU RV EY O N "LA ND -H US BA NDR Y, W AT ER- HA RV ES TI NG AN D

HI LL SID E- IR RI GA TIO N PR OJ ECT " IN T HE RE PU BL IC O F R WA ND A
DRAWING T ITLE: Cross Section of Paddy Plot

Drawing No. SCALE UNIT REV.
0 20m
SCALE L-2-2
Rwanda
JICA
JICA
Rwanda
NO.9（Block-I）
Canal FH=1361.356
Field FH=1362.511
DL=1355m
NO.10（Block-J）
Canal FH=1358.600
Field FH=1360.656
DL=1355m
NO.11（Block-K）
Canal FH=1356.991
Field FH=1358.608
2-169
DL=1350m
NO.12（Block-L）
Canal FH=1355.473
Field FH=1356.532
DL=1345m
PR OJECT : PREPARATORY SURVEY ON "LAND-HUSBANDRY, WATER-HARVESTING AND

D RAWING T IT LE: Cross Sect ion of Paddy Plot

0 20m D rawing No. SCALE UNIT REV.
SCALE
L-2-3
MINAGRI
2-2-4 Implementation Plan
2-2-4-1 Implementation Policy
1) General
The Project activity will proceed to implementation stage after exchange of the Exchange of Note
(E/N) on approval of Japan Government to outline design. Contract form of Project implementation is
a lump-sum contract system. The Project components are construction of dam, pump, main canal
(open, pipeline), secondary canal, on-farm irrigation facilities, and plot construction of existing paddy
field at Ngoma22 site crossing two sectors of Remera and Rurenge in Ngoma District.
2) Availability of Local Contractor
Rwanda has been a member of East African Community (EAC) since 2007. From that time, logistics
and human interaction have become active. Particularly, various material and technology for
construction have brought from Kenya and then the local contractors have improved construction
experiences and capability and then they have piled up performance of civil construction works. Based
on the background mentioned above, therefore, the Project plans to utilize effectively the local
contractors stationing in Kigali. Some of them have already has experiences to construct irrigation
facilities as the Project plans.
3) Implementation Agency of Rwanda side
Implementation agency of Rwanda side of the Project is MINAGRI, which has responsibility for
promotion and implementation of LWH project.
2-2-4-2 Implementation Condition

1) Matters to be considered on construction
The type of dam is planned as the homogeneous embankment dam of 14.9 m height. Borrow-pit and
dump-pit of soil will be placed in submerged area created by dam construction. Banking material will
be embanked while controlling the soil moisture by spraying. Regarding heavy equipments for
banking work of dam body, bulldozer of 21 ton class and vibratory roller of 10 ton class will be used
for spreading and tamping to make the finished thickness 20 cm.
Both the solar power and the commercial power will be used for operation of pumping system. The
commercial power (three faces) is planned to extend from 6.6 km away from the construction site.
Taking account of delay of extension work of commercial power and also power cut, the power
generator will be installed as backstop.
The main canals, which consist of open canal running in upstream of benefit area and pipeline system
laying underground in downstream range of Project area, are aligned along the contour line of hillside
ground. Construction of main canal is to be started from open canal covering lower elevation area
(gravity irrigation area) of either bank on upstream benefited area. After then, the construction work
will go to higher elevation area (pump irrigation area) of both bank on upstream area to be benefited.
The pipeline parts will be dealt after completion of open canal construction.
The secondary canals of 27 km, which are PVC pipes, are to be laid at 100 m intervals along the main
canal. On-farm irrigation system after abstraction of irrigation water from hydrant set along the
secondary canals will be carried out by using hose and watering can in order to practice water-saving
irrigation. The construction of secondary canal is to be executed by only manpower because it is
difficult for heavy equipment to enter the construction place.
As of plot construction (re-plotting) of existing paddy field, rehabilitation work of irrigation and
MINAGRI 2-170 JICA
drainage canal and O&M road construction will be borne by Japan side, while leveling work of paddy
plots is to be shared by both side of Japan (2 ha) and Rwanda (30 ha) after implementation of technical
transfer by using equipments like tractor, laser leveler, etc. to be provided with Rwanda side after
completion of all the construction work.
2) Matters to be considered on procurement
Because the residents living around the construction area will be forced to break farming during
construction period, the Project plans to employ them as worker. While skilled labor will be hired from
Ngoma and/or Kirehe District, engineers is to be recruited from Kigali due to difficulty to procure
them in Ngoma area.
2-2-4-3 Scope of Works
Construction works are shared by Japan and Rwanda as the table below.
Table 2.2.4.1 Construction, Procurement and Installation Plan

Facilities Japan side Rwanda side
Whole - Gravel pavement of approach road - Land acquisition
(L=2.2km) - Removal of obstacles in the site
- Construction road and leveling
- Preparing temporary yard
Dam - Dam, Intake, Spill way
Pump station - Pump station, Regulating tank
(No.1), Conduit pipe
- Pump equipment, Electric
equipment, Solar panel
- Extension of grid line
(Outsourcing to EWSA)
- Safety fence of Regulating tank
(No.1) with solar panel
Main canal, 2ndary - Main canal (open canal, pipe line), - Terracing
canal, On farm Regulating tank (No.2, No.3), - Safety fence of regulating tank
facilities 2ndary canal, Hydrant (No.2, No.3) and Discharge tank
(No.1, No.2 and No.3)
Plot construction of - Irrigation and drainage canal, - Land leveling of paddy plots
existing paddy filled O&M road, diversion box (28 ha)
- Land leveling of paddy plots as
technical transfer (2 ha)
2-2-4-4 Consultant Supervision
1) Primary tasks and matters to be considered
In performing the supervision works under the Project, the following shall be paid with due attention.
(1) Primary tasks
- To fully grasp the contents and processes of outline design and detailed design
- To understand the framework and arrangements of the grant aid program by GOJ
- To grasp the contents of E/N and G/A signed by and between GOJ and GOS
- To cooperate with MINAGRI for smooth implementation of the Project

- To reconfirm the items agreed in the Outline Design stage to be covered by Government of
Rwanda.
JICA 2-171 MINAGRI

(2) Matters to be considered in construction supervision
a) Construction schedule
- Confirmation shall be made on the procedures for custom clearance and tax exemption required
for importing of equipment/materials under the Project and due consultation shall be made with
MINGRI.
- Banking work of dam main body shall be mainly carried out in dry season from June to
September. Particularly, in April earth works are not executed due to heavy rain.
b) Quality control
- Banking work of dam needs rolled compaction with moisture content control by spraying.
- Quality of concrete is to be secured with paying due attention on temperature and working
conditions
- In test running of new pumps, it is necessary to confirm the capacities obtained as designed
c) Safety control
- During the construction work period, attention shall be paid carefully so as not to cause any
traffic as well as electric shock accidents
- Communication network for emergency case shall be made up
d) Documentation/records
- Such documents, drawings and records as shop drawing, construction drawing, as-built drawing,
inspection records, meeting minutes and progress reports shall be properly managed and kept in
order.
2) Organization for construction/procurement supervision and tasks
Consultant services for construction supervision of the subject project include the following.
- Consultation meeting among parties concerned before commencement of works
- Approval on the shop drawings and construction drawings
- Supervision on schedule/quality/safety controls of construction works
- Inspection of articles before shipping, checking on quality of work, various tests, quality
inspection and inspection for work completion
- Required report preparation during the construction period
- Issuance of certificate for construction work completion and for payment
For the organizational arrangement of the construction supervision, a resident supervisor shall be
assigned for overall arrangement of construction works at the Project site through the entire
construction period, and for the occasions of commencement and completion of construction works,
the advisory supervising engineer will participate and support the resident supervisor. While for the
excavation and banking of dam body, and installation of embedded measuring instruments in the dam
body, dam civil engineer shall be dispatched for the specific purpose of supervision work. Even the
time of installation work for pump and solar system, machine and electricity engineer will be assigned
to manage and control quality and safety of the works. In addition, a local civil engineer shall be
assigned as an assistant to the resident engineer.
MINAGRI 2-172 JICA
As for the supervision work for which provision of equipment/materials, the tasks of consulting
service are as follows.
- Consultant services for procurement supervision shall include checking and inspection of
goods/materials to be procured from Japan at the specified period and task items as indicated
below through due reference to the specifications and contract documents to be made. In each
stage of the subject procurement, it is necessary for the consultant to have a constant and close
communication with the Rwandese authorities concerned.
Table 2.2.4.2 Occasions and task Items for Inspection/Checking Work

Occasions Task items
Prior to manufacturing, to check whether specifications and drawing are consistent with the
Interim
contract and contract drawing or not.
After manufacturing, factory inspection documents shall be checked.

Factory
For major items, participate in capacity testing.
Before the goods/materials be shipped, the appearance, quantities and the results of
Before shipment
capacity tests be confirmed and only those items granted with approval shall be embarked.
Tasks include 1) confirmation on work schedule for installation and adjustment,

2) confirmation on inspection made before and after installation and guidance on O&M,
During installation
3) confirmation on guidance made on test run/initial operation/, 4) confirmation on guidance
for O&M and 5) Inspection and turn over of equipment/materials.
- Concerning the goods and materials procured in Rwanda, related documents shall be checked
based on the specifications, contract and contract drawings.
- The contractor will manage procurement and construction of all the work items with having the
supervision by consultant.
2-2-4-5 Quality Control Plan
Items for quality control of dam body banking, earth work, concrete construction and so on to be
covered by quality control plan under the construction supervision f are as following. Moisuture test of
dam banking shall be done every construction day. A compression test for concrete shall be done with
the sample once a day for each class of strength. A water pressure test is to be done for a certain
distance of pipe length so as to confirm the leakage.
Table 2.2.4.3 Quality Control Plan (Construction)

Work item Control item Methods Frequency
Slope gradient, Measuring
Completed works Every main parts
banking elevation
Grading distribution 3 samples / time / 15,000m3
Material
Banking Moisture ratio Every construction day
Degree of
Field density test, Tamping test 3 holes / time / 2,500m3
compaction
Permeability Field permeability test 3 holes/ time / 2,500m3
Soil condition Visual inspection, Measuring Every main parts
Leveling work Bearing capacity Plate bearing test Every main parts
Width/ height Measuring Every main parts
Aggregate Grain size analysis 1 time
Cement Physical/chemical 1 time/month
Concrete
Slump 1 time/placing day/class
Concrete
Compression test (7days, 28days) 1 time/placing day/class
JICA 2-173 MINAGRI

Work item Control item Methods Frequency

Strength Tensile strength Every supplier
Reinforcing Arrangement
Inspection Every parts
position
Arrangement
Frame work, Fixing place/ method Every main part
place
supporting work
Strength Design, calculation report If necessary
Completed
works of Completed size Measuring Evert main parts
structure
Installation
Pump Measuring of installation position All equipment
accuracy
Electrical
function Load operation test All equipment at test run
equipment
Strength, Size Factory inspection report Every approval time
Appearance,
Visual, size measuring Every delivery time
Size
Pipe material,
Torque Torque wrench Every construction place
Plumbing
Junction Feeler gauge Every construction place
Welding Color check Every construction place
Water leakage Visual test All place
2-2-4-6 Procurement Plan
1) Equipment and materials for construction works

It is available to procure material and equipment such as banking material, aggregate, cement,
reinforcement bar, pipe, and so on in local market. Regarding pump equipment, pump made in Italy,
pump control panel made in Germany, solar panel made in China can be easily procured in local
market because they are required as small-scale. On the other hand, valve, ultrasonic current meter and
low voltage control panel are to be procured in Japan due to product guarantee and request rained by
MINAGRI.
Table 2.2.4.4 Procurement Plan of Main Material

Source
Material Remarks
Local Japan 3rd country
Banking material ●
Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate ●
Portland cement ●
Reinforcement bar ●
Timber ●
Plywood ●
Scaffolding material ●
Frame work material ●
Pipe ●
Pump, Motor, Solar panel, Pump control panel ●
Boat, Gridiron ● No possible at local
Valve ● Ditto
Electric equipment (Low voltage panel) ● Ditto
Hose, Watering can ●
2) Construction machineries
Such commonly used construction machineries as backhoe, bulldozer and crane are owned by local
contractors and ready to be availed on rental basis. It is, however, difficult to procure tractor and
MINAGRI 2-174 JICA

laser-leveler for plot construction works so that they will be procured in Japan or the third country.
Table 2.2.4.5 Procurement Plan of Construction Equipment

Source
Equipment Remarks
Backhoe ● Class: 0.28m3, 0.8m3, 1.4m3
Bulldozer ● Class: 15t, 21t
Dump track ● Class: 4t, 10t
Truck crane ● Class: 4.9t, 20t, 25t
Vibratory roller ● Class: 0.8-1.1t, 3-4t
Tamping roller ● Class: 10t
Rough terrain crane ● Class: 25t
Power Generator ● Class: 125kVA, 200kVA
Sprinkler truck ● Class: 10m3
3) Equipment to be procured
Equipment to be procured is listed as the table below, and they will be provided to Rwanda side after
completion of the construction works.
Table 2.2.4.6 Procurement of Equipment to be provided

Source
Equipment Remarks
Tractor ●
Laser leveler ●
Trenching machine ●
Boat ●
Gridiron ●
Personal computer ●
Printer ●
Watering can ●
Hose (including hose head) ●
4) Transportation plan
Equipment and material to be procured such as valve, control panel of power, laser-leveler and so on
in Japan will be transported by using container of 20 feet.
2-2-4-7 Training Plan for Initial Operation and Maintenance
2-2-4-7-1 Pump Facilities
- Installation: The contractor shall undertake all works under the supervision by the consultant.
- Installation and inspection before operation: Inspection and records shall be made whether or not
the equipment and materials are installed accurately in accordance with the specification. For the
operation, mechanical works and electrical works shall be made in an integrated manner since a
unified and systematic function is necessary for one pump system. During this occasion, the
contractor will undertake the guidance and training for O&M staff of Rwanda side concerning the
operation and O&M of subject facilities.
- Trial Operation: In order to unify the pump station facilities in one system, trial operation shall be
continued for the duration sufficient for due confirmation. In the operation, mainly the
confirmation shall be made by five senses where no records shall be required.
JICA 2-175 MINAGRI

- Initial operation: This shall be undertaken after the trial operation. Confirmation and inspection
shall be made on whether or not the pump facilities fully function without defects. The operation
shall cover several hours of duration until temperatures of each part of electric motor be stabilized
as specified. During the period, the contractor shall keep the records of confirmation and
inspection regularly. Moreover, the contractor shall provide for the O&M staff of Rwanda side
guidance during the trial operation on operation method as well as confirmation/handling of
protective devices.
- Operation guidance: This shall apply the actual operation mode. First the contractor shall operate
the system and then substituted by the O&M staff of Rwanda side. In the guidance, operation shall
be trained in a practical manner on maintenance and inspection prior to the operation,
measurements during operation and continued confirmation works, and due explanation is
required so that the O&M staff be fully aware of the necessity and importance of the said works.
For the above-mentioned stages of training, staff in charge of O&M of Rwanda side shall participate.
Taking into account the expertise both of mechanical and electrical aspects, the training shall be
undertaken separately and/or combined together depending on the adequateness. The number of
participants for the training shall be several for each stage and finally subject to the intention by the
contractor. Rwanda side is requested to submit through the consultant to the contractor the request
paper indicating the number of participants and their name list to discuss the matter to reach an
agreement.
2-2-4-7-2 Other Irrigation Facilities
Some operation and maintenance facilities such as intake gates, diversion gates, and regulating valves
shall be installed in this Project. All of these facilities are operated by manual and Japanese technicians
of contractor shall guide the operational manner when delivering the facilities to Rwanda side.
However, technical guidance about operational method of gates and valves along with irrigation plan
should be implemented according to the soft component plan.
2-2-4-8 Soft Component Plan

1) Necessity for the soft component
In order to sustain irrigation agriculture at the

Project site, it is proposed to integrate 1) WUO
establishment and strengthening including
aquaculture training, 2) O&M of irrigation
facilities, water management and farming
technology, and 3) test filling of the dam into
the soft component of the Project. Fig. 2.2.4.1
shows a positive cycle aiming at income
improvement through proper WUO
management and irrigation farming.
The issue of 1) indicated above is how to

secure necessary amount of revenue for O&M
through water charge collection. The revenue
of WUO is only from water charge being
collected from members but WUO has not
been organized yet at the Project site. Figure 2.2.4.1 Positive Cycle of WUO
Therefore, it is necessary to organize a WUO
newly under the support of WUOs Supporting Unit of MINAGRI immediately and then human
MINAGRI 2-176 JICA

resources for the soft component will be inputted to strengthen WUO and O&M on the above
mentioned 2). As to 2), training on improved farming technologies for upland crops and paddy will
lead to sustainable management of irrigation facilities through stable crop production, which is
expected to result in 100% of water charge collection.
2) Problems to be solved
(1) Problems on WUO management
Followings could be indicated on this matter;

- WUO has not been organized yet at the Project site,
- Necessity for systematic management of basic data of the WUO,
- Securing water charge collection from paddy and upland farmers and its management,
- Transparent financial affairs,
- Preparation of the own by-law agreed among the members,
- Cooperativeness between paddy farmers and upland farmers,
- Ownership of the irrigation facilities as their property, and
- Close linkage between WUO and Cooperative in water use and management.
(2) Problems on O&M of the facilities
Followings could be indicated on this matter;
- Lack of experience and techniques concerning O&M of irrigation facilities,

- Necessity of establishment of the even water distribution system,
- Lack of on-time water management technology based on planned cropping calendar and
equitable water distribution,
- Lack of operational technology of operators,
- Lack of repairing technology of canal and others,
- Necessity for systematic recording regarding operation, power consumption and so on,
- Necessity for regular maintenance of facilities by members, and
- Necessity for strengthening technologies for MINAGRI staff on filling the reservoir at the
constructed dam.
(3) Problems on faming technologies

Following matters could be indicated;
- Low yields due to extensive farming technologies on paddy and upland crops,
- Difficulty in irrigation on steep hillside,
- Water leaking caused from lack of leveling and ridge-coating,
- Difficulty in expansion of farmlands and small farm size,
- Lack of agronomist for agricultural extension services,
- Low land use ratio, and
- Lack of warehouse, thresher, and drying yard at Kigarama Rice Farmers Cooperative
3) Soft component plan
JICA 2-177 MINAGRI

It is judged that input concerning the soft component in the Project is necessary in order to solve the
various problems mentioned above and to use irrigation facilities to be constructed effectively under
the well-organized WUO. Following components could be proposed for the soft component;
(1) Supporting for WUO Establishment and strengthening including aquaculture training,
(2) Supporting for O&M of the facilities, water management and farming technologies, and
(3) Supporting for the test filling of the reservoir.
4) Contents of the soft component plan
(1) Supporting for WUO establishment and strengthen aquaculture training
a) Fostering leadership
WUO will be managed well in irrigation services and O&M under the excellent leader, which will lead
WUO to sustainable management and stable crop production to improve farm economy.
b) Compilation and management of basic data of members
Basic data on WUO such as cadastral maps, acreage by land use, number of beneficial farmers,
projected irrigable area and actual irrigated area, cultivated area by crop and its production, marketed
volume etc. will be compiled and managed with provided computers to be provided by the Project.
Analysis time-series on trend of WUO management will become easier for the better management.
c) Training on WUO management
Coordination between cooperative, WUO and DISC (District Irrigation Steering Committee), and
decision process will be built. WUOs’ board members and representatives of farmers will acquire the
methods of grasping farmers’ demand, problem solution, effective water charge collection, preparation
of budget document, auditing, value chain analysis, preparation of action plan and business plan etc.
for the better and sustainable management of WUO.
d) Concept of PIM (Participatory Irrigation Management)
Ownership of irrigation facilities as the community’s property will be fostered based on PIM
(Participatory Irrigation Management) concept.
e) Preparation of by-law
Internal regulations of the WUO in response to the site condition will be prepared based on agreement
among members, especially focusing on participation of hillside farmers, water charge to be imposed
upon upland farmers and rice farmers, equitable water distribution, prohibition of stealing water, water
charge collection system, members’ duties and penalties, and procedure of decision-making etc.
f) Training on needs assessment of farmers
WUOs’ board members and agronomists will acquire techniques for needs assessment of the WUO
members by means of some methods, e.g. Project Cycle Management, Participatory Rural Appraisal
and Rapid Rural Appraisal so on, which will lead to higher crop yields and higher water charge
collection.
g) Training on value addition
WUO members and representative of farmers will understand importance of quality of crops and
processing in order to add value to the original products of crops for more advantageous marketing,
and farmers’ income will be increased.
MINAGRI 2-178 JICA

h) Acquisition of the methods for build-up of water charge collection system and its management and
recording
Along with construction of irrigation facilities, water charge collection system and its status by
irrigation block and individual members will become possible by using provided computers, and the
results will be fed back to water distribution system by analyzing them.
i) Preparation of annual action plan and business plan
Annual action plan linked with cropping plan of the WUO covering irrigation schedule, meeting,
training, mutual work for O&M, business plan will be prepared and make use it for the better
management.
j) Acquisition of the methods for assembly, monthly meeting and minutes preparation
WUO members and board members will understand and acquire the methods for preparation of
agenda for the assembly and monthly meeting for smooth and democratic proceeding.
k) Training on the management of ledger, checks, receipts
WUO board members, accountants and persons in charge of auditing will acquire how to manage
documents on accounting management to realize transparent and sound financial affairs of the WUO.
l) Preparation of monthly report of accounting
Members’ reliability of WUO management will become higher by securing transparency of financial
affairs such as documents of production, marketed amount, amount of distributed agricultural
materials, unit prices, revenue from water charge and expenses etc. prepared by trained board
members, accountants and auditors.
m) Training for accountants and auditors to secure transparency of financialaAffairs:

Accountants and auditors, DISC members will acquire the points for auditing accounting of the WUO.
n) Recording method of crop prices and fertilizers etc.
WUO board members and member farmers will have a sense of management to sell products more
advantageously.
o) Study tour to the preceding projects

p) Aquaculture training
Aquaculture of Tilapia at the proposed dam is planned as well as those in Chinese dam, Kiliba dam
and Kanyonyomba dam. Cooperative will be in charge of management according to the by-law. The
training on aquaculture will be conducted by the local resources.
(2) Supporting for O&M of the facilities, water management and farming technologies
The following training session are planned;
a) Preparation of inventory of the irrigation facilities
Various information on irrigation facilities such as number, capacity, constructed and repaired year,
degree of superannuation, construction and repairing costs will be managed on computers to be
provided by the Project for the better management.
b) Understanding of legislations and regulations on WUO and cooperative
JICA 2-179 MINAGRI

Not only WUO board members but also representatives of farmers will understand legislations and
regulations on WUO and cooperative for the better management.
c) Preparation of cropping calendar
Cropping calendar for on-time/on-demand water distribution will be prepared.
d) Acquisition of recording method of pump operation
Prescribed format for recording operation will be prepared and water manager and his staff will
acquire its method to manage them on provided computers in order to make use it for the better water
management and O&M of facilities.
e) Training for water manager and other members
Water manager and his/her staff will acquire technologies to handle facilities to distribute water on
time and on demand by block according to water availability. In addition, they will be able to record
data on water level and volume etc.
f) Preparation of plan for annual O&M
The annual O&M Plan will be prepared to maintain irrigation facilities such as canals, pumps, gates
etc. taking into consideration the prepared irrigation schedule linked with cropping calendar and O&M
from upstream to tail-end canals will be done as well. Regular maintenance of canal will be done by
member themselves, namely, Umganda according to the traditional custom in the area.
g) Training on broad-based water management
Suitable water management based on land use, crops and cropping period will be done on farm level
and crop yield will be increased.
h) Acquisition of monitoring and feedback methods of the annual O&M activities
The annual O&M mentioned above in 5) will be monitored and its result will be reflected for the
O&M plan based on the discussion in WUO for better O&M and sustainable use of the facilities.
i) Training on personal computers for water managements
Water requirement according to the cropping calendar and pump operation will be done using
provided computers and make use its results for on-time and on-demand irrigation.
j) Equitable water distribution
Internal rules for equitable water distribution will be prepared in the discussion of members, and
equitable water distribution on farm level will be realized by improvement of excessive irrigation and
prioritized intake of water at upstream. As the result, the ratio of water charge collection will be
increased, and financial status of the WUO will become sounder.
k) Handling and O&M of pumps
Installed pumps will be operated and maintained properly based on the provided O&M manual of
pumps when installment.
l) Training on canal repairing technology:
Member of the WUO will acquire necessary masonry technology to repair canals by themselves to
save the cost for maintaining canals.
m) Paddy field consolidation technologies

MINAGRI 2-180 JICA
According to the model of land consolidation technology done for about two hectare by the Project,
the remaining 33 ha will be suitably consolidated and leveled for effective paddy farming.
n) Study tour to preceding project
The trainings mentioned above will be carried out for representatives of Kigarama Rice Farmers
Cooperative, agronomists of District and Sector Offices, and conducted before finishing filling the
storage in order to transfer facilities smoothly to users/WUO.
o) Training on farming technologies,

Training on improved farming technologies will be conducted to extend technologies though some
representatives of Kigarama Cooperative were trained under the technical cooperation of JICA
(PiCROPP). The practical training on land leveling and ridge-coating to prevent water leak shall be
provided along with land consolidation model in about two hectare.
In addition, improved farming technologies for upland crops shall be also provided for horticultural
crops such as vegetables, fruit trees and coffee etc. Since Ngoma22 site has not enough room to
expand farmland, increase of yield will be better choice. Beneficiaries in the site manage small farm
size in general and input of fertilizers is not adequate due to high prices. Therefore, cost reduction and
environment using organic fertilizers shall be taken into consideration when planning the trainings.
Through the following trainings, farmer’s mentality consisting on the traditional farming method will
be changed;
- Deed selection using salty water,

- Planting interval and density,
- Water depth suitable for each growing stage of paddy,
- Technology to prevent water leak from ridge and land leveling,
- Suitable input of fertilizers and agro-chemicals,
- Suitable irrigation, frequency of irrigation and its intervals,
- Water-saving irrigation mainly for upland crops,
- Crop rotation,
- Mulching,
- Preparation of organic fertilizers using Indigenous Micro Organism (IMO),
- Preparation of organic pesticides to control disease and pest using materials available at the site,
- Preparation of rice husk charcoal to improve water holding capacity of the soil, and
- Post-harvest technologies (threshing, drying and storage)
(3) Supporting for the test filling of the reservoir:
During water storing period at the dam of about one year, the test filling the reservoir shall be carried
out. The test is important to confirm and secure safety of the dam, therefore a dam engineer will be
input to carry out training for the concerning staff in MINAGRI and WUO members. Before starting
irrigation services, safety of the dam bank, basement, and discharge structure will be confirmed
practically by storing and releasing water by changing water level.
5) Necessary resources for the soft component of the Project
(1) Necessary sub-sectors

In the soft component of the Project, the resources on 1) WUO establishment and strengthening
JICA 2-181 MINAGRI

including aquaculture, 2) O&M of facilities, water management, and improved farming technologies
on upland crops and paddy, and 3) test filling of the reservoir will be required. Japanese resources
shall be planned as shown below, and in addition, one (1) local staff for interpretation and two (2)
drivers shall be input;
Table 2.2.4.7 Necessary Resources
Field Japanese Rwandan Target

1. WUO Strengthening 1 person x 3 months 1 person x 3 months WUO representatives
Cooperative representatives
Inland fisheries 1 person x 2months Agronomists of District, Sector
(Aquaculture) Offices
Representatives of farmers
Representatives of DISC
2. O&M of facilities and 1 person x 3 months 1 person x 3 months WUO representatives
water management Cooperative representatives
Agronomists of District, Sector
Improved farming - Horticulture - Horticulture: Offices
technologies agronomist: 1 person x 3 months Representatives of farmers
1 person x 3 months Representatives of DISC
- Paddy agronomist: - Paddy:

1 person x 3 months 1 person x 6 months
3. Test filling Dam engineer: Dam engineer: MINAGRI staff
1 person x 1 month 1 person x 1 month WUO representatives
Cooperative representatives
Representatives of DISC
(2) Procurement of Implementation Resources
Only Kinyarwanda language is available when communicating villagers at the site. Therefore, training
materials in English are necessary to translate into Kinyarwanda by local staff.
As mentioned in the table above, experts covering 1) WUO establishment and strengthening and 2)
aquaculture, 3) O&M of facilities and water management, 4) Improved farming technologies on
upland crops and paddy, and 5) Test for filling the reservoir will be assigned. Japanese experts will
manage for 1, 3, 4, and 5) out of them, while local resources will cover 2) mentioned above.
There are local consulting companies (service providers) on the soft component sub-sector in Rwanda,
but, Japanese experts and local resources of concerning agencies will be procured for the
implementation of the soft component of the Project taking into consideration quality of trainings and
saving times.
MINAGRI 2-182 JICA

2-2-4-9 Implementation Schedule
Since dam banking is a part of component of the Project, construction works of irritation facilities
shall be carries out efficiently in dry season. While embankment works are executed, the other
components such as pump, canal and plot construction for existing paddy field will be implemented
overall implementation schedule is planned as the table shown below.
- Detail design : 4.0 months

- Bidding and Contract : 3.0 months
- Construction : 15.0 months (from contract to completion on construction)
Table 2.2.4.8 Implementation Schedule
Total month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Detail Design
(Field study)
Total 4.0 months
(Domestic study)
(Material procurement)
(Preparatory work)
Dam construction
(Access road construction)

Total 15 months
(Dam construction)
(Spill way, Intake, Ancillaries)
(Inspection and Hand over)
Construction and Procurement
(Preparatory work)
Pump and Canal
(Pump station, Regulating tank (No.1) Total 15 months
(Main canal)
(Secondary canal, On‐farm facilities)
(Preparatory work) Total 15 months
Plot Construction
(Construction and O&M Road)
(Irrigation and drainage canal)
(Plot Construction: 2 ha)
(Plot Construction: 33 ha (Rwanda side))

JICA 2-183 MINAGRI

2-3 Obligations of Recipient Country
2-3-1 Major Undertakings to be implemented by GoR
During the period of construction works and also of actual implementation of irrigation agriculture
performed by the beneficiaries, GoR executes some activities so as to make the Project progress
smoothly and sustainable. The major undertakings to be covered by GoR are summarized as follows.
The detailed undertakings and necessary budget are shown in the following table.
1) Implementation of compensation and expropriation for affected people on the Project site
2) Implementation of tree cutting and transplanting in the Project area
3) Implementation of EIA and acquisition of approval by RDB
4) Provision of alternative land or compensation for land owners during construction period
5) Formulation of environmental check list and environmental monitoring sheet
6) Application and acquisition of the water right to RNRA
7) Distribution of power line to the Project site
8) Assignment of counterparts personnel to the Project and expenses
9) Implementation of operation and maintenance on irrigation facilities after completion of

construction period
10) Implementation of environmental monitoring after completion of construction period
11) Implementation of Land Husbandry design and construction

(except design in the command area, which is to be done by Japan side)
12) Implementation of support for establishment of WUO

13) Construction of fences around the regulating tanks (No.2 and No.3) and the discharge tanks
(No.1, No.2 and No.3)
14) Plot construction of downstream paddy field
15) Commission for Banking Arrangement (B/A) and Authorization to Pay (A/P)
MINAGRI 2-184 JICA

Table 2.3.1.1 Summary of Major Undertakings to be implemented by GoR
Implementation Implementation Responsible Expenses Budget

Items
Procedures Schedule Organization needed (Rwf) Preparation
1) Implementation of 1)Final asset survey 1)After official MINAGRI 1)1,210,700 MINAGRI
compensation 2)Compensation for the decision of the /District 2)24,213,500
and expropriation affected persons project 3)941,600
for affected 3)Training of local level 2)Within 4 months
people on the officers for grievance after the final
project site settlement census survey
3)Before
compensation
2) Implementation of 1)Final asset survey 1)After official MINAGRI 1)610,600 1)MINAGRI
tree cutting and 2)Compensation for the decision of the /District 2)12,212,400 2)MINAGRI
transplanting in affected persons who project 3)Included in 3).Contractor
the project area planted trees 2)Within 4 months the
3)Clearance of trees will after the final construction
be done by the census survey cost
contractor 3)After payment of
compensation
3) Implementation of Submission of EIA report at the end of Dec. MINAGRI None -
EIA and 2013
acquisition of (ALREADY
approval by RDB DONE)
4) Provision of No temporary land loss None None None -

alternative land
or compensation
for land owners
during
construction
period
5) Formulation of 1)Formulation of After EIA report MINAGRI None -

environmental environmental check submission and JICA
check list and list Monitoring sheet study team
environmental 2)Monitoring sheet is is included in EIA
monitoring sheet prepared in the EIA report and RAP
report and RAP in
collaboration with
MINAGRI
6) Application and Application and After approval of MINAGRI 35,000 as MINAGRI
acquisition of the acquisition of the water EIA report by RDB application fee
water right to right to RNRA to RNRA
RNRA
7) Distribution of 1)Power sources of pump 1)Extension works MINAGRI (around 94 (Japan side)
power line to the are solar and to be done by EWSA million Rwf)
project site commercial power. EWSA should
2)Extension of be complete
commercial power line until the
about 6 km away from commencement
the dam construction of construction
site is born by Japan period.
side.
3)Extension work is to be
carried out by EWSA.
8) Assignment of MINAGRI allocates the 14 months MINAGRI 2,992,000 MINAGRI
counterparts counterparts for RAB
personnel to the implementation of the NAEB
project and soft-component of the
expenses project
9) Implementation of 1)WUO will get During the period MINAGRI O&M cost will MINAGRI
operation and Certificate of Legal of operation and WUO be born by WUO
maintenance on Personality maintenance WUO
irrigation facilities (Registration
after completion Certificate) to be
of construction issued by Ministry of
JICA 2-185 MINAGRI

Implementation Implementation Responsible Expenses Budget
Items
Procedures Schedule Organization needed (Rwf) Preparation
period Local Government
2)MINERERA will give
the water permit to
MINAGRI(WUO) and,
irrigation facilities will
be transferred to WUO
from GoR
10) Implementation of 1)Monitoring of project For two years 1)District/ 1)2,772,000 1)MINAGRI
environmental affected persons due after project MINAGRI 2)Regular 2)Ministry of
monitoring after to land expropriation completion 2)Ministry of budget Health
completion of 2)Monitoring of number Health/Se 3)Regular 3)District/
construction of malaria patients ctor/Cell budget Sector
period 3)Monitoring of chemical 3)Sector
and fertilizer use
condition
11) Implementation of MINAGRI will start 9 months MINAGRI 311,000,000 MINAGRI
Land Husbandry preparation works of
design and terracing construction
construction when the decision of
(except design in project implementation is
the command made between GoJ and
area, which is to GoR.
be done by Japan
side)
12) Implementation of 1)WUO will get 4 months WUO 790,000 MINAGRI
support for Certificate of Legal Supporting
establishment of Personality Unit
WUO (Registration
Certificate) to be
issued by Ministry of
Lcal Government
2)MINERERA will give
the water permit to
MINAGRI(WUO)
3)and, irrigation facilities
will be transferred to
WO from GoR
13) Construction of MINAGRI will construct By MINAGRI 5,000,000 MINAGRI
fences around fences around the commencement of
the regulating concrete structure: operation and
tanks (No.2 and the regulating tanks maintenance of
No.3) and the (No.2 and No.3) and the irrigation facilities
discharge tanks discharge tanks (No.1, constructed
(No.1, No.2 and No.2 and No.3)
No.3)
14) Plot construction Demo plot construction During irrigation MINAGRI 27,000,000 MINAGRI
of downstream will be covered by facility
paddy field Japanese side and construction
remaining part will be
covered by Rwandan
side.
15) Commission for Rwanda will open an After 1 month of MINAGRI 4,700,000 MINAGRI
Banking account under the name EN, GA MINECOFIN MINECOFIN
Arrangement of the Government of the exchanged
(B/A) and recipient country in a
Authorization to bank in Japan. Rwanda
Pay (A/P) should bear an advising
commission of an
Authorization to Pay and
payment commissions
paid to the Bank.
Expense needed (Rwf) 393,477,800
MINAGRI 2-186 JICA

2-3-2 Obligation of GoR on the Soft Component of the Project
1) Deployment of counterparts
For the purpose of project sustainability through proper management of irrigation facilities after the
construction, it is planned to organize the soft component for capacity development of WUO and
official personnel concerned.
The soft component will cover three (3) fields, namely, 1) Supporting for WUO establishment and
strengthening including aquaculture training, 2) Supporting for O&M of facilities, water management
and improved farming techniques on horticultural crops and paddy, 3) Supporting for test filling of the
reservoir.
Based on the proposed soft component plan mentioned above, the Rwandan counterparts will be
assigned to participate a series of training sessions on each component. They are expected to manage
workshop/training together with the experts, who are trainers to be procured by the Project, and also
learn knowledge and skills of specific filed of the soft component.
2) Schedule
It will take one (1) year for the dam construction and one (1) year for storing water, two (2) years in
total, therefore, irrigation services will be available from the third year. If the construction work will
be started in May 2015, irrigation water will be distributed actually from August or September 2017.
In parallel with those construction works, preparation activities for establishment of WUO will be
commenced in May 2015, and then WUO is expected to be officially established around by August
2015. During the soft component implementation, WUOs Supporting Unit, of MINAGRI and the
counterparts will be assigned as illustrated in the following table:
Table 2.3.2.1 Schedule of the Soft Component and the Counterpart Personals
Year/Month 2014 2015 2016

Work Process 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Detail Design,Bidding,Contract etc.
Construction Period
Preparation of WUO Establishment
Initial Supporting by WUS for establishment of WUO
Establishment of WUO
Implementation of the Soft-Components

(1)-1：Supporting for WUO Establishment and
Strengthening
(1)-2：Supporting for Aquaculture Training
(2)-1：Supporting for O&M of the Facilities, Water
Management
(2)-2：Supporting for Improved Paddy Techniques
(2)-3：Supporting for Improved Horticulture Techniques
(3)：Supporting forWater Filling Test
Completion of Construction Period
Note:WSU;Water Users Organization Supporting Unit (MINAGRI),Blue; Japanese expert, Yellow; Local resources
JICA 2-187 MINAGRI

3) Cost estimation to be burdened by the Rwandan side
Prior to the soft component implementation, workshops will be organized to explain about the Project
to the beneficiaries. Specifically, a kickoff workshop and a wrap-up workshop will be held before the
proposed training sessions and after completion of all the training sessions, respectively. The official
personnel are expected to support for the training sessions, which will be organized by private sector
trainers (Japanese and local resources), and one officer will be assigned to each training item. The cost
of venue is expected to be burdened by the Rwandan side. In addition, the daily allowance and lodging
expense for the assigned counterparts for the soft component is also burdened by the Rwandan side.
The cost estimate of counterparts is as shown below;
Table 2.3.2.2 Cost Estimation to be burdened by the Rwandan Side for Soft-Component Operation
Item Frequency, CP & MM Estimated Costs
Workshops Twice Venue：30,000Rwf／day x 2＝60,000Rwf
Allowance for participants ： 2,000Rwf ／ capita x
61persons／time x 2=244,000Rwf
Allowance & lodging for CP：32,000Rwf／day／person
x 7 x 2=448,000Rwf
Total：688,000 Rwf
（ participants: beneficiaries ： 5persons ／ village x 9
villages=45、District：2persons, sector:3persons x
2=6、cell：2 persons x 4=8, Total ：61persons）
Counterpart:
WUO establishment / 1 person x 3months Allowance & lodging：32,000Rwf/day x 4days/month x
strengthening, 3 =384,000 Rwf
And
aquaculture training 1 person x 2 months Allowance & Lodging：32,000Rwf/day x 4days/month x
2 = 256,000 Rwf
Counterpart:
O&M of facilities, water 1 person x 3months Allowance & lodging：32,000Rwf/day x 4days/month x
management, 3 =384,000 Rwf
And
Farming technologies Paddy: Paddy:
1person x 6months Allowance & lodging：32,000Rwf/day x 4days/month x
6 = 768,000 Rwf
Horticulture: Horticulture:
1person x 3months Allowance & lodging：32,000Rwf/day x 4days/month x
3 = 384,000 Rwf
Counterpart:
Test filling of the reservoir 1person x 1 month Allowance & lodging：32,000Rwf/day x 4days/month x
1 =128,000 Rwf
Grand Total 2,992,000 Rwf
Note: Allowance & lodging is estimated based on 4 days per month in each sub-sector
2-3-3 Establishment of WUO and Cost
1) Procedure for WUO establishment
A new WUO shall be established prior to operation of the irrigation facilities. The WUO needs to get
the certificate of legal personality (Registration Certificate) from the Ministry of Justice, water permit
from MINERERA, and IMTA (Irrigation management Transfer) from the government. The flow of
procedure is illustrated as follows:
MINAGRI 2-188 JICA

Mobilization of
Villagers by Election of Training & study Application to
WUOs Board Members tour by WUA's MINAGRI
Supporting Unit Supporting Unit
Issue of Legal Entitlement of

Assessment by Government transfers the
Personality from Water Permit to
MINAGRI WUO's responsibility for
Ministry of WUA issued by
Supporting Unit management of irrigation
Justice MINERENA
infrastructure to WUA
through IMTA/ District co‐
signs
about 4 months from mibilization to transfer
Figure 2.3.3.1 Flow Chart of WUO Establishment
For establishment of WUO, the WUOs Supporting Unit of Irrigation and Mechanization Task Force
under the MINAGRI is responsible for mobilization and trainings covering financial management and
O&M of irrigation infrastructure. Unit price of water charge for irrigation agriculture to be covered by
the beneficiaries has been under the discussion between MINIRENA and MINAGRI at present and it
is needed to pay attention to the progress.
2) Schedule
Temporarily, it is planned to establish the new WUO in August 2015 as mentioned above.
3) Responsible organization
The WUOs Supporting Unit of MINAGRI is responsible for establishment of WUO. The WUO will
be given approval of registration and water permit from RGB (Rwanda Government Board) under the
support of WUOs Supporting Unit. Training for intended WUOs’ board members and general
members shall be conducted prior to WUO establishment. Mobilization of members, training sessions
on accounting and infrastructure management training and study tour will be organized.
There is no WUO on the site at present. After the completion of the irrigation facilities, the WUO will
be established newly and it will be composed of members of hillside farmers and the Kigarama Rice
Farmers Cooperative.
4) Costs and budget allocation
In preparation for the WUO establishment at the site, costs for training by the WUOs Supporting Unit
of MINAGRI including study tour are estimated as below, which will be burdened by GoR.
Table 2.3.3.1 Costs for Establishment of WUO

Number Unit Price
Frequency Amount
Item （person／（Rwf／capita
(time) （Rwf）
time）／time）
Training 1：O&M of Irrigation Infrastructure
Allowance of participants 55 1 2,000 110,000
Cost for venue 1 1 30,000 30,000
Training 2：WUO management
Allowance of participants 55 1 2,000 110,000
Cost for venue 1 1 30,000 30,000
Training 3：Study tour 55 1 2,000 110,000
Rental fee of buses 4 1 100,000 400,000
Total 790,000
JICA 2-189 MINAGRI

O&M cost, pump operation cost and repairing cost shall be shouldered by the WUO members. O&M
cost of the proposed facilities can be estimated based on that of the preceding WUO, namely,
APIISAMAK WUO at Kanyonyomba dam. 40% of the collected water charge is allocated to O&M,
30% to WUO management, 20% to saving for depreciation, and 10% to Irrigation Trust Fund. The
Trust Fund is spent for development of marshlands by the government. It is considered that the new
WUO will manage the budget as well as APIISAMAK WUO. Pump operation cost (electricity cost)
for hillside irrigation is estimated at Rwf 725,418 per year. The detail estimation is indicated in the
section of 2-5-2.
2-4 Project Operation Plan
2-4-1 Structural Plan for O&M
As a prerequisite, it is necessary that the newly establishing WUO has to selected necessary staff for
O&M of facilities such as board members, accountant, facility operators etc., at the beginning time of
construction works of irrigation facilities since WUO is responsible for managing irrigation scheme at
the Ngoma22 site under IMTA (Irrigation Management Transfer Agreement) with the government.
Therefore, WUOs Supporting Unit of MINAGRI is required to instruct hillside benefited farmers and
Kigarama Rice Farmers’ Cooperative who will be members of the new WUO according to the flow
chart shown in the pervious section. Then the soft component of the Project will be conducted for
WUO management, O&M and water management etc. with dispatch of Japanese experts on the
required sub-sectors to build up member’s capacity. By doing so, capacity of board members and
ordinary members will be formulated properly in order to operate and maintain the constructed
facilities after the completion of the work and full storage of water at the dam. Basic organization of a
WUO is as shown below.
WUOs Supporting Unit of MINAGRI is required

to visit the site once every three months to inspect
and monitor WUO status (especially financial
status and its recording) such as water
management, facility management etc. and if
found problems, they are requested to advice
WUO to improve the issues.
In addition, DISC (District Irrigation Steering

Committee) is also required to visit the site to
visit WUO once every three months to inspect
and monitor WUOs status from viewpoint of
management, O&M and water management, and Figure 2.4.1.1 Basic WUO Organizational Structure
to inform the results to MINAGRI.
2-4-2 Method for O&M
The constructed irrigation facilities shall be operated and maintained by the WUO members and hired
employees. Practical management of WUO will be done by the Executive Committee members,
accountants, auditors, the committee members for conflict solution, and representatives of each zone.
In the soft component plan, personal computers will be planned to introduce for effective management
of basic data, inventory of facilities, and various records such as financial data, cropping calendar,
water level, water volume at the dam, pump operation, business plan, documents on assembly and
monthly meeting, shifting from hand writing records. Training on handling personal computers to
input and manage various data shall be provided in the soft component.
In addition to the initial guidance on how to handle and maintain pumps, gates, division works and
MINAGRI 2-190 JICA

solar penal etc. to be conducted by makers and contractors, practical trainings on O&M of those
facilities shall be provided for board members and ordinary members in the soft component too.
The cost for O&M and management shall be relied on collected water charge, which is required to
attain 100% through on-time and on-demand water distribution, equitable water distribution to meet
farmer’s demand along with introduction of improved farming technologies in hillside and paddy filed
(refer to Fig. 2.2.4.1 indicated in the previous section). It is estimated that about 40% of the revenue
(water charge) is spent for O&M according to the preceding WUOs. Soundness of financial status of
WUO shall be inspected and monitored by DISC (District Irrigation Steering Committee) and will be
reported to members regularly in order to secure transparency.
2-4-3 Staff Fostering Plan on O&M
Hillside farmers will join into the new WUO in addition to the existing Kigarama Rice Farmers
Cooperative. They have no experience of O&M of irrigation facility to date, therefore, necessary
O&M staff such as gate-keepers, pump operators, staff in charge of solar panel etc. will be fostered
through the projected soft component of the Project, as well as practical training on masonry to repair
canals. For horticultural farmers, they will be trained practically on how to use irrigation hose with
water-saving technology to maintain irrigation hose in group basis by themselves.
In addition to engineering matters, institutional training shall be provided for WUO staff focusing on
securing transparency of financial affairs and sound management of WUO. Educational training for
WUO staff using computers shall be conducted on WUO management, financial management, basic
data preparation and preparation of various types of documents.
2-5 Project Cost Estimation
2-5-1 Initial Cost Estimation
The total cost to be incurred by the subject project implementation is about *** Million Yen (Japanese
side *** Million Yen and Rwanda side 58 Million Yen), with detailed items as born by both Japan and
Rwanda side based on the demarcated obligation as discussed above. The estimation was done
applying the estimation conditions as indicated below. The amount estimated, however, dose not
indicate the ceiling limit in the E/N to be signed.
1) Cost to be born by Japanese side
Table 2.5.1.1 The Project Cost under Grant Aid

Total Cost estimated Approx. *** Million Yen
Cost Items Contents Amount (Million Yen)
Civil Works Direct Construction Cost Dam ***
Pump station ***
Main canal (Open channel) ***
Main canal (Pipeline) ***
Drainage facility ***
Secondary canal, On-farm facilities ***
Land consolidation of paddy field ***
Direct temporary works, ***
Transportation and Pump installation
Indirect Construction Cost ***
Overhead Cost ***
Sub-Total ***
Procurement Cost of Equipment ***
JICA 2-191 MINAGRI

Cost Items Contents Amount (Million Yen)

Design, Supervision, Soft Component ***
2) Cost to be born by GOR: Rwf 393.48 Million (Approx. 58 Million Yen)
(1) Implementation of compensation and expropriation for Rwf 26.37 Million (3.9 Million Yen)
affected people on the project site
(2) Implementation of tree cutting and transplanting in the Rwf 12.82 Million (0.4Million Yen)
project area
(3) Implementation of EIA and acquisition of approval by RDB Rwf - -
(4) Provision of alternative land or compensation for land Rwf - -
owners during construction period
(5) Formulation of environmental check list and environmental Rwf - -
monitoring sheet
(6) Application and acquisition of the water right to RNRA Rwf 0.04 Million -
(7) Distribution of power line to the project site Rwf - -
(8) Assignment of counterparts personnel to the project and Rwf 2.99 Million (0.4Million Yen)
expenses
(9) Implementation of operation and maintenance on irrigation Rwf - -
facilities after completion of construction period
(10) Implementation of environmental monitoring after Rwf 2.77 Million (0.4 Million Yen)
completion of construction period
(11) Implementation of Land Husbandry design and construction Rwf 311.00 Million (46.0 Million Yen)
(except design in the command area, which is to be done
by Japan side)
(12) Implementation of support for establishment of WUO Rwf 0.79 Million (0.1 Million Yen)
(13) Construction of fences around the structures like the Rwf 5.00 Million (0.7 Million Yen)
discharge tank the regulating tank
(14) Plot construction of downstream paddy field Rwf 27.00 Million (4.0 Million Yen)
(15) Commission for Banking Arrangement (B/A) and Rwf 4.70 Million (0.7 Million Yen)
Authorization to Pay (A/P)
Note: (8) means that C/Ps are expected to operate trainings of the soft component. (11) excepts designing of terracing inside
command area.
3) Estimation condition
(1) Estimation made at : November 2013

(2) Exchange rate : 1USD = 99.27Yen = 670.7Rwf (1Rwf = 0.148Yen)
(3) Construction and Procurement period: As shown in the implementation schedule of section 2-2-4-9.
(4) Others : Cost estimation was made in accordance with the guidelines adopted for the
grant aid and project by GOJ
2-5-2 Operation and Maintenance Cost
1) Annual pump operation cost

Pump operation cost is estimated as follows. Though electric motor pumps shall be adopted in this
Project, electric charges may not be required normally because the motor works using the generated
electricity by solar power generation system. However, it might be better to ensure necessary water by
operating pumps using commercial electricity on cloudy days or during the period when irrigation
water requirement exceeds pump discharge capacity by solar generation from the viewpoints of
MINAGRI 2-192 JICA
reducing initial cost and dispersion of risk.
The estimate below is the result of calculation for necessary operation hours utilizing commercial
electricity and its charge that can be obtained from the difference between the amount of irrigation
water requirement on the condition of average climate and the reduced pump discharge capacity taking
account of instability of generated power by solar. Pump operation cost is estimated at 725,418 Rwf.
Table 2.5.2.1 Pump Operation Hours using Commercial Electricity and its Cost
Irrigation Water Requirement Pump Discharge by Solar Balance Operation hours of Grid Electric Charge
Month Decade Days Right Hill Left Hill Right:2sets Left:1set Right Hill Left Hill Right Hill Left Hill Right Hill Left Hill
（m3）（m3）（m3 ）（m3 ）（m3 ）（m3 ） (hour) (hour) (RWF） (RWF）
1st. 10 2,127 1,418 4,880 2,440 2,753 1,022
Jan 2nd. 10 1,209 806 4,880 2,440 3,671 1,634
3rd. 11 860 573 5,368 2,684 4,508 2,111
1st. 10 929 619 5,300 2,650 4,371 2,031
Feb 2nd. 10 1,262 841 5,300 2,650 4,038 1,809
3rd. 8 299 199 4,240 2,120 3,941 1,921
1st. 10 618 412 5,280 2,640 4,662 2,228
Mar 2nd. 10 418 279 5,280 2,640 4,862 2,361
3rd. 11 383 255 5,808 2,904 5,425 2,649
1st. 10 0 0 5,320 2,660 5,320 2,660
Apr 2nd. 10 0 0 5,320 2,660 5,320 2,660
3rd. 10 4 2 5,320 2,660 5,316 2,658
1st. 10 103 68 5,320 2,660 5,217 2,592
May 2nd. 10 1,316 877 5,320 2,660 4,004 1,783
3rd. 11 7,324 4,883 5,852 2,926 -1,472 -1,957 10.5 14.0 18,040 23,982
1st. 10 9,836 6,558 5,760 2,880 -4,076 -3,678 29.1 26.3 49,965 45,077
Jun 2nd. 10 12,942 8,628 5,760 2,880 -7,182 -5,748 51.3 41.1 88,036 70,458
3rd. 10 10,382 6,921 5,760 2,880 -4,622 -4,041 33.0 28.9 56,653 49,536
1st. 10 8,326 5,551 6,130 3,065 -2,196 -2,486 15.7 17.8 26,917 30,467
Jul 2nd. 10 8,165 5,443 6,130 3,065 -2,035 -2,378 14.5 17.0 24,944 29,152
3rd. 11 8,038 5,359 6,743 3,372 -1,295 -1,987 9.3 14.2 15,876 24,359
1st. 10 7,477 4,985 5,950 2,975 -1,527 -2,010 10.9 14.4 18,717 24,633
Aug 2nd. 10 8,033 5,356 5,950 2,975 -2,083 -2,381 14.9 17.0 25,535 29,179
3rd. 11 8,333 5,556 6,545 3,273 -1,788 -2,283 12.8 16.3 21,922 27,985
1st. 10 5,904 3,936 5,600 2,800 -304 -1,136 2.2 8.1 3,725 13,924
Sep 2nd. 10 4,266 2,844 5,600 2,800 1,334 -44 0.3 541
3rd. 10 2,948 1,965 5,600 2,800 2,652 835
1st. 10 2,821 1,881 5,030 2,515 2,209 634
Oct 2nd. 10 3,000 2,000 5,030 2,515 2,030 515
3rd. 11 3,581 2,387 5,533 2,767 1,952 379
1st. 10 692 461 4,620 2,310 3,928 1,849
Nov 2nd. 10 0 0 4,620 2,310 4,620 2,310
3rd. 10 329 219 4,620 2,310 4,291 2,091
1st. 10 2,663 1,775 4,650 2,325 1,987 550
Dec 2nd. 10 3,812 2,542 4,650 2,325 838 -217 1.5 2,656
3rd. 11 4,221 2,814 5,115 2,558 894 -256 1.8 3,140
Sub-total 132,619 88,413 194,184 97,092 204.2 218.6 350,331 375,087
Grand-total 365 221,032 291,276 422.7 725,418
2) Operation and maintenance cost
Operation and maintenance of irrigation facilities which will be constructed in the Project shall be
conducted by WUO to be established in the future. The necessary cost for operation and maintenance
will be provided by water fee collected from users. According to the survey for existing WUO formed
though RSSP, it is often the case that 40% of total collected amount will be used for maintenance, 30%
for management and 20% for reserve as depreciation expenses.
Based on the survey results above, water fee to be collected from the WUO members is estimated as
follows:
JICA 2-193 MINAGRI

- For hillside: Rwf 225/are×100 are×265 ha = Rwf 5,962,500/year
- For paddy field: Rwf 200/are×2 times/year×100 are×35 ha = Rwf 1,400,000/year
Total amount Rwf 7,362,500/year (≒7,362,000)
Annual operation and maintenance cost including electric charge estimated above is assumed as
follows, given that the maintenance cost accounts for 40 % of total collected water fee in other WUOs.
Table 2.5.2.2 Annual O&M Cost Estimation

Amount
Items Remarks
(Rwf/year）
Electric Charge（for pump operation） 725,418
Maintenance Cost（without electric charge） 2,944,800 40% of Rwf 7,362,000 estimated above
Total 3,670,218
MINAGRI 2-194 JICA

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT EVALUATION

3-1 Preconditions for Project Implementation
1) Land Expropriation and Construction Permission
The project components consist of two parts, namely, irrigation for hillside horticulture farming and
for paddy farming. For the former, the project will newly construct origination facilities such as dam,
pumping station irrigation canals, regulating tank / discharge tank. For the latter, land consolidation of
existing paddy field of about 35ha together with rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage canal and
newly construction of operation and maintenance road which will be built to penetrate the project area
from the dam to downstream.
Ownership of the land in the project site is divided into two categories. Marshland belongs to GOR
and hillside area is private land. Although it is not necessary of land expropriation for marshland,
compensation should be done for the owners of private land before commencement of construction
works. As per construction permission, there is no hindrance if the expropriation (compensation) for
private lands will be successfully completed by the time specifically.
2) Acquisition of the certificate of EIA
In any development business, the project implementers area required to submit EIA report to RDB.
MINAGRI, therefore, has submitted the EIA report responding to the TOR indicated by RDB through
consigning a consultant registered with REMA in December 2013. After reviewing, the EIA report was
approved and the certificate was issued by RDB in February 2014. There is no hindrance to implement
the project from the environmental point of view.
In addition, the environmental checklist and monitoring plan to be carried out during the construction
period have also been created so that the monitoring activity will be done by MINAGRI based on the
plan and the checklist.
3) Costumes Procedure and Tax Exemption

Since this is a Japan Grant Aid project, tariff, domestic tax and other surcharges is exempted.
4) Undertakings to be done by GOR
Undertakings which should be implemented are expropriation of the private lands, opening the
banking account, tax exemption, supporting WUO establishment and so on. These are to be executed
under the responsibility of MINAGRI and Ngoma District. In implementation of the soft component
activities, MINAGRI and Ngoma District have to encourage the persons concerned such as
counterparts, board members of WUO, Sector and Cell officers and so on to participate in a series of
trainings to manage them.
3-2 Undertakings to be done by GOR
In order to express and sustain the project effects, GOR is expected to undertake the following items.
1) Establishment and Strengthening of WUO
WUO is to be the main entity to make irrigation agriculture sustainable and secure in the project. As
one of major activities of WUO, the organization has to secure the revenue required for
implementation of proper operation and maintenance of irrigation facilities. The water tariff is the fund
for it so that the members of WUO will deliver a certain amount from the irrigation agriculture
income.
JICA 3-1 MINAGRI

Although WUO manages maintenance and/or repair works of the irrigation facilities by using the
water tariff paid by the members, it has not established yet on the project site. The project, therefore,
prioritizes to form WUO as important and top priority activity in the soft components. In order to
smoothly establish WUO and educate its members, it is indispensable for the WUO members to be
supported by WUO Supporting Unit of MINAGRI.
2) Technical Support for Operation and Management of Irrigation Facilities
After completion of construction works of irrigation facilities, the responsibility for O&M of them is
to be transferred from GOR to WUO, while the ownership of the facilities still belongs to GOR. This
is the first effort to practice irrigation agriculture by using facilities for the beneficiaries who are the
members of WUO. The beneficiaries, therefore, have to learn how the facilities are operated and
maintained.
For that, the project is to carry out the soft component activity to strengthen the capacity of farmers for
operation and maintenance of the irrigation facilities, which contain water management training and
cultivation technique training. In order for smooth implementation of training and/or workshop,
MINAGRI and Ngoma District have the responsibility for assignment of counterparts and spending
the expense necessary.
3) Measures for Environmental and Social Consideration
Irrigation facilities are to be newly constructed by the project except canal and drainage rehabilitation
of land consolidation in existing paddy field. Therefore, appropriate consideration and measures to the
environment and local communities are essential through expropriation of private lands and
compensation for the peoples who will be affected by the project implementation.
Also, the environmental negative impact that may occur temporarily during construction stage is
required to be monitored based on the monitoring plans formulated in advance and by using the
environmental check list.
3-3 Important Assumption
Important assumptions to express and sustain the project effects are itemized as follows.
- Policy of agriculture and irrigation development are not changed extremely,
- Market price of agricultural products and farming materials are not changed drastically,
- Roles and responsibilities for operation and maintenance between MINAGRI and WUO are not
changed,
- Personnel necessary for the operation and maintenance of irrigation facilities, consumables,
spare parts, and funds are stable supplied for proper operation and maintenance, and
- Severe natural disaster is not caused.
3-4 Project Evaluation
3-4-1 Relevance
Because of the reasons pointed out shown below, it is judged that the project is valid to implement as a
Japan Grant Aid project
1) Urgency of the Project
MINAGRI 3-2 JICA

The agriculture sector of Rwanda is an important industry accounting for about 40% of GDP
component ratio, which provides 90% of employment opportunity. Rice cultivation is practiced mainly
in the low wetland (marshland) and there have been horticulture crops in the slope of 5 - 55 degrees,
which accounts for 80% of the country land. In the hillside area, soil erosion during the rainy season,
low maintenance ratio of development of irrigation facilities, soil degradation and so on have become
a constraint of crop productivity improvement. Despite agriculture sector is positioned as the key
industry in the country, it have been facing with low productivity and small-scale farming size scale,
which have been closely linked with the issues of nationwide such as poverty of the people, food
shortage and so on.
Under such circumstances, the project is responsible for promotion of irrigation development of
10,000 ha by reservoir construction of about 100 sites based on the policy to LWH project so that
urgency to implement the project is higher in the policy.
According to the feasibility study report formulated in 2012, average monthly expenditure per house
hold in the project site is estimated at Rwf 13,775, which is equivalent to only a half of the living
standard of the national average of Rwf 27,500/HH/month. In addition to this, the wages of casual
labor in the area is around Rwf 800/capita/day - Rwf 1,000/capita/day only. It is a level of less than 2
USD/capita/day, which is referred to as the poverty line.
Farm sizes per household of hillside farm land and existing paddy plots in the project area are 34
are/HH and 11.7 are/HH respectively, which is much smaller than that of the average farming scale of
the national level of 0.76 ha/HH. In addition, irrigation facilities contributing to improvement of
agricultural productivity have been undeveloped so far so that WUO has also not established on the
project site.
As described above, there is no room for expansion of farmland and being a small-scale farming on
the project site so that it is a good idea for promoting crop production increase through improvement
of the yield per unit area, but the cultivation state is extensive and the irrigation facilities are not
developed. Furthermore, the living standard of the targeted beneficiaries in the project area is lower
than that of the national level. In order to improve the livelihood of the beneficiaries and make the
consumer stable, the urgency of the implementation of the project is high.
Table 3.4.1.1 Comparison of Farm Economic Size

Item National Ave. Project Site Ave. Poverty Line
Farm Economic size per HH (are/HH) 76 Hillside: 34、Paddy: 11.7 Rwf 118,000
Farm Ave. Expense per HH /Adult/Year
27,500* 13,775*
(Rwf/HH/Month） (Poverty profile,
Wages per day (Rwf/labor/day) 800 - 1,000 JICA 2012)
Source: *= Data Collection Survey on Irrigation Development in Ngoma District of Eastern Province in Rwanda (July 2012)
2) Consistence with the Rwanda Development Plan
GOR has positioned agriculture and irrigation development as an important policy as an engine for
economic development and poverty reduction. Furthermore, in order to realize the sustainable
production system, National Agriculture Policy and Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation II
(SPAT-II) have been developed in 2004 and 2009 respectively, and then as sub-program of those
policies Rural Sector Support Program (RSSP) and Land Husbandry, Water Harvesting and Hillside
Irrigation Project (LWH) have been planned. At present, SPAT-III is drafted to implement
comprehensive reformation the agricultural production system.
Based on the LWH policy, this project aims to improve the livelihood of farmers through increase of
crop production by development of a reservoir and irrigation facilities at Ngoma22 site in Ngoma
JICA 3-3 MINAGRI

District so that it can be said that the consistency is high as a project that will contribute to the goal of
national development plan.
3-4-2 Effectiveness
Expected effects of the implementation of soft components as well as the construction of irrigation
facilities in the project are as follows.
1) Quantitative Effect
- As irrigated area expansion effect, irrigated area of hillside farm land is expanded to 265ha from
26 ha of current,
- As total cropping acreage effect, irrigated area of hillside farm land is expanded to 610ha from
99 ha of current,
- As crop yield per unit area increased effect, the yield per unit area of planned crops is increased
as shown in the table below,
- As irrigation time savings, irrigation time for paddy cultivation is saved to 50 man-day from
100 man-day of current, and
Table 3.4.2.1 Project Quantitative Effect (Increase of Crop Unit Production and Shipping Rate)
Target Value (2019)
Index Reference Value (2013)
(After 3 years of construction completion)
Effect of Crop Unit Paddy： 4,000 Paddy： 6,000
Production Increase Maize： 2,000 Maize： 5,000
（kg/ha） Beans： 1,000 Beans： 2,000
Cabbage： 8,000 Cabbage： 12,000
Carrot： 10,000 Carrot： 25,000
Tomato： 10,000 Tomato： 20,000
Eggplant 3,500 Eggplant 7,400
Tree tomato 2,500 Tree tomato 3,500
Coffee： 3,500 Coffee： 5,500
2) Qualitative Effect
- With introduction of terminal irrigation method that incorporates the hose irrigation and
development of key irrigation facilities including reservoir, farming conversion can be
performed as individual farmer level by growing more profitable crops than that of traditional
crops such as maize, beans and so on,
- Through organizing WUO composed of different community peoples and managing the
irrigation facilities as common property of WUO members, the project contributes to
stabilization of residents living and to the stabilization of the consumer. In addition,
cooperativeness between paddy farmers and hillside farmers is increased, and
- Through practicing soft component activities, the ownership which considers the irrigation
facilities as a common property of the community is built up, which leads the farmers to high
transparency of financial management of WUO. In addition, farming management sense of the
farmers is fostered through appropriate water management realizing appropriate amount and
on-time water distribution and equitable water sharing, which takes the farmers to increase of
high management sense of farming.
MINAGRI 3-4 JICA

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2-2-2-3 Design of Reservoir Facilities 2-2-2-3-1 Dam 1) Investigation of Embankment Materials (1) Quarry Site (Riprap Material) Investigation

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Rwanda Preparatory Survey on “LWH”

2-2-2-3 Design of Reservoir Facilities

1) Investigation of embankment materials

(1) Quarry site (riprap material) investigation

Date :6th of September, 2013

(2) Sand and gravel（filter material, aggregate for concrete）

Date :6th of September, 2013

Photo 2.2.2.2 Profile of the Alternative Layers, Conditions after Mixed

JICA 2-73 MINAGRI

Figure 2.2.2.18 Location of Sand-and-gravel Pit

(3) Sand (fine aggregate of concrete, etc.)

Date :9th of September, 2013

Figure 2.2.2.19 Location of the Sand Pit

MINAGRI 2-74 JICA

Photo 2.2.2.3 Profile of the Layer and the Material

[Foot slope beyond the river bed, upstream right-bank side]

JICA 2-75 MINAGRI

[Foot slope beyond the river bed, upstream left-bank side]

Photo 2.2.2.5 Profile of TP-3 and TP-4

MINAGRI 2-76 JICA

[Test pit logs and locations]

Test Pit No.2 Test Pit No.4

Right borrow area

Left borrow area

Figure 2.2.2.20 Test-pit Logs and Locations

JICA 2-77 MINAGRI

Sand 5.9 94.1 ―

Test results in 2009

Sand & gravel 8.3 2.00 2.00 8.3 3.92E-05

JICA 2-79 MINAGRI

Item Upstream dam axis Downstream dam axis

Downstream axis Upstream axis

Figure 2.2.2.22 Location Map of Dam Axes

5) Design flood discharge

MINAGRI 2-80 JICA

Build up a hydrograph to 24 hours' span based on the flow rate record

(2) Simulation model by Tank Model Method

JICA 2-81 MINAGRI

Result of simulation analysis

MINAGRI 2-82 JICA

(3) Simulated flow rate based on the Gahororo daily rainfall

Annual maximum of the daily Annual maximum of the daily

Year and calculation period 1985, 1/1-12/31

JICA 2-83 MINAGRI

(4) Flow rate by exceedance probability calculation

- 1/100 daily average flow rate :0.803m3/sec (Total flow rate=0.803×86,400=69,379m3/day)

- 1/10 daily average flow rate :0.490m3/sec (Total flow rate=0.490×86,400=42,336m3/day)

Table 2.2.2.36(1) Exceedance Probability Calculation by Iwai Method

2 0.0000 0.0000 (0.4068) 0.4 0.244

MINAGRI 2-84 JICA

sample N= 34 Mean 0.00 -0.653 -0.407 0.192 0.1 0

(5) Estimation of design flood runoff

a) Analysis of actual hydrographs observed

Hydrograph to 40.4mm daily rainfall

Figure 2.2.2.26 Actual Hydrographs Observed

MINAGRI 2-86 JICA

Followings are the profiles of each runoff shown on Fig 2.2.2.26.

Through the analysis above, following points are clarified.

c) Distribution of the probability daily flow rate