7 ee Tian} elma Var lale mee] are] MUL-la les Key objectives © To calculate the lengths of similar figures. © Touse the relationships between areas of similar triangles, with corresponding results for similar figures and exension to volumes and surface areas of similar solids. © Touse the basic congruence criteria for triangles (SSS, ASA, SAS, RHSI). imilar shapes Ea wo shapes are similar if they have all ther corespording angles equal om nd all their corresponding sides proportional. In the case of a triangle, a ‘one of these facts is true, then so is the other. So itis enough to know that either all ths Le angle A= angle R, angle B = angle S and angle C= angle 7, then the Peete tel ceee triangles are similar and it follows that: are proportional. AB_ BC _ AC fs sr ar ~F (te eae facto, | /\ es 7 ample questions and answers Ex a Angle ABC= 180-70-35 = 75 ‘Angle RPQ= 180 -75-35=70 ‘Tiiangles are sinilar as corresponding 1a Prove that triangle ABC is similar to ‘triangle POR. b Find the length of FA, A angles ae equal [> & Men a 64 4710 GAx4 Ps 224 (14 79724 (4) 4 q8 10 os Itis illegal to photocopy this page a Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics Core and Extended Stucy and Revision Guide23 Similarity and congruence Peron 1 Triangles LMN and PQR are similar. Find the lengths of the missing sides. 7 ° 9 ‘ [> ™ ne 2. The quadrilateral PORS is similar to the quadrilateral ABCD. Find: a angles b SR © BC i 8 B A @ i 2 bcm em ES > ian cos a 3. Triangle ABC is similar to triangle ADE. AB = 5cm, BD = 3cm and AC=7em. Calculate the length Sem ie) i of CE. i 8 C i 3cm 5 Answers on page 181 > é i Areas and volumes of similar shapes @ PAGES 297-300 Ea If two shapes A and B are similar and the scale factor for lengths is k: © The area scale factor is A®. © The volume scale factor is #2. Sample questions and answers Ee | Two similar cylinders have heights of 16 5 2 eee aN 1. a Length scale factor 72 = 2. volume = 60 x2 = 480 1 a The smaller has a volume of 2025 8 60cm*, Find the volume of the Sone eee 5 larger. ooo 2 b Another similar cylinder has a Length scale factor = 2023, s volume of 202.5 cm’, Find its ma 8 height. Height'= 8 x 1.5 = 120m 2 Hodder & Stoughton Limited © Brian Seager etal, 2019 ilegal to photocopy this pag Congruent triangles Be ie 4 In question 2 the area of quadrilateral ABCD is ‘.5cm*. Find the area of quadrilateral PORS. 5 Asolid metal sphere with a volume of 12800 cm? is melted down and made into smaller spheres each with | the radius of the original sphere. Calculate the volume of each of the smaller spheres. Answers on page 181 Sample exam questions and answers Two similar solids have heights of 9m and 12cm, 1 The smaller solid has a surface area of 486 cm®, Find the surface area of the larger solid. (al 2 The larger solid has a volume of 3200cm3, Find the volume of the smaller solid. (a Congruent shapes @ PAGES 301-209 all the corresponding sides are equal. sy Sem Ten Vem congruent. Congruent t 5 things are equal to test for congruence. & Atoy van is made toa scale ‘a The actual van is 2.4m wide. How wide is the model? b The front window of the model has an area ‘of 4cm’, What is the window area of the actual van? 7 Two similar objects have volumes of 24cm? and 81cm’. The surface area of the larger object is 540. cm’. Find the surface area of the smaller object. 1. Length scale factor= +6) ‘Area of larger colld = 486 x 19 = 864.em* 2 Lengthecle factor: ‘Area scale factor 3) Volume of smaller solid = 3200 x # Volume scale factor 13500m? PAGES 203-207 Congruent shapes are identical. All the corresponding angles are equal and The fourth angle in the first quadrilateral is 360 ~ (140 + 95 + 70) = 55°. The fourth angle in the second quadrilateral is 360 — (140 + 95 +55) = 70°. All four sides are equal and all four angles are equal, so the shapes are In the case of triangles it is sometimes only necessary to check three a Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics Core and Extended Stucy and Revision Guide23 Similarity and congruence ‘These tests are: © All the corresponding sides are equal (SSS). © Two corresponding sides are equal and the angle between them is the same (SAS). The angle between the sides fs often called the ‘included angle’. @ Two angles and a corresponding side are equal (AAS). © The triangles are right angled and have their hypotenuses and a corresponding side equal (RHS). Sample question and answer Ex TA and TB are tangents to A In the triangles TOAand TOB: the circle centre 0. 4. 10=10 (common side) Show that triangle TOA is SS 2 A= b0¢adi) congruent to triangle 708. T 3. Angle OAT= angle OBT= 90" (Angle betneen tangent and radius = 90°) > © \ Therefore triangle TOA Is congruent-to ‘triangle TOB (RHE), Bee 8 Which ofthese show congruent triangles? Iftheyare congruent, stato MSC the abbreviation for the appropriate test. When asked to show two a scm triangles are congruent, Seay ese list the three equal /, sides or angles with 75em\ coop the reasons, Then state the conclusion with the eam correct abbreviation for the test for congruence. 4am) 38cm, g10 D IN 9 BDEF isa parallelogram. a Bis the midpoint of AF. Show that triangle ABC is congruent to triangle EDC. y < _ Z fe Answers on page 181 acm) gem R ‘bed stip Adosoio4d 01 je63 Hodder & Stoughton Limited © Brian Seager etal, 2019 iCongruent triangles ample question and answer Ea ABDC is a parallelogram. 4 8 | intriangico cA and BOQ ‘AP = PQ= 00 1 AP=DQ(QWven) 3 2. AC=DB (opposite sides ota Show that triangle paalogesity i CAPis congruent to eee See (avornavearee) é ° ‘Therefore triangle CAP congruent totriangle BDQ GAS) Les we es 1 4__360n_» a Triangles AOB and COD are similar. AB = 3.6 cm, BO= 2.4 cm and D0=6 cm. a Calculate the length of CD. (2) b The area of triangle 0B is 2.6 cm? Calculate the area of triangle cop. it} 2. Ajugis 18 cm tall and holds 2.4 litres of water, How tall is a similar jug which holds 4 litres of water? Give your answer correct to the nearest millimetre. (3) ZN ae Aand Bare points on the circle, centre O. OP bisects angle AOB. a. Prove that triangle OAP is congruent to triangle OPB. 2 b What two conclusions can you make about the lines OP and AB? [2] a 6 ‘Answers on page 181 legal to photocopy this page a Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics Core and Extended Stucy and Revision Guide