BUILDING SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

UNDERLINE THE CONJUNCTIONS AND THE CONNECTOR IN THE SENTENCES BELOW AND ADD
COMMAS WHERE NECESSARY:

1. Although she was ill she went to work.

2. Their car broke down; nevertheless they managed to get to the garage.
3. They wanted to move to a new neighborhood; however they couldn’t afford it.
4. This child is very independent despite his young age.
5. Despite the low price I didn’t buy the suit.
6. We haven’t seen Sue since she came back from her holiday.
7. Jeremy is going to wear a suit in order to look smart.
8. Since the weather was bad we cancelled the flight.

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH A SUITABLE CONJUNCTION OR A CONNECTOR. THERE MAY BE MORE THAN
ONE CORRECT ANSWER:

(TIME)

1. ……………………….I was eating, the fire alarm rang suddenly.

2. I came ………………………………I heard the news.
3. We can wait here ……………………..the rain stops.
4. What did you do …………….............leaving school?
5. We saw Ann ……………………..we were waiting for the bus.
6. ………………………you were out, there was a phone call for you.

(PURPOSE)

1. I’m learning English ………………………………..get a better job.

2. The drive stopped………………………………….the children could cross the road.
3. Tom was hurrying …………………………….miss the train.
4. I turned on the light……………………………they could find the way.

(CONCESSION)

1. ………………………………….the weather was cold, she didn’t take a coat.

2. ………………………………….the bad weather, they played the match.
3. She managed very well on her own …………………………….her advanced age.
4. John isn’t afraid of driving ……………………………..he had a terrible accident.
5. Peter really enjoys opera…………………………….I hate it.
6. I won’t forgive you ………………………………….your apology.

(REASON OR CAUSE)

1. The world’s climate is changing …………………………………….the greenhouse effect.

2. I failed the exam ……………………………..it was very difficult.
3. I always go there ………………………………its low prices.
4. ……………………….I haven’t seen Sean for a long time, I’ve decided to give him a ring.
5. ……………………….she was busy, I typed all the letters.

(RESULT) –Rewrite the sentences in such a way that they mean the same-

1. She speaks English well. You would think it’s her native language. (2)
2. The weather was so warm that I didn’t need a coat. (It was …)
3. There were many people. We couldn’t move.
4. The boy was very exhausted. He fell asleep on the bus.

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JOIN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND GIVING ALTERNATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS:

1. The colour didn’t suit her. My wife decided not to buy the dress.
2. I broke my leg. I was skiing.
3. All the seats on the train were taken. We had to stand.
4. My grandfather worked hard all his life. He retired.
5. We left rather late. We arrived on time.
6. She is quite fit. She never takes any exercise.
7. She had the best qualifications. She got the job.
8. They stopped work at 1.00 o’clock. They wanted to have lunch. (Purpose)
9. We got up early. I didn’t want to be late for work. (Purpose)
10. He won’t listen to me. You’d better try talking to him yourself.
11. She likes England very much. She’s looking forward to going home.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES :

1. He speaks English much better … (Comparison)

2. They decided to climb the mountain… (Time)
3. We left the car… (Place)
4. The United Nations Organization was formed … (Purpose)
5. The book was so boring … (Result)
6. We went swimming… (Concession)
7. I should be delighted … (Condition)
8. …, I didn’t have time to come.(Reason)
9. He arranged to come early … (Purpose)
10. As …, that won’t be necessary. (Reason)
11. As…, I met someone I hadn’t seen for years. (Time)
12. He did his job as … (Comparison)
13. You should meet me … (Place)
14. …, they live very simply. (Concession)
15. We arranged to hire a coach … (Purpose)
16. The men were told that they would be dismissed … (Condition)
17.…, the more I like him. (comparison)
18. Provided that …, you will be allowed to join the Society. (Condition)

FINISH EACH OF THE SENTENCES SO THAT IT MEANS EXACTLY THE SAME AS THE SENTENCE
PRINTED BEFORE IT:

1. After the beginning of the opera, latecomers had to wait before taking their seats.
2. Once…
3. We didn’t complain to the waiter about the food because we didn’t want to embarrass our friends.
4. We ……………………………………….so as ……………………………………………………………
5. You will be able to relax soon if we get there as soon as possible.
6. The quicker …
7. We must hurry or we won’t catch the train.
8. Unless…
9. I expected the test to be easier than that.
10. The test wasn’t …
11. The robbery took place in broad daylight, but there seem to have been no eye-witness.
12. Although…
13. The speaker finished his speech although he was constantly interrupted. Despite…
14. His apology may be sincere. However, I don’t think it will be accepted.
15. However…

2
COMBINE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING so ... that

. The maths questions are hard. I can only do one of them.

. He is worried about the baby’s health. He takes her to a doctor twice a week.

. Richard is very wealthy. He can afford to buy almost anything he wants.

. The view from the top was magnificent. He didn’t want to leave.

COMBINE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING such ... that

. I’m having a wonderful time here. I don’t want to go home.

. Bali has beautiful temples. Tourists from all over the world come to see them.

. Skiing was a wonderful experience for Janet. She decided to do it again the following month.

. There was a very bright moon when we walked through the desert. The sand looked like snow

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITHOUT CHANGING THE MEANING OF THE ORIGINAL

SENTENCE.

. She is such a good tennis player that she wins all the matches.

She plays tennis so ...

. This detective story is so good that I can’t put is down.

This is such...

. Despite his age, he’s very active.

Although ...

. I took a cookery course in order to be able to make special dishes. (Result)

...

. Although the jacket was expensive, he bought it.

He bought the jacket in spite of ...

3
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING YOUR OWN WORDS OR IDEAS.

1. I’ m very interested in opera whereas my husband ..............................................

2. Some people love pets. However, ................................................................................................
3. Even though ........................................................................, they went on holiday anyway.
4. Anna stopped eating sweets in order to ........................................................................................
5. They always go to that restaurant because ..................................................................................
6. Since...................................................................................., she failed the test.
7. Because of ........................................................, many people were stuck in town.
8. I walk to work every day so that......................................................................................................
9. Since the minimum driving age is 18, ............................................................................................

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES, USING IN TURN EACH OF THE
CONJUNCTIONS GIVEN:

As …,

When …, the whole family made the decision to emigrate.

Since …,

Although …,

so that …

You had better repeat your instructions carefully in case …

if …

before …

while …

4
Conditionals

A) Choose the correct item and underline it:

1. If I move / I’ll move to Boston, I live / I’ll live on Main Street.

2. If you call / you’ll call your mother, she’ll be very happy.

3. If the mechanic fixes our car on time, we drive / we’ll drive to Center ville.

4. If it rains / it’ll rain today, we won’t go to the park.

5. If I’m not in a hurry tonight, I write / I’ll write to her.

6. If she isn’t / won’t be sick, she’ll go to school.

7. If they’re / they’ll be tired tomorrow, they don’t go / won’t go to work.

8. If John doesn’t buy a new car, he buys / he’ll buy a motorcycle.

B) Find correct items and complete the following sentences:

1. If we ..... go ........ to London, ...... we’ll .......... visit our cousin.

2. If they ................... their homework tonight, their teacher ......................... happy.

3. If the weather ..................... good, George ..................... swimming this weekend.

4. If he ...................... swimming this weekend,...................... ......a wonderful time.

5. If you don’t eat your dinner tonight, ...................................................... hungry.

6. If .................................tired, they’ll go to sleep early tonight.

7. If it ...................................... , she’ll wear her new raincoat.

8. If you ....................... too many cookies after dinner tonight, ..............................

get a stomachache.

9. If I .............................. too much coffee, ................................. get a headache.

C) Discramble the sentences:

1. If / she / she’ll / misses / bus / the / the / walk

......... If she misses the bus, she’ll walk..........................................................

2. If / he / he’ll / concert / goes / his / suit / the / to / wear

............................................................................................................

3. If / she / she’ll / cook / isn’t / dinner / tired

............................................................................................................

4. If / I’m / I’ll / busy / not / you / visit

............................................................................................................
5. If / you / you’ll / be / don’t / school / finish / sorry

............................................................................................................

6. If / he / he’ll / a / get / good / hard / job / works

............................................................................................................

D) Complete the sentences with any vocabulary you wish:

1. If the weather is bad tomorrow, ....................................................................

2. If we hitchhike to work, .............................................................................

3. If I don’t sleep well tonight, ........................................................................

4. If you don’t fix the broken window, ...............................................................

5. If he doesn’t cut his hair, ............................................................................

6. If .................................................................,they’ll go to a restaurant tonight.

7. If ........................................................................., his mother will be happy.

8. If ............................................................................, his mother will be sad.

9. If ............................................................................., her boss will fire him.

10. If ........................................................................, their friends will be angry.

11. If I study hard, .......................................................................................

12. If it’s sunny at the weekend, .......................................................................

13. If I become rich, .....................................................................................

14. If I go to London, ....................................................................................

E) Match the two halves of the sentences:

Sam is thinking about his camping holiday with Andy.

1. If it’s sunny, a) we’ll make a fire.

2. If it rains, b) we’ll be able to see the stars.

3. If the sky is clear, c) we’ll go skating.

4. If the lake freezes, d) we’ll sit outside.

5. If the sea is clean, e) we’ll need an umbrella.

6. If we get cold, f) we’ll go swimming.

1. ..d... 2. ....... 3. ...... 4. ....... 5. ........ 6. .........

F) Complete the sentences with these phrases:

* If I had a motorbike * If I lost all my money * your English would improve

* If Peter ate less * I’m sure she’d tell me * If I were a famous model

* my uncle would stop too * my English teacher would be surprised

1. If you practiced more, ....... your English would improve. ....................................

2. ....................................................., it would be easier to go and visit my friends.

3. ..............................................................................., I would feel miserable.

4. If I started writing poetry, ...........................................................................

5. ..............................................................................., he wouldn’t be so fat.

6. If my little sister did something wrong, ...........................................................

7. ........................................................., people would see my photo everywhere.

G) Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
Example: I’m not ill, but if I ..... were ..... ill, I wouldn’t go ..... to school. (be / go)

1. The weather report says there will be snow tomorrow. If it .....................................,

I ................................................ at home. (snow / stay)

2. Do you need some money? Let me look in my pockets. If I .....................................

some, I ................................................. you some. (have / lend)

3. No, sorry. I haven’t got any money with me. But you know I ...................................

it to you if I ............................................. any. (give / have)

4. I’m sure of it. You ........................................... the test next week if you ............

................................ hard. (pass / study)

5. Would you like to go to the cinema? If you ....................................... to go, I

........................................... with you. (want / come)

H) What would you do in each situation? Write UNREAL PRESENT situations.

* call an ambulance * complain to the manager * run away

* try to catch it * ring the police

* walk to the nearest garage to get some

1. You find a fly in your soup. If I found a fly in my soup, I would complain to the manager.

2. You see a burglar breaking into your house.

..............................................................................................................
3. You see a mouse in your kitchen.

..............................................................................................................

4. Your car runs out of petrol.

..............................................................................................................

5. You see an accident.

..............................................................................................................

6. You see a ghost in your room.

.............................................................................................................

I) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

Sarah is a bored teenager. If she .... joined... (join) a club, she ........................... (make)

more friends. She ..................................... (enjoy) herself if she .......................... (go)

out more. Her schoolwork is suffering too. If she ......................................... (study) more,

she ......................................... (have) better marks and she ............................ (enter)

university. Unfortunately, she is becoming overweight. She ..................................... (feel)

fitter if she ...................................... (start) swimming, and she .......................... (get)

thinner if she .................................... (stop) eating so much chocolate.

J) Read these situations. Say how you would feel:

Example: your boy / girlfriend leaves you

If my girlfriend left me I would feel miserable.

1. you have nothing to do

........................................................................................

2. you are lost in a foreign country

........................................................................................

3. your pet dies

........................................................................................

4. you see an enormous spider in the bathroom

.......................................................................................

5. you split your jeans in the street

.......................................................................................

6. someone steals your coat

.......................................................................................

7. you fail an important test

.......................................................................................

8. you win some money in a competition

.......................................................................................

K) Use the correct tense:

1. The teacher will be very angry if you ................................. (not do) your homework.

2. If he ...................................... (tell) me, I could help him.

3. If you don’t water the flowers, they ................................................ (die).

4. If you didn’t water the flowers, they ................................................(die).

5. I ............................................... (come) if I had time.

6. If you don’t hurry, you ............................................... (miss) the bus.

7. If I ................................. (be) you, I wouldn’t buy that car.

8. He will play tennis if the weather ........................................ (be) good.

9. I would be very happy if she ........................................ (be) my sister.

10. She could win the race if she ........................................ (try).

11. If he ............................. (go) to bed early, he will get up early.

12. If he touches this wire, he ...................................... (get) a shock.

13. You will get wet if it ................................. (rain).

14. If I knew, I ....................................... (come) earlier.

15. I wouldn’t say it if I ............................. (be) you.

16. What will you do if you ....................................... (get) a bad mark?

17. If she ................................ (wear) a necklace, her dress will look better.

18. If you go near the dog, it ..................................... (bite) you.

19. Bodrum ........................... (be) ideal for a holiday if it weren’t so crowded.

20. He will be ill if he ............................. (eat) so much.

21. If she .................................. (read) the book carefully, she will understand it.

22. The children can stay up late if they ............................. (be) good.

23. If the dinner isn’t ready, I ...................................... (go) out.

24. We would die if the plane ...................................... (crash).

L) Finish these sentences:

1. If you drive very fast, ....................................................................................

2. Would you give me some money if ...................................................................

3. If she were my sister, ....................................................................................

4. I would spend every winter in Miami if ..............................................................

5. If they have time tomorrow, ...........................................................................

6. Don’t give him anything if .............................................................................

7. We would go to the cinema if .........................................................................

8. If John worked harder, .................................................................................

9. They would find me if ..................................................................................

10. If I had a lot of money, .................................................................................

11. You could live more comfortably if ..................................................................

12. If she were a good girl, .................................................................................

13. If she goes to his office, ................................................................................

14. She would enjoy the party if ...........................................................................

15. If I weren’t busy, ........................................................................................

Practice with Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions

Create a compound sentence with the simple sentences given below by connecting them with a comma and
coordinating conjunction.

1. Mike took out the trash. Sarah swept the floor.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. The Reynolds family got a new car. They drove it to Michigan.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. I can’t go to the movies. I have to babysit my brother.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The roses were red. Their stems were green.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. I’ve always wanted to be a dentist. I started working in a dentist’s office.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. The tree stood tall. The sun still shone through its leaves.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Loyalty is a good quality to have. You must choose your friends wisely.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. Stay here. Do not leave the room.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. On Saturday I want to go to the mall. I want to go to the park.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Practice your instrument. You will get better.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Circle the subordinating conjunction in each sentence.

1. I picked up the phone to call my grandma even though it was getting late.
2. Cheryl had to find a nice dress since she was invited to the party.
3. I want to go wherever I can order pizza.
4. We rinsed off our shoes after playing in the mud.
5. Although she was excited for school to start part of her was dreading having homework again.
6. Make sure you wash your hands before you eat.
7. Carlos can come with us as long as it is okay with his parents.
8. If you try your best you can accomplish anything.
9. I would rather have a horse than a parrot.
10. In order to be a member of the team you must try out.

Underline the dependent clause created by a subordinating conjunction.

1. The family waited to start the campfire until it was dark.

2. After she tried three times she asked the teacher for help.
3. Mrs. Santorini said we will go outside for P.E. if the weather is nice.
4. We couldn’t go on the ride that was being repaired.
5. The man had a smile on his face which was much more pleasant than his grumpy frown.
6. I went to visit the old lady on the corner who had the beautiful flower garden.
7. Since we didn’t have school yesterday I had an extra day to finish my homework.
8. He will still attend the conference even if it is in Nashville.
9. Once you are on the bus you must remain seated.
10. Now that she is in junior high she has many different teachers.
Reading Comprehension Exercise:
Read the following text and answer the questions below.

Mountains are one of the most fascinating geographical features on Earth. They come in various shapes
and sizes, and they can be found on every continent. Mountains are formed through tectonic processes,
where Earth's lithosphere is forced upward, creating towering peaks.

One well-known mountain range is the Himalayas, located in South Asia. The Himalayas boast some
of the world's highest peaks, including Mount Everest. These majestic mountains not only provide
breathtaking scenery but also play a crucial role in regulating the climate and supporting diverse
ecosystems.

Another remarkable geographical feature is the Great Barrier Reef, situated off the northeast coast of
Australia. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, teeming with vibrant marine
life. It's a UNESCO World Heritage site and a haven for snorkelers and divers who want to explore its
underwater wonders.

Deserts are another type of geographical feature. The Sahara Desert in Africa is the largest hot desert
globally, covering vast stretches of arid land. Despite its harsh conditions, the Sahara is home to unique
flora and fauna adapted to the extreme environment.

Reading Comprehension Questions:

1. What is the main topic of the reading text?

2. How are mountains formed?

3. Give an example of a famous mountain range and name one of its highest peaks.

4. Where is the Great Barrier Reef located, and what makes it significant?

5. Explain the role of mountains in regulating climate and supporting ecosystems.

6. What is the Sahara Desert, and where is it located?

7. Why is the Sahara Desert considered unique despite its harsh conditions?

8. What is the Great Barrier Reef's status as per UNESCO?

9. Why are deserts considered geographical features, and what is unique about the Sahara
Desert?

10. Summarize the main information about geographical features discussed in the text.
Writing activity:
Part 1
In your education class, you have listened to a lecture on the importance of teaching foreign languages in
school. Your teacher has asked you to write an essay.

Write an essay using all the notes and give reasons for your point of view.

Notes
Write about:

 new cultures
 employment
 …………. (your own idea)

Part 2
Preparation
1.Read the task and the story below. Match time expressions a-f with gaps 1-4 in the text. There are two extra
time expressions.

a. After a few more minutes

b. It all started one day last term
c. Looking back
d. On the day of the ceremony
e. The following year
f. Within two or three weeks

Write a story about an occasion when somebody started a rumor which caused problems.

A. 1…… when we heard that a special guest was going to speak to the school at the summer prize-giving
ceremony. I don’t know who started the rumour, but people started to say that this guest was going to be the
actor Matt Damon. Of course, this was very exciting news!

B. 2…… , nearly everybody in the school had heard the rumour. What is amazing is that nearly everybody
thought it was true! People started to plan what they were going to do when they saw Matt Damon. Some
wanted autographs; others wanted to take selfies. One student even set up a live stream on the internet!

C. 3…… , the atmosphere in the school was electric. As we waited in the school hall, we whispered excitedly.
Then the doors opened and the head teacher walked in with the special guest: the local police commander. We
were stunned – and extremely disappointed! We listened while he gave a speech, but when the head teacher
asked for questions at the end, nobody said a word. The only question we had in our minds was: where’s
Matt?

D. 4…… , I feel quite sorry for the police commander. He didn’t know that we were hoping for Matt Damon,
but he probably sensed our disappointment. I still don’t know who started the rumour, but I sometimes
wonder if they feel bad about it.

2. Answer the questions. Which paragraph (A-D) contains:

1 the main event in the story? ……..

2 speculation about how somebody felt? ……..

3 information about how it all started? ……..

4 information about different students’ plans? ……..

3. Rewrite the sentences so that they have a similar meaning. Start with the words in brackets.

1 I wanted to be honest with them. (What I wanted …)

………………………………………..

2 Her opinions hurt my feelings. (What hurt …)

………………………………………..

3 The possibility of failing the exam worried her. (What worried her …)

………………………………………..

4 We needed more time. (What we needed …)

………………………………………..

5 I really wanted to take the exam again. (What I really …)

………………………………………..
4. Read the Writing Strategy and the task above. Make notes below.

Paragraph 1: Set the scene. How did it begin?

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

Paragraph 2: Lead-up to the main event.

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

Paragraph 3: The main event. How did people feel / react?

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

Paragraph 4: Ending / Looking back

………………………………………….

………………………………………….

5. Write your story using your notes from exercise 4.