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    WMEmulsions

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    Osama
    An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that do not separate quickly and usually requires an energy source to form. There are several types of emulsions including oil-in-water, water-in-oil, gas-in-water foams and froths, and solids-in-liquids muds. Energy sources that can form emulsions in wells include the lift system, gas breakout, shear points, chokes, and expanding gas. The type of fluid flow changes with depth and pressure in a well and can impact lift, corrosion and unloading. Emulsions are stabilized through surfactants, solids, or viscosity differences between the phases. Oil-based mud cleanup requires dispers

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    WMEmulsions

    Uploaded by

    Osama
    8 views13 pages
    An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that do not separate quickly and usually requires an energy source to form. There are several types of emulsions including oil-in-water, water-in-oil, gas-in-water foams and froths, and solids-in-liquids muds. Energy sources that can form emulsions in wells include the lift system, gas breakout, shear points, chokes, and expanding gas. The type of fluid flow changes with depth and pressure in a well and can impact lift, corrosion and unloading. Emulsions are stabilized through surfactants, solids, or viscosity differences between the phases. Oil-based mud cleanup requires dispers

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    An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that do not separate quickly and usually requires an energy source to form. There are several types of emulsions including oil-in-water, water-in-oil, gas-in-water foams and froths, and solids-in-liquids muds. Energy sources that can form emulsions in wells include the lift system, gas breakout, shear points, chokes, and expanding gas. The type of fluid flow changes with depth and pressure in a well and can impact lift, corrosion and unloading. Emulsions are stabilized through surfactants, solids, or viscosity differences between the phases. Oil-based mud cleanup requires dispers

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views13 pages

    WMEmulsions

    Uploaded by

    Osama
    An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that do not separate quickly and usually requires an energy source to form. There are several types of emulsions including oil-in-water, water-in-oil, gas-in-water foams and froths, and solids-in-liquids muds. Energy sources that can form emulsions in wells include the lift system, gas breakout, shear points, chokes, and expanding gas. The type of fluid flow changes with depth and pressure in a well and can impact lift, corrosion and unloading. Emulsions are stabilized through surfactants, solids, or viscosity differences between the phases. Oil-based mud cleanup requires dispers

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    Emulsions

    • Multiple phases that do not separate


    quickly; usually requires an energy source.
    • If oil and water do not separate quickly,
    then look for the stabilizing mechanism
    • Emulsions are frequently blamed for
    damage, however, most emulsions are
    formed in the tubing or lift system by gas
    breakout or added energy.
    Types of Emulsions
    • oil-in-water
    • water-in-oil
    • gas-in-water (foams and froths)
    • solids-in-liquids (muds, etc.)
    Energy Sources
    • lift system
    • gas breakout
    • shear at any point in the well
    • choke
    • gas expansion
    Expansion of gas occurs as the gas rises from the bottom of
    the well. The expanding gas can entrain and carry liquid
    with it if the flow rate reaches critical velocity (the velocity
    necessary to lift liquid).

    Remember – the volume of the gas


    bubble (and indirectly the velocity of the 2500 ft
    upward flowing fluid) is controlled by the 1075 psi
    pressure around it. This pressure is
    provided by the formation pore pressure
    and controlled by the choke and other
    back pressure resistances.

    5,000 ft

    2150 psi
    The type of flow pattern changes with the expansion of the gas. One or
    more of the flow patterns may be present in different parts of the well.
    The flow patterns may explain differences in lift, corrosion and
    unloading.
    Mist Flow – external phase is gas with a
    small amount of liquid

    Channel or annular flow

    Slug or churn flow

    Depth Piston flow


    and
    Pressure Bubble flow

    Single phase liquid flow


    Stabilizers
    • surfactant (film stiffeners)
    • solids (silt, rust, wax, scale, cuttings)
    • emulsion or component viscosity (prevents
    particle or droplet contact)
    Changes in Fluid Viscosity with Change in Internal Phase of
    Dispersed or Emulsified Flow

    Deformation

    Widely
    Dispersed Contact

    Viscosity Inverted

    52% 74% 96%


    Increasing internal fraction of the “emulsion”
    Oil based mud cleanup is a special
    case, requiring dispersal of the OBM
    emulsifying agents and wetting of the
    particles to prevent damage. Contact
    with acid, as shown, will produce
    some severe sludges that are very
    difficult to break.
    A 50-50 mix of 14 ppg OBM
    and 15% HCl. The resultant
    sludge formed immediately and
    was stable for months.

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